Lojban - User contributions [en]

L17-01

2016-06-21T17:13:20Z

Durka42: /* sei: comments to the text */

<div align="left" style="font-size:150%;color:#cc8800;text-align:left;">Instruction on how to use this course: 1. read it 2. collect your feedback and suggestions and 3. send them to [mailto:gleki.is.my.name@gmail.com gleki.is.my.name@gmail.com.] For checking the grammar of your sentences use [http://lojban.github.io/ilmentufa/camxes.html this unofficial parser.]</div>
<center>
{|
|| <div align="right" style="font-size:110%"> ''The La Gleki's''</div>
|-
|| <div align="right" style="font-size:180%">Crash Course in Lojban</div>
|}
<div style="font-size:110%">The guide to the speakable logical language</div>

<div>Published 2017</div>
</center>

This simplified course covers the most important aspects of Lojban, a logical language.

''<div style="font-size:130%">Why was this book born?</div>''

When I first saw the description of Lojban I was confused. A language where verbs and nouns don't differ. How is that possible? And then I saw those pronounceable smileys... but wait! It is a logical language. Where do emotions come from in the world of logic? These oddities were making me crazy.

If this language can combine those things it must be the most powerful human language in the world. And although I didn't have much free time for such hobbies I decided to look into it deeper. Why?
*I wanted to try new ways of thinking.
*I wanted a beautiful language.
*And I wanted something easy to grasp.
I heard others saying that Lojban is extremely hard to learn but what I discovered later was an amazing simplicity of its structure.

Go on reading and you'll get evidence for that.

I also learnt that Lojban allows saying things shorter without unnecessary distracting details. For example, one doesn't have to always think of what tense (past, present or future) to use in a verb when it's already clear from context: when you need details you add them. But unlike other languages Lojban doesn't force you to do so.

But why did I decide to write my own course?

When I first opened textbooks on Lojban ... darn, they were written not for humans for sure. An awkward and boring style making it impossible to learn the language fast. A lot of distracting not necessary details, no solutions for real situations and bulky, bulky, bulky.

And I said "Enough! If you can't explain it yourself then I'll do that, in simpler words, with better examples and as concise as possible."

''<div style="font-size:130%">Using this course.</div>''
Lojban is likely to be very different to the kinds of languages you are familiar with — which certainly include English. Learning it is much more than just learning its words and grammar: it is more about understanding it. It will make you think about the ways you express ideas in words. Something that you learned and used every day but never tried to understand how it works.

Learning may be easy or hard, depending on how well you understand the ideas behind it. There are not many words and rules that you need to learn to get into a basic level. You will get there rather quickly if you put a systemic effort. On the other hand, if you fail to understand some basic point, memorizing things will not help you much. In such cases don't hesitate to move on, and come back to it later. Likewise, some of the exercises are trickier than others (particularly the translation exercises at the end of sections). If you can't work out the answer to a particular question, feel free to skip it — but do look at the answer to the question.

''<div style="font-size:130%">Conventions used in this book.</div>''
*Lojbanic text is in '''bold'''.
*Translations are in ''italic''.
*<tt>Explanations of the structure of text in Lojban are in such "fixed width" letters.</tt>
*Brackets are used to clarify the grammatical structure of Lojban in examples. <nowiki>[These brackets are used only for clarifying stuff]</nowiki>.
{{mupli|Examples are marked by a line on the left. This is an example of a case study sentence.}}
{{vajni|Examples of common colloquial phrases are marked by a double line.}}
{{notci|Side notes and tips are in boxes. This is an example of a note.}}
For more information on Lojban, please contact the Logical Language Group:
*e-mail: [mailto:bangu@lojban.org bangu@lojban.org]
*web-site: [http://lojban.org lojban.org]
----
This course is created by the author La Gleki with the help of the Lojban community throughout years 2013-2015. This book teaches a simplified and optimized style in Lojban and explains latest trends in Lojban language.

== Lesson 1. The language at a glance ==

=== Alphabet ===

The basic thing you need to know about Lojban is obviously the alphabet.

Lojban uses the Latin alphabet (vowels are colored):

:'''a b c d e f g i j k l m n o p r s t u v x y z ' .'''

Letters are pronounced exactly as they are written.

There are six vowels in Lojban:
{|class="wikitable"
|'''<center>a</center>'''
| as in ''bath'' (not as in ''face'')
|-
|'''<center>e</center>'''
| as in ''get''
|-
|'''<center>i</center>'''
| as in ''machine'' (not as in ''hit'')
|-
|'''<center>o</center>'''
| as in ''choice'', ''not'' or ''ough'' in ''thought'' (not as in ''so'', '''o''' should be a "pure" sound).
|-
|'''<center>u</center>'''
| as in ''cool'' (not as in ''but'')
|-
|'''<center>y</center>'''
| as in ''comma'' (not as in ''misty'' or ''cycle'')
|}

'''a''', '''e''', '''i''', '''o''', '''u''' are pretty much the same as vowels in Italian or Spanish.

The sixth vowel, '''y''' sounds like ''a'' in the word ''comma''. So it's kind of ''er'' or, in American English, ''uh''. y is the sound that comes out when the mouth is completely relaxed (this sound is also called ''schwa'' in the language trade).

The following combinations '''au''', '''ai''', '''ei''', '''oi''' are considered additional vowels and pronounced in a special way:
{|class="wikitable"
|'''<center>au</center>'''
| as in ''now''
|-
|'''<center>ai</center>'''
| as in ''eye'', ''sky'', ''nice''
|-
|'''<center>ei</center>'''
| as in ''eight'', ''they'', ''day''
|-
|'''<center>oi</center>'''
| as in ''voice'', ''joy''
|}
As for consonants they are pronounced like in English or Latin, but there are a few differences:
{|class="wikitable"
|'''c'''
|is pronounced as ''c'' in ''ocean'', as ''sh'' in ''shop''.
|-
|'''g'''
|always ''g'' as in ''gum'' (never ''g'' as in ''gem'').
|-
|'''j'''
|like ''s'' in ''pleasure'' or ''treasure'', like ''j'' in French ''bonjour''.
|-
|'''x'''
|like ''ch'' in Scottish ''loch'' or as in German ''Bach'', Spanish ''Jose'' or Arabic ''Khaled''. Try pronouncing ''ksss'' while keeping your tongue down and you get this sound.
|-
|''' ' '''
|like English ''h''. So the apostrophe is regarded as a proper letter of Lojban and pronounced like a ''h''. It can be found only between vowels. For example, '''u'i''' is pronounced as ''oo-hee'' (whereas '''ui''' is pronounced as ''wee'').
|-
|'''.'''
|a full stop (period, word break) is also regarded as a letter in Lojban. It's a short pause in speech to stop words running into each other. Actually any word starting with a vowel has a full stop placed in front of it. This helps prevent undesirable merging of two sequential words into one.
|-
|'''i''' before vowels: '''ia''', '''ie'''...
|is considered a consonant and pronounced shorter, for example:
*'''ia''' is pronounced as ''ya'' in ''yard''
*'''ie''' is pronounced as ''ye'' in ''yes''
|-
|'''u''' before vowels: '''ua''', '''ue'''...
|is considered a consonant and pronounced shorter, for example:
*'''ua''' is pronounced as ''wo'' in ''wow''
*'''ue''' is pronounced as ''whe'' in ''when''
|}

Stress is put on the last but one vowel or shown explicitly using symbol '''`''' before the stressed vowel in order to break this rule. For example, '''dansu''' (which means ''to dance'') can be also written as '''d`ansu''' to explicitly show the stress. If a word has only one vowel you just don't stress it.

'''r''' can be pronounced like the ''r'' in English, Scottish, French, Russian, thus there is a range of acceptable pronunciation for it.

Non-Lojban vowels like short ''i'' and ''u'' in Standard British English ''hit'' and ''but'' are used by some people to separate consonants. So if you have problems spitting out two consonant one after another, e.g. the '''ml''' in '''mlatu''' (which means ''cat''), then you can say ''mɪlatu'' — where the ''ɪ'' is very short, but other vowels: '''a''', '''u''' have to be long.

=== The simplest sentence ===
{{pixra|Image:Mona_ciciak.jpg|'''lo mlatu''' ''a cat / cats''}}
{{pixra|Image:Peoria - Fifi (Just Found) Drinking Milk (1974).png|'''pinxe''' ''drinks, to drink''}}
{{pixra|Image:Milk_glass1.jpg|'''lo ladru''' ''milk''}}
{{pixra|Image:Red_Apple.jpg|'''lo plise''' ''an apple / apples''}}
{{pixra|Image:Drawn_love_hearts.svg|'''prami''' ''loves''}}
{{pixra|Image:Jenson_Button_2009_Turkey_2.jpg|'''karce''' ''… is a car''}}
{{pixra|Image:PSM_V04_D543_Primeval_rain.jpg|'''carvi''' ''… is rain''}}
Now let's turn to constructing our first sentences in Lojban.
{{mu|lo mlatu cu pinxe lo ladru|Cats drink milk.}}
One of your first thoughts might be "Where are nouns and verbs in Lojban?"

Here are three verbs:
:'''pinxe''' means ''drinks, to drink''.
:'''mlatu''' means ''is a cat, are cats, to be a cat''.
:'''ladru''' means ''is some milk''.
To turn a verb into a noun we put a short word '''lo''' in front of it: '''lo mlatu''', '''lo ladru'''.

It might sound strange how ''cat'' and ''milk'' can be verbs but in fact this makes Lojban very simple:
<tab class=wikitable head=top>
verb noun
'''pinxe''' - ''to drink'' '''lo pinxe''' - ''drinkers''
'''mlatu''' - ''are cats, is a cat'' '''lo mlatu''' - ''cats''
'''ladru''' - ''is some milk'' '''lo ladru''' - ''milk''
</tab>
We can also say that '''lo''' creates a noun from a verb with roughly the meaning of ''those who do…'' (''drink'' - ''drinkers''), ''those who are…'' (''are cats'' - ''cats'') or ''one which is…'' (''is some milk'' - ''milk).

The most basic sentence in Lojban consists of one phrase otherwise called ''clause''. Clause has the following parts from the left to the right:
*the head of the clause: one or more nouns. The noun '''lo mlatu''' in this case.
*the head separator '''cu''' (remember that '''c''' is pronounced as ''sh'')
*the tail of the clause: the main verb ('''pinxe''') with possibly one or more nouns after it: the noun '''lo ladru''' in this case.

One more example:
{{mu|lo plise cu kukte|Apples are tasty.}}

Here, '''lo plise''' means ''apples'', '''kukte''' means ''to be tasty''.

A simpler clause in Lojban would contain only one main verb:
{{mu|karce|Car!}}
You could say this when you see a car coming. Here the context would be clear enough that there is a car somewhere around and probably it's dangerous.

'''karce''' itself is a verb meaning ''is a car, to be a car''.

Similarly, you can say
{{mu|carvi|It is raining.}}
where
{{gl|carvi|is rain, to be raining}}
or
{{mu|pluka|It's pleasant}}
where
{{gl|pluka|to be pleasant}}
Notice that in Lojban there is no need in the word ''it'' in such sense. You just use the verb you need.

{{mu|prami|Someone loves.}}
where '''prami''' - ''to love (someone)''
{{mu|bajra|Someone runs.}}
where '''bajra''' - ''to run''.

Again context would probably tell who loves whom and who runs.

{{notci|Lojban does not require any punctuation, separate words are used instead. Punctuation marks like ''! ? “ ”'' can be used for stylistic purposes or to make the text look smarter. They don't add or change the meaning.

Note that the symbol '''.''' (dot) can be used as we use dot in English (i.e. as a punctuation mark) but its main purpose in Lojban is that it is a proper letter that denotes a pause.}}

=== Pronouns: ''I'' - '''mi''', ''you'' - '''do''' ===
{{pixra|File:xractu-mi-cropped.png|}}
{{pixra|File:xractu-do-cropped.png|}}
{{pixra|File:xractu-ti-cropped.png|}}
{{pixra|File:xractu-ta-cropped.png|}}
{{pixra|File:xractu-tu-cropped.png|}}
{{gl|mi|I}}
{{gl|do|you}}

{{gl|ti|this one (near me, the speaker)}}
{{gl|ta|that one(near you, the listener)}}
{{gl|tu|that one (not near you or me)}}

Like their English name hints, pronouns work like nouns by default. And they don't require '''lo''' in front of them.
{{mu|mi pinxe|I drink.}}

{{mu|do pinxe|You drink.}}

{{mu|ti ladru|This is some milk.}}

{{mu|tu mlatu|That is a cat.}}

{{mu|do citka lo plise|You eat apples.}}
{{gl|citka|to eat (something)}}

{{mu|mi prami do|I love you.}}
After pronouns '''cu''' is often omitted, thus '''mi cu prami''' is rarely said, a concise '''mi prami''' is said instead.

Unlike in English we don't have to add the verb "is/are/to be" to the sentence. It is already there: '''mlatu''' means ''to be a cat''.
===== Task =====

Close the right part of the table. Translate from Lojban the sentences on the left.
{|class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
|style="width: 50%;"|'''do citka'''
|style="width: 50%;"|''You eat.''
|-
|'''mi pinxe lo ladru'''
|''I drink milk.''
|-
|'''mi citka lo plise'''
|''I eat apples.''
|}
Close the right part of the table. Translate to Lojban the sentences on the left.
{|class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
|style="width: 50%;"|''That is an apple.''
|style="width: 50%;"|'''tu plise'''
|-
|''Milk is tasty.''
|'''lo ladru cu kukte'''
|-
|''You love me.''
|'''do prami mi'''
|-
|''That one eats apples.''
|'''tu citka lo plise'''
|}

=== '''.i''' separates sentences ===
The most precise way of uttering or writing sentences in Lojban would be placing a short word '''.i''' in the beginning of each of them:
{{mu|.i mi viska lo mlatu .i lo mlatu cu pinxe lo ladru|I see cats. Cats drink milk.}}
{{gl|viska|to see (something)}}
'''.i''' separates sentences like the full stop (period) at the end of sentences in English texts.

When saying one sentence after another in English we make a pause (it may be short) between them. But pause has many different meanings in English. In Lojban we have a better way of understanding where one sentence ends and another begins.

Also note that sometimes when pronouncing words quickly you can't figure out where one sentence ends and the word of the next sentence begins. Therefore it's advised to use the word '''.i''' before starting a new sentence.

=== Numbers: ''1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0'' = '''pa re ci vo mu xa ze bi so no''' ===
'''lo''' simply turns a verb into a noun but such noun has no number associated with it. The sentence
{{mu|lo mlatu cu pinxe lo ladru|Cats drink milk.}}
is a general statement. Now let's specify how many of them are relevant to our discussion.



Let's add a number after '''lo'''.
:{|class="wikitable"
|| '''pa'''
|| '''re'''
|| '''ci'''
|| '''vo'''
|| '''mu'''
|| '''xa'''
|| '''ze'''
|| '''bi'''
|| '''so'''
|| '''no'''
|-
|| 1
|| 2
|| 3
|| 4
|| 5
|| 6
|| 7
|| 8
|| 9
|| 0
|}
:{{gl|ro|each, all}}.
Now
{{mu|pa mlatu cu citka lo plise|One cat eats apples. There is one cat that eats apples.}}
We replace '''lo''' with a number and hence specify individual cats.

Note that we retain '''lo''' for apples since we talk not about specific apples but about eating any apples.

For numbers consisting of several digits we just string those digits together.
{{mu|re mu mlatu cu citka lo plise|There are 25 cats who eat apples.}}
Yes, it's that simple.

If we want to count we can separate numbers with '''.i''':
{{mu|mu .i vo .i ci .i re .i pa .i no|5 ... 4 ... 3 ... 2 ... 1 ... 0}}

'''ro''' is used to express the meaning of ''each, every, all'':
{{mu|ro mlatu cu pinxe lo ladru|Every cat drinks milk.}}

The number '''za'u''' means ''more than ...'' (''>'' in math), the number '''me'i''' means ''less than'' (''<'' in math):
{{mu|za'u mlatu cu pinxe|More of the cats drink.}}
{{mu|me'i mlatu cu pinxe|Fewer of the cats drink.}}
{{mu|za'u ci mlatu cu pinxe|More than three cats are drinking.}}
{{mu|me'i ci mlatu cu pinxe|Fewer than three cats are drinking.}}

To say just ''cats'' (plural number) as opposed to ''one cat'' we use '''za'u pa''', ''more than one''.
{{mu|za'u pa mlatu cu pinxe|There are cats that drink.}}
{{mu|pa mlatu cu pinxe|One cat drinks. There is one cat that is drinking.}}

Putting '''za'u''' before '''lo''' means ''more'', putting '''me'i''' means ''fewer'':

To put it in short:
{{gl|lo prenu|people (in general)}}
{{gl|pa prenu|there is one person}}
{{gl|za'u prenu|more of the people}}
{{gl|za'u pa prenu|people (two or more in number)}}

===== Task =====

Close the right part of the table. Translate from Lojban the sentences on the left.
{{gl|lo prenu|person, people}}
{{gl|stati|to be smart, to have a talent}}
{{gl|klama|to go (to some place)}}
{{gl|nelci|to like (something)}}
{{gl|lo zarci|market}}
{{gl|lo najnimre|an orange (fruit), oranges}}
{{gl|lo badna|a banana, bananas}}
{|class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
|style="width: 50%;"|'''mu prenu cu klama lo zarci'''
|style="width: 50%;"|''Five people go to markets. There are five people who go to markets.''
|-
|'''pa no prenu cu stati .i do stati'''
|''10 people are smart. You are smart.''
|-
|'''lo prenu cu nelci lo plise'''
|''People like apples.''
|-
|'''za'u prenu cu nelci lo najnimre .i me'i prenu cu nelci lo badna'''
|''More people like oranges. Fewer people like bananas.''
|-
|'''za'u re prenu cu stati'''
|''More than two people are smart.''
|}
Close the right part of the table. Translate to Lojban the sentences on the left.
{|class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
|style="width: 50%;"|''There are 256 cats who are smart.''
|style="width: 50%;"|'''re mu xa mlatu cu stati'''
|-
|''Fewer than 12 apples are tasty.''
|'''me'i pa re plise cu kukte'''
|-
|''Each of the people eats. Fewer people eat oranges.''
|'''ro prenu cu citka .i me'i prenu cu citka lo najnimre'''
|}

=== ''the'', ''he'' and ''she'' ===
{{mu|pa mlatu cu pinxe i le mlatu cu taske|There is a cat that is drinking. The cat is thirsty.}}
{{gl|taske|to be thirsty}}
When we start a noun with '''le''' (instead of '''lo''' or numbers) we refer to nouns that have just been mentioned. They are translated to English as ''he'', ''she'' or by using the article ''the''.
{{gl|lo fetsi|females}}
{{gl|lo nakni|males}}
{{gl|lo prenu|people}}
{{gl|le fetsi|she, the female}}
{{gl|le nakni|he, the male}}
{{gl|le prenu|he or she, the person (gender is not known or not important)}}

If several nouns can match then the last one is used:
{{mu|pa prenu cu viska pa fetsi i le fetsi cu melbi|One person sees a female. She (the female) is beautiful.}}
{{gl|melbi|to be beautiful}}
In this case '''le fetsi''' is applied to the female as it is the last female object mentioned. The person who sees her might be female too but it's a noun used earlier.

{{notci|In spoken language '''le''' can be applied to nouns not found in text but obvious from context. Consider the outer reality a part of the text.}}

=== Compound verbs ===
Compound verbs ('''lo tanru''' in Lojban) are several verb words one after another.
{{mu|tu melbi zdani|That one is a nice home.}}
{{gl|melbi|to be beautiful, nice}}
{{gl|zdani|to be a home or nest (to someone)}}
{{mu|do melbi dansu|You nicely dance.}}
{{gl|dansu|to dance}}
Here the verb '''melbi''' adds an additional meaning as it is to the left of another verb: '''zdani'''. The left part is usually translated using adjectives and adverbs.

Compound verbs are a powerful tool that can give us richer verbs. You just string two verbs together. And the left part of such compound verb adds a flavor to the right one.

We can put '''lo''' or a number to the left of such compound verb getting a compound noun:
{{gl|pa melbi zdani|a beautiful home.}}
Now you know why there was '''cu''' after nouns in our example
{{mu|pa mlatu cu pinxe lo ladru|A cat drinks milk.}}
Without '''cu''' it'd turn into '''pa mlatu pinxe''' … with the meaning ''a cat drinker'' whatever that could mean.
{{notci|Remember about placing '''cu''' before the main verb in a clause to prevent unintentional creating of compound verbs.}}
Compound verbs can contain more than two verbs. In this case the first verb modifies the second one, the second one modifies the third and so on:
{{gl|pa melbi cmalu verba|a pretty-small child, a child small in a pretty way}}
{{gl|verba|to be a child}}
{{gl|pa mutce melbi zdani|a very beautiful home}}
{{gl|mutce|to be very, to be much}}

===== Task =====
{{gl|sutra|to be quick}}
{{gl|barda|to be big}}
{{gl|cmalu|to be small}}
{{gl|bajra|to run}}
Close the right part of the table. Translate from Lojban the sentences on the left.
{|class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
|style="width: 50%;"|'''lo melbi fetsi'''
|style="width: 50%;"|''beautiful females''
|-
|'''do sutra klama'''
|''You quickly go. You go fast.''

|-
|'''tu barda zdani'''
|''That is a big home.''
|-
|'''pa sutra bajra mlatu'''
|''a quickly running cat''
|-
|'''pa sutra mlatu'''
|''a quick cat''
|-
|'''pa bajra mlatu'''

|''a running cat''
|}
Close the right part of the table. Translate to Lojban the sentences on the left.
{|class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
|style="width: 50%;"|''This is a small child.''
|style="width: 50%;"|'''ti cmalu verba'''
|-
|''tasty apples''
|'''lo kukte plise'''
|-
|''quick eaters''
|'''lo sutra citka'''
|-
|''You are a quickly going male.''
|'''do sutra klama nakni'''
|}

=== "''Yes/No''" questions ===
In English, we make a ''yes/no'' question by changing the order of the words (for example, "''You are …''" — "''Are you …?''") or putting some form of the verb ''to do'' at the beginning (for example, ''Do you know?'') In Lojban we can retain the order of words.

We turn any assertion into a ''yes/no'' question by simply putting the word '''xu''' somewhere in the sentence, for example in the beginning:
{{mu|xu do nelci lo gerku?|Do you like dogs?}}
{{gl|lo gerku|dog, dogs}}

{{notci|Remember that in Lojban punctuation like "?" (question mark) is totally optional and used mostly for stylistic purposes. After all, we use the question word '''xu''' that shows the question anyway.}}

Other examples:
{{mu|xu mi klama|Am I coming?}}
{{gl|klama|to come (to somewhere)}}
{{mu|xu pelxu|Is it yellow?}}
{{gl|pelxu|to be yellow}}

We can shift the meaning by placing '''xu''' after different parts of a clause. Some possible explanations of such shift in meaning are given in brackets:
{{mu|— xu do nelci lo gerku|— Do you like dogs?}}
{{mu|— do xu nelci lo gerku|— Do YOU like dogs? (I thought it was someone else who likes them).}}
{{mu|— do nelci xu lo gerku|— Do you LIKE dogs? (I thought you were just neutral towards them).}}
{{mu|— do nelci lo gerku xu|— Do you like DOGS? (I thought you liked cats).}}
So what is expressed using intonation in English is expressed by moving '''xu''' after the part we want to emphasize. Note, that the first sentence with '''xu''' in the beginning asks the most generic question without stressing any particular aspect.

'''xu''' is an interjection word. Here are the features of Lojban interjections:
*interjection modifies the construct before it. So when put after certain part of the clause like pronoun or a verb it modifies that verb: '''do xu nelci lo gerku''' - ''Do YOU like dogs?''
*being put in the beginning of a clause, interjection modifies the whole clause: '''xu do nelci lo gerku''' - ''Do you like dogs?''
*we can put an interjection after different parts of the same clause shifting the meaning.
Interjections don't break compound verbs, they can be used within them:
{{mu|— do nelci lo barda xu gerku|— Do you like BIG dogs?}}

Now how to reply to such 'yes/no' questions?
{{mu|— xu do nelci lo gerku|— Do you like dogs?}}
{{mu|— je'u|— Yes.|— True}}
or
{{mu|je'u nai|No.|Not true}}
Another way to answer ''yes'' is to repeat the main verb, for example
{{mu|— '''xu lo mlatu cu melbi''' — '''melbi'''|— ''Are cats pretty?'' — ''Pretty.''}}

'''je'u''' and '''je'u nai''' are also interjections. We can use them not only in questions:
{{mu|je'u do lazni|Truly you are lazy.}}
{{gl|lazni|to be lazy}}
{{mu|je'u nai mi nelci lo gerku|It is false that I like dogs.}}

The particle '''nai''' is a modifier of interjections, it creates the opposite meaning when put after them.

===== Task =====
Close the right part of the table. Translate from Lojban the sentences on the left.
{|class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
|style="width: 50%;"|'''xu le barda zdani cu melbi'''
|style="width: 50%;"|''Is the big home beautiful?''
|-
|'''— le nakni cu stati xu — je'u nai'''
|''— Are the men smart? — No.''

|-
|'''do klama lo zarci xu'''
|''Do you go to the market?'' (not having any specific market in mind)
|-
|'''xu le verba cu prami ci mlatu'''
|''Does the child love the three cats?''
|}
Close the right part of the table. Translate to Lojban the sentences on the left.
{|class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
|style="width: 50%;"|''Is the car fast?''
|style="width: 50%;"|'''xu le karce cu sutra'''
|-
|''— Is the orange tasty? — Yes, it is.''
|'''— xu le najnimre cu kukte — je'u'''
|-
|''Does the female love you?''
|'''xu le fetsi cu prami do'''
|}

=== Polite requests ===
The interjection '''.e'o''' in the beginning of a sentence turns it into a request:
{{mu|.e'o do lebna le cukta|Could you take the book, please?|Please take the book.}}
{{gl|.e'o|interjection: please (pronounced as ''eh-haw'' with a short pause or break before the word)}}
{{gl|lebna|to take (something)}}

In English to be polite one has to use ''could you'' + ''please'' + a question). In Lojban '''.e'o''' is enough to make a polite request.

===== Task =====
{{gl|lo tcati|tea}}
{{gl|lo ckafi|coffee}}
{{gl|catlu|to watch}}
{{gl|le skina|the film, the movie}}
Close the right part of the table. Translate from Lojban the sentences on the left.
{|class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
|style="width: 50%;"|'''.e'o do sutra bajra'''
|style="width: 50%;"|''Run quickly!''
|-
|'''.e'o do pinxe lo tcati'''
|''Please, drink tea!''
|-
|'''.e'o catlu le skina'''
|''Please, watch the film!''
|}
Close the right part of the table. Translate to Lojban the sentences on the left.
{|class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
|style="width: 50%;"|''Please, be smart!''
|style="width: 50%;"|'''.e'o stati'''
|-
|''Please, go home!''
|'''.e'o do klama le zdani'''
|-
|''Please, drink coffee!''
|'''.e'o do pinxe lo ckafi'''
|-
|''Please, take care of the child.''
|'''.e'o do kurji le verba'''
|}

=== "''And''" and "''or''" ===
{{mu|pa melbi je cmalu zdani cu zvati ti|A pretty and small home is here.}}
{{gl|zvati|to be present at ...}}
{{gl|ti|this thing, this place near me}}
'''je''' is a conjunction particle in Lojban, it means ''and'' in compound verbs.

Without '''je''' the sentence changes the meaning:
{{mu|pa melbi cmalu zdani cu zvati|A prettily small home is here.}}
Here '''melbi''' modifies '''cmalu''' and '''melbi cmalu''' modifies '''zdani''' according to how compound verbs work.

In '''pa melbi je cmalu zdani''' (''a pretty and small house'') both '''melbi''' and '''cmalu''' modify '''zdani''' directly.

For connecting nouns and pronouns we use a similar conjunction '''.e''':
{{mu|mi .e do nelci lo jisra|I like juice, and you like juice.}}
{{gl|lo jisra|juice}}

Using conjunctions it's possible to connect sentences as well:
{{mu|mi nelci lo plise .i je do nelci lo jisra|I like apples. And you like juice.}}

Other common conjunction particles:
{{mu|le verba cu fengu ja bilma|The child is angry or ill (or maybe both angry and ill)}}
{{mu|do .a mi ba vitke le laldo|You or I (or both of us) will visit the old one.}}

{{gl|ja|and/or}}
{{gl|.a|and/or}} when connecting nouns and pronouns.

{{gl|fengu|to be angry}}
{{gl|bilma|to be ill}}
{{gl|vitke|to visit}}
{{gl|laldo|to be old}}

{{mu|le karce cu blabi jo nai grusi|The car is either white or gray.}}
{{mu|do .o nai mi vitke le laldo|Either you or I visit the old one.}}
{{gl|jo nai|either … or … but not both}} (it consists of two words but it has one single meaning)
{{gl|.o nai|either … or … but not both}} when connecting nouns and pronouns
Note that it's better to remember '''jo nai''' as a single construct. The same for '''.o nai'''.

{{mu|mi prami do .i ju do fenki|I love you. Whether or not you are crazy.}}
{{mu|le verba cu nelci lo plise .u lo badna|The child likes apples whether or not (he likes) bananas.}}
{{gl|ju|whether or not…}}
{{gl|.u|whether or not…}} when connecting nouns and pronouns.
{{gl|fenki|to be crazy}}

=== '''jo'u''' is ''and'' for joint actions ===
When we need to show that nouns are considered together, instead of '''.e''' we use the particle '''jo'u''':
{{mu|pa nanla jo'u pa nixli cu klama pa panka|A boy with a girl go to a park.}}
{{gl|pa nanla|a boy}}
{{gl|pa nixli|a girl}}
{{gl|pa panka|a park}}
Another example:
{{mu|pa nanla jo'u pa nixli cu casnu pa karce|A boy and a girl discuss a car with each other.}}
{{gl|casnu|to discuss}}
The verb '''casnu''' requires using '''jo'u''' to specify a group of those who discuss between each other.
Compare:
{{mu|pa nanla .e pa nixli cu klama pa panka|A boy goes to a park, and a girl goes to a park.}}
This means that they don't necessarily go together.

Again notice that omitting '''lo''' or numbers starting nouns can cause weird results:
{{mu|pa nanla jo'u nixli cu casnu pa karce|Someone who is a boy and a girl (at the same time considered together!) discusses a car.}}
The correct sentence uses '''lo''' or a number before each noun:
{{mu|lo nanla jo'u lo nixli cu casnu pa karce|Boys and girls discuss a car.}}
{{mu|pa nanla jo'u pa nixli cu casnu pa karce|A boy and a girl discuss a car.}}

{{notci|The pronoun '''mi'o''' (''you and I together'') can actually be expressed as '''mi jo'u do''', which means exactly the same (it's just longer).

In Lojban people mostly use not a single word for ''we'' but more precise constructs like '''mi jo'u lo pendo''' (literally ''I and friends'').}}
===== Task =====
Close the right part of the table. Translate from Lojban the sentences on the left.
{|class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
|style="width: 50%;"|'''mi nelci lo badna .e lo plise'''
|style="width: 50%;"|''I like bananas, and I like apples.''
|-
|'''do sutra ja stati'''
|''You are quick or smart or both.''

|-
|'''za'u pa prenu cu casnu lo karce .u lo gerku'''
|''There are people who discuss cars whether or not (they discuss) dogs.''
|-
|'''mi citka lo najnimre .o nai lo badna'''
|''I eat either oranges or bananas.''
|}
Close the right part of the table. Translate to Lojban the sentences on the left.
{|class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
|style="width: 50%;"|''Females like rain, and males like rain.''
|style="width: 50%;"|'''lo fetsi .e lo nakni cu nelci lo carvi'''
|-
|''Either I or you go to the market.''
|'''mi .o nai do klama le zarci'''
|-
|''I see a big and beautiful car.''
|'''mi viska pa barda je melbi karce'''
|-
|''The child drinks milk and/or juice.''
|'''le verba cu pinxe lo ladru .a lo jisra'''
|-
|''A child and someone small discuss a car.''
|'''pa verba jo'u pa cmalu cu casnu pa karce''' (note the use of '''jo'u'''. ''someone small'' is just '''pa cmalu''').
|}

=== But … ===
{{mu|lo najnimre cu barda i ku'i je lo badna cu cmalu|Oranges are big. But bananas are small.}}
{{gl|ku'i|interjection: but, however}}
Actually ''but'' is the same as ''and'' + it adds a flavor of contrast.

In Lojban we just use the interjection '''ku'i''' and then add '''je''' (''and''). That will give us the necessary contrast.

=== Events: ''dancing and being together'' - '''lo nu dansu .e lo nu kansa''' ===
Any clause can be turned into a verb by putting '''nu''' in front of it:
{{mu|lo nicte cu nu mi viska le lunra|Night is when I see the Moon.|Night is the event when I see the Moon.}}
{{gl|nicte|(some event) is a nighttime}}
{{gl|lo nicte|night (in general sense), nighttimes}}
{{gl|viska|to see (something)}}
{{gl|le lunra|the Moon}}
Here '''lo nicte''' is a noun of the clause and '''nu mi viska le lunra''' is the main verb of the clause as it starts with '''nu'''. But inside this main verb we can see another clause ('''mi viska le lunra''') embedded!

The word '''nu''' actually transforms a clause into a verb that denotes an event or a process.

Adding '''lo''' in front of '''nu''' creates nouns that denote events:
{{gl|pinxe|to drink}}
{{gl|lo nu pinxe|drinking}}

{{gl|dansu|to dance}}
{{gl|lo nu dansu|dancing}}

{{gl|kansa|to be together with}}
{{gl|lo nu kansa|being together}}

{{gl|klama|to come}}
{{gl|lo nu klama|coming}}
{{gl|lo nu do klama|coming of you, you coming}}
'''lo nu''' often corresponds to English ''-ing'', ''-tion'', ''-sion''.

Some verbs require using events instead of ordinary nouns. For example:
{{mu|mi djica lo nu do klama ti|I want you to come here (to this place)}}
{{gl|djica|to want (some event)}}
Some nouns describe events by themselves so no '''lo nu''' is used:
{{mu|lo cabna cu nicte|Now it's night. At present it's night.}}
{{gl|lo cabna|present time, (an event) is at present.}}
Nouns made with '''lo nu''' can be used for verbs that describe events by themselves:
{{mu|lo nu pinxe lo ladru cu nabmi mi|Drinking milk is a problem to me.}}
{{gl|nabmi|(event) is a problem (to someone), (event) is problematic (to someone)}}
For known events we use '''le nu''' instead:
{{mu|mi gleki le nu do klama|I'm happy because you are coming.}}
{{gl|gleki|to be happy (of some event)}}
{{gl|lo gleki|a happy one, a happy person}}
{{notci|All Lojban words are divided into two groups:
* particles (called '''lo cmavo''' in Lojban). Examples: '''lo''', '''nu''', '''mi'''
* verbs (called '''lo selbrivla''' in Lojban). Examples: '''gleki''', '''verba'''. It is quite common to write several particles one after another without spaces between them. This is allowed by Lojban grammar. So don't be surprised to see '''lonu''' instead of '''lo nu''', '''je'unai''' instead of '''je'u nai''', '''jonai''' instead of '''jo nai''' and so on. This doesn't change the meaning. However, this is not applied to verbs: they are to be separated with spaces.}}

===== Task =====
{{gl|pilno|to use (something)}}
{{gl|lo skami|computer}}
Close the right part of the table. Translate from Lojban the sentences on the left.
{|class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
|style="width: 50%;"|'''mi nelci lo nu do dansu'''
|style="width: 50%;"|''I like you dancing.''
|-
|'''xu do gleki lo nu do pilno lo skami'''
|''Are you happy of using computers?''

|-
|'''do djica lo nu mi citka lo plise xu'''
|''Do you want me to eat an apple?''
|}
Close the right part of the table. Translate to Lojban the sentences on the left.
{|class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
|style="width: 50%;"|''Coming here is a problem.''
|style="width: 50%;"|'''lo nu klama ti cu nabmi'''
|-
|style="width: 50%;"|''I want you to be happy.''
|style="width: 50%;"|'''mi djica lo nu do gleki'''

|}

=== Prepositions and tenses: ''was'', ''is'', ''will be'' - '''pu''', '''ca''', '''ba''' ===
Prepositions in Lojban are grouped into series by their meaning to make them easier to remember and use.

Here is the series of "prepositions of tense" that tell when something happens:
{{mu|mi pinxe lo ladru ca lo nu do klama|I drink milk while you are coming.}}
{{mu|mi citka ba lo nu mi dansu|I eat after I dance.}}
*'''pu''' means ''before (some event)'' or denotes past tense.
*'''ca''' means ''at the same time as (some event)'' or denotes present tense.
*'''ba''' means ''after some event'' or denotes future tense.
Yes, we need '''lo nu''' to insert a whole clause after such prepositions.

Let's put a bare preposition just before the main verb:
{{mu|lo mlatu pu pinxe lo ladru|Cats drank milk.}}
{{mu|lo mlatu ca pinxe lo ladru|Cats drink milk (at present).}}
{{mu|lo mlatu ba pinxe lo ladru|Cats will drink milk.}}
Here '''pu''' denotes past tense, '''ca''' denotes present tense, '''ba''' denotes future tense.

As you can see we replaced '''cu''' with a preposition since prepositions also clearly separate the head from the main verb.

Tenses add information about time when something happens. English forces us to use certain tenses. One has to choose between
:''Cats drink milk''.
:''Cats drank milk''.
:''Cats will drink milk''.
and other similar choices.

But in Lojban prepositions of tense like all prepositions are optional, we can be as vague or as precise as we want.

The sentence
{{mu|lo mlatu cu pinxe lo ladru|Cats drink milk.}}
actually says nothing about when this happens. Context is clear enough in most cases and can help us. But if we need more precision we just add more words.

Similarly, '''ba''' means ''after (some event)'' so when we say '''mi ba citka''' we mean that we eat after the moment of speaking, that's why it means ''I will eat''.

We can combine tense words with and without clauses after them:
{{mu|mi pu citka lo plise ba le nu mi dansu|I ate apples after I danced.}}
Note, that '''pu''' (past tense) is put only in the main clause ('''mi pu citka'''). In Lojban it is assumed that the event "I danced" happens relatively to the event of eating.

We shouldn't put '''pu''' with '''dansu''' (unlike English) as '''mi dansu''' is viewed relative to '''mi pu citka''' so we already know that everything was in past.

More examples of prepositions of tense:
{{mu|le nicte cu pluka|The night is pleasant.}}
{{gl|pluka|to be pleasant}}
Tense words before nouns and pronouns turn into prepositions:
{{mu|ba le nicte cu pluka|After the night it is pleasant.}}
Here, the head of the clause is '''ba le nicte''', a preposition with its noun. Then after the separator '''cu''' the main verb of the clause '''pluka''' is followed ('''pluka''' alone means ''It is pleasant'').
Therefore, to say ''will be pleasant'' we should place the tense word before the main verb:
{{mu|le nicte ba pluka|The night will be pleasant.}}

{{notci|Note that '''ca''' can extend slightly into the past and the future, meaning ''just about now''. Thus, '''ca''' reflects a widely used around the world the notion of "present time".}}

=== Prepositions of aspect: '''co'a''', '''ca'o''', '''co'i''' ===
Another series of prepositions, ''prepositions of aspect'':
{{gl|co'a|preposition: the event is at its beginning}}
{{gl|ca'o|preposition: the event is in progress}}
{{gl|co'i|preposition: the event is viewed as a whole (has started and then finished)}}

Most verbs describe events without specifying the stage of those events. Prepositions of aspect allow us to be more precise:
{{mu|mi pu co'a cikna|I woke up.}}
{{gl|cikna|... is awake}}
{{gl|co'a cikna|... wakes up, becomes awake}}

To precisely express English Progressive tense we use '''ca'o''':
{{mu|mi pu ca'o pinxe|I was drinking.}}
{{mu|mi ca ca'o pinxe|I am drinking.}}
{{mu|mi ba ca'o pinxe|I will be drinking.}}

'''co'i''' usually corresponds to English Perfect tense:
{{mu|lo mlatu ca co'i pinxe lo ladru|Cats have drunk milk.}}
We could omit '''ca''' in these sentence since the context would be clear enough in most such cases.

Present Simple tense in English describes events that happen sometimes:
{{mu|lo mlatu ca ta'e pinxe lo ladru|Cats (habitually, sometimes) drink milk.}}
{{gl|ta'e|simple tense: the event happens habitually}}

We can use the same rules for describing the past using '''pu''' instead of '''ca''' or the future using '''ba''':
{{mu|lo mlatu pu co'i pinxe lo ladru|Cats had drunk milk.}}
{{mu|lo mlatu ba co'i pinxe lo ladru|Cats will have drunk milk.}}

{{notci|The relative order of tenses is important. In '''ca co'i''' we first say something happens in present ('''ca'''), then we state that in this present time the described event has been completed ('''co'i'''). Only when using this order we get Present Perfect tense.}}

=== Prepositions of interval: ''during'' - '''ze'a''' ===
Another series of prepositions emphasizes that events happened during an interval:
{{gl|ze'i|for a short time}}
{{gl|ze'a|through some time, for a while, during ...}}
{{gl|ze'u|for a long time}}
{{mu|mi pu ze'a sipna|I slept for a while.}}
{{mu|mi pu sipna ze'a pa nicte|I slept through the night. I slept all night.}}
{{mu|mi pu sipna ze'i pa nicte|I slept through the short night.}}
Compare '''ze'a''' with '''ca''':
{{mu|mi pu sipna ca pa nicte|I slept at night.}}
{{gl|sipna|to sleep}}
{{gl|pa nicte|a nighttime}}
When using '''ze'a''' we are talking about the whole interval of what we describe.

Don't forget that '''nicte''' is itself an event so we don't need '''nu''' here.
=== Other useful prepositions: ''because'' - '''ri'a''', ''towards'' - '''fa'a''', ''at (place)'' - '''bu'u''' ===
Preposition for ''because'':
{{mu|mi pinxe ri'a lo nu mi taske|I drink because I am thirsty.}}
{{mu|mi citka ri'a lo nu mi xagji|I eat because I am hungry.}}
{{gl|ri'a|because … (of some event)}}
{{gl|taske|to be thirsty}}
{{gl|xagji|to be hungry}}

Prepositions denoting place work the same way:
{{mu|mi klama fa'a do to'o pa mlatu|I go to you from a cat.}}
{{mu|mi cadzu bu'u le tcadu|I walk in the city.}}
{{gl|fa'a|towards …, in the direction of …}}
{{gl|to'o|from …, from the direction of …}}
{{gl|bu'u|at … (some place)}}


One thing is important. '''nu''' shows that a new clause in a sentence starts. Put '''vau''' after such clause to show its right border. Here is an example:
{{mu|pa mlatu cu plipe fa'a mi ca lo nu do ca'o klama|A cat jumps towards me when you are coming.}}
{{gl|plipe|to jump}}
but
{{mu|pa mlatu cu plipe ca lo (nu do ca'o klama vau) fa'a mi|A cat jumps (when you are coming) towards me.}}
(brackets are used here only to show the structure)

We use '''vau''' after the clause '''nu do ca'o klama''' to show that it ended and other parts of the sentence begin like '''cu''', a preposition, a noun or a pronoun.

Compare this sentence with the following:
{{mu|pa mlatu cu plipe ca lo (nu do ca'o klama fa'a mi)|A cat jumps (when you are coming towards me).}}
As you can see '''do klama fa'a mi''' is a clause inside the big one. So '''fa'a mi''' is now inside it.

Now you, not the cat, come towards me.

At the end of the sentence '''vau''' is never needed as it's already the right border.

One more example with a tense particle:
{{mu|mi pu citka lo plise ba le nu mi dansu|I ate apples after I danced.}}
{{mu|mi pu citka ba le nu mi dansu vau lo plise|I ate (after I danced) apples.}}
Thus we can move '''ba le nu mi dansu''' around the sentence provided that it's still put after '''pu'''.

===== Task =====
{{gl|le tsani|the sky}}
{{gl|zvati|to be present at (some place or event), to stay ... (at some place)}}
{{gl|lo canko|window}}
{{gl|lo fagri|a fire}}
{{gl|mi'o|You and I}}
Close the right part of the table. Translate from Lojban the sentences on the left.
{|class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
|style="width: 50%;"|'''mi ca gleki lo nu do viska le tsani'''
|style="width: 50%;"|''I am happy that you see the sky.''
|-
|'''xu le mlatu pu ca'o zvati lo zdani'''
|''Were the cats staying at home?''
|-
|'''do pu citka pa plise ba lo nu mi pinxe lo ladru'''
|''You ate an apple after I drank milk.''
|-
|style="width: 50%;"|'''ko catlu fa'a le canko'''
|style="width: 50%;"|''Look towards the window.''
|-
|'''xu do gleki ca lo nu do ca'o cadzu bu'u le purdi'''
|''Are you happy when you are walking in the garden?''
|-
|'''ca lo nu mi klama lo zdani vau do pinxe lo tcati ri'a lo nu do taske'''
|''When I go home you drink tea because you are thirsty.''
|}
Close the right part of the table. Translate to Lojban the sentences on the left.
{|class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
|style="width: 50%;"|''You will see the sun.''
|style="width: 50%;"|'''do ba viska le solri''' ('''lo solri''' is also fine since usually there is only one sun possible)
|-
|''You understand that it will rain.''
|'''do ca jimpe lo nu ba carvi'''
|-
|style="width: 50%;"|''Quickly run away from the fire!''
|style="width: 50%;"|'''ko sutra bajra to'o le fagri'''
|-
|''You and I were staying together at home when it was raining.''
|'''mi'o pu ca'o zvati lo zdani ca lo nu carvi'''
|}

=== Negation ===
The preposition '''na''' makes everything to its right within the clause negative in meaning:
{{mu|mi na nelci do|I don't like you.}}
{{gl|na|preposition: it is not true that ...}}

Its opposite, the preposition '''ja'a''' affirms the meaning:

{{mu|mi ja'a nelci do|I do like you.}}
{{gl|ja'a|preposition: it is true that ...}}

=== Names. Choosing a name ===
'''lo cmevla''', or ''name word'' is a special kind of verb used to build personal names. It's easy to recognize lo cmevla in a flow of text as only lo cmevla end in a consonant.

Besides, they are wrapped by one dot from each side.

Examples of lo cmevla are: '''.paris.''', '''.robin.'''

If one's name is Bob then we can create a cmevla ourselves that would sound as close as possible to this name, for example '''.bob.'''

The most simple example of using a name would be
{{mu|la .bob. cu tcidu|Bob reads/is reading.}}
{{gl|tcidu|to read}}

'''la''' is similar to '''lo''' but it converts a verb not to a simple noun but to a name.

In English we start a word with a capital letter to show that it's a name. In Lojban we use the prefix word '''la'''.

{{notci|Always use '''la''' when producing names!}}

A name can consist of several cmevla one after another:
{{mu|la .bob.djonson. cu tcidu|Bob Johnson reads/is reading.}}
Here, we separated the two cmevla with just one dot, which is also a common style.

{{notci|It's common to omit dots in front of and at the end of lo cmevla to write texts faster, for example, when text chatting. After all, lo cmevla are still separated from neighboring words by spaces around them:

{{mu|la bob djonson cu tcidu}}

However, in spoken language it is still necessary to put a short pause before and after lo cmevla.}}

Bob's first name goes into Lojban without much changes. The same for the name ''Lojban''. It's a cmevla and is written as '''.lojban.''':
{{mu|la .lojban. cu bangu mi|I speak Lojban.|Lojban is a language of me. Lojban is a language I use.}}
{{gl|bangu|is a language (used by someone)}}
However, Lojban letters directly correspond to sounds. Therefore, there are some rules for adapting names to how they are written in Lojban. This may sound strange — after all, a name is a name — but in fact all languages do this to some extent. For example, English speakers tend to pronounce ''Jose'' something like ''Hozay'', and ''Margaret'' in Chinese is ''Magelita''. Some sounds just don't exist in some languages, so you need to rewrite the name so that it only contains Lojban sounds, and is spelt according to letter-sound correspondence.

Example:
{{gl|la .djonson.|Johnson}}
{{gl|la .suzyn.|Susan}}
In the English name ''Susan'' the two letters ''s'' are pronounced differently. The second one is actually a ''z'', and the ''a'' is not really an ''a'' sound, it's the "schwa" explained in the beginning of this chapter. So ''Susan'' is written '''.suzyn.''' in Lojban.

{{notci|Pay attention to how the name is pronounced natively. Thus, the English and French names ''Robert'' come out differently in Lojban: the English name is rather '''.robyt.''' in UK English, or '''.rabyrt.''' in some American dialects, but the French is '''.rober.'''}}

Here are some names that we'll use throughout this book:
{|class="wikitable"
|'''la .alis.'''
|''Alice''
|rowspan = 6|
|'''la .meilis.'''
|''Mei Li''

|-
|'''la .bob.'''
|''Bob''
|'''la .abdul.'''
|''Abdul''

|-
|'''la .ian.'''
|''Yan'' or ''Ian''
|'''la .al.'''
|''Ali''

|-
|'''la .doris.'''
|''Doris''
|'''la .micel.'''
|''Michelle''
|-
|'''la .kevin.'''
|''Kevin''
|'''la .edvard.'''
|''Edward''

|-
|'''la .adam.'''
|''Adam''
|'''la .lukas.'''
|''Lucas''
|}

*Two extra full stops (periods) are necessary because if you didn't put those pauses in speech, you might not know where the name started and ended, or in other words where the previous word ended and the next word began.
*The last letter of a cmevla must be a consonant. And if a name doesn't end in a consonant we usually add use ''s'' to the end; so in Lojban, ''Mary'' becomes '''.meris.''', ''Joe'' becomes '''.djos.''' and so on. An alternative is to leave out the last vowel, so ''Mary'' would become '''.mer.''' or '''.meir.'''
*You can also put a full stop in between a person's first and last names (though it's not compulsory), so ''Jim Jones'' becomes '''.djim.djonz.'''

====Rules for making lo cmevla====
Here is a compact representation of Lojban sounds:
* vowels:
** '''a e i o u y au ai ei oi'''
* consonants
** '''b d g v z j''' (voiced)
** '''p t k f s c x''' (unvoiced)
** '''l m n r'''
** '''i u'''. They are considered consonants when put between two vowels or in the beginning of a word. '''.iaua''' - '''i''' and '''u''' are consonants here. '''.iai''' - here is the consonant '''i''' with an vowel '''ai''' after it.
** ''' ' ''' (apostrophe). It is put only between two vowels: '''.e'e''', '''.u'i'''
** '''.''' (dot, word break)

We first write a name with Lojban letters and then change them according to these rules:
# they start and end in consonants except ''' ' '''. Additionally they are wrapped by a dot from each side: '''.lojban.''' It's quite common to omit word breaks in informal texts.
# vowels can be put only between two consonants: '''.sam.''', '''.no'am.'''
# double consonants are merged into one: ''dd'' becomes '''d''', ''nn'' becomes '''n''' etc. Or a '''y''' is out between them: '''.nyn.'''
# if a voiced and a unvoiced consonants are next to each other then '''y''' is inserted inside: '''kv''' becomes '''kyv'''. Or you can remove one of the letters instead: '''pb''' can be turned into a single '''p''' or a single '''b'''.
# if one of '''c''', '''j''', '''s''', '''z''' are next to each other then '''y''' is inserted inside: '''jz''' becomes '''jyz'''. Or you can remove one of the letters instead: '''cs''' can be turned into a single '''c''' or a single '''s'''.
# if '''x''' is next to '''c''' or next to '''k''' then '''y''' is inserted inside: '''cx''' becomes '''cyx''', '''xk''' becomes '''xyk'''. Or you can remove one of the letters instead: '''kx''' can be turned into a single '''x'''.
# the substrings '''mz''', '''nts''', '''ntc''', '''ndz''', '''ndj''' are fixed by adding '''y''' inside or deleting one of the letters: '''nytc''' or '''nc''', '''.djeimyz.'''
#double '''ii''' between vowels is merged into a single '''i''': '''.eian.''' (but not '''.eiian.''')
#double '''uu''' between vowels is merged into a single '''u''': '''.auan.''' (but not '''.auuan.''')

==== Other verbs as names ====
You can use not only cmevla, but also other types of verbs to choose your nickname in Lojban. If you prefer, you can translate your name into Lojban (if you know what it means, of course) or adopt a completely new Lojban identity.

Here are a few examples of Lojbanic names:
<tab class=wikitable head=top>
Original name Meaning Word in Lojban Your name
Blake black '''lo xekri''' — ''black'' '''la xekri'''
Ethan solid, during '''lo sligu''' — ''solid'' '''la sligu'''
Mei Li ''beautiful'' in Mandarin Chinese '''lo melbi''' — ''beautiful'' '''la melbi'''
</tab>
==== '''le''' and names ====
{{notci|Lojban has a single term {{gln|lo sumti|"noun or pronoun or name"}}
Indeed, nouns, pronouns and names work grammatically exactly the same in Lojban. For brevity we'll be calling them all ''nouns''.}}

'''le''' can be used to refer to names mentioned earlier:

{{mu|la alis cu klama pa zarci i le fetsi cu xagji|Alice is going to a shop. She is hungry.}}
{{gl|xagji|to be hungry}}
{{mu|la alis cu viska la doris i le fetsi cu melbi|Alice can see Doris. She (Doris) is beautiful.}}
Here, '''le fetsi''' is applied to Doris, the last noun describing a female person.

In this example we assume that both Alice and Doris are females.

=== Introducing yourself. Vocatives ===
{{pixra|Image:Alishan_sunrise.JPG|'''cerni''' ''... is morning''}}
{{pixra|Image:Fanabe_beach_Day_6_Sunset_2_(400636804).jpg|'''vanci''' ''... is evening''}}
{{pixra|Image:The_Strand,_Ballinskelligs,_Kerry,_1990_(7787237516).jpg|'''donri''' ''... is daylight time''}}
{{pixra|Image:Stormy_night_skies_in_Glacier_(4455539994).jpg|'''nicte''' ''... is night''}}
''Vocatives'' in Lojban are words that function just like interjections ('''xu''' which we earlier discussed) but they attach the following noun after them:
{{mu|coi do|Hello, you!}}
{{gl|coi|vocative: Hello! Hi!}}
We use '''coi''' + a noun or pronoun to greet someone.
{{mu|co'o do|Goodbye to you.}}
{{gl|co'o|vocative: goodbye!}}
{{vajni|'''coi ro do''' {{=}} ''Hello each of you'' is how people usually start a conversation with several people. '''coi re do''' means ''Hello you two'' and can be useful when, for example, one starts a letter to their parents).}}
Since vocatives work like interjections we have nice types of greetings:
{{vajni|
'''cerni coi''' ''Good morning!'' <tt>It's morning — Hello! [literally]</tt>

'''vanci coi''' ''Good evening!''

'''donri coi''' ''Good day!''}}

{{mu|nicte coi|Nightly greetings!}}

Note that in English "Goodnight!" means "Goodbye!" or denotes wishing someone spending good night. By its meaning "Goodnight!" doesn't belong to the series of greetings above. Thus, we use a different wording in Lojban:
{{vajni|'''nicte co'o''' ''Goodnight!'' 
'''a'o pluka nicte''' ''Pleasant night!''}}
{{gl|a'o|interjection: I hope}}
{{gl|pluka|to be pleasant to … (someone)}}
Of course, we can be vague by just saying '''pluka nicte''' (just meaning ''pleasant night'' without any wishes explicitly said).

The vocative '''mi'e''' + a noun/pronoun is used to introduce yourself:
{{mu|mi'e la .doris.|I'm Doris. This is Doris speaking.}}
{{gl|mi'e|vocative: identifies speaker}}

The vocative '''doi''' is used to show who we're talking to:
{{mu|mi cliva doi la .robert.|I'm leaving, Robert.}}
{{gl|cliva|to leave (something or someone)}}
Without '''doi''' the name might become the first noun of the clause:
{{mu|mi cliva la .robert.|I'm leaving Robert.}}
'''doi''' is a like Old English ''O'' (as in ''O ye of little faith'') or the Latin vocative (as in ''Et tu, Brute''). Some languages don't distinguish between these contexts although as you can see Old English and Latin did.

Two more vocatives are are '''ki'e''' for saying thanks and '''je'e''' for accepting them:
{{mu|— ki'e do do pu sidju mi — je'e do|— Thank you, you helped me. — Not at all.}}
{{gl|sidju|to help (someone)}}
We can omit the noun after the vocative only if this is the ends of the sentence. For example we can just say
{{mu|— coi .i xu do kanro|— Hello. How do you do?|— Hello. Are you healthy?}}
{{gl|kanro|to be healthy}}

Here, a new sentence starts immediately after the vocative '''coi''' so we omitted the name. Or we can say:
{{mu|coi do mi djica lo nu do sidju mi|Hello. I want you to help me.|Hello you. I want that you help me.}}
Thus, in case you don't know the name of the listener you just place '''do''' after it if you want to continue the same sentence after the vocative.

If you use the vocative on its own (without a noun after it) and the sentence is not finished yet then you need to separate it from the rest, because the things likeliest to follow the vocative in a sentence could easily be misconstrued as describing your addressee. Use the word '''do''' for that. For example,

{{mu|coi do la .alis. la .doris. pu cliva|Hello! Alice left Doris.|Hello you! Alice left Doris}}
{{mu|coi la .alis. la .doris. pu cliva|Hello, Alice! Doris left.}}

And if you want to put both vocatives and interjections modifying the whole sentence please put interjections first:
{{mu|.ui coi do la .alis. la .doris. pu cliva|Yay, Hello! Alice left Doris.}}

Note that in the beginning of sentences usually interjections are put before vocatives because
:'''coi .ui do la .alis. la .doris. pu cliva'''
means
:''Hello (I'm happy about this greeting) you! Alice left Doris.''

So an interjection immediately after a vocative modifies that vocative.
Similarly, interjection modifies the vocative noun when being put after it:
{{mu|coi do .ui la .alis. la .doris. pu cliva|Hello you (I'm happy about you)! Alice left Doris.}}

===== Task =====
Close the right part of the table. Translate from Lojban the sentences on the left.
{{gl|nelci|to like (someone or something)}}
{{gl|lo mamta|a mother, mothers}}
{|class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
|style="width: 50%;"|'''cerni coi la .alis.'''
|style="width: 50%;"|''Good morning, Alice.''
|-
|'''— mi ba sipna — a'o pluka nicte'''
|''— I will sleep. — Good night.''

|-
|'''mi'e la .adam. i mi nelci lo nu mi ca'o tavla do'''
|''I am Adam. I like that I am talking to you.''
|}
Close the right part of the table. Translate to Lojban the sentences on the left.
{|class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
|style="width: 50%;"|''Mommy, I will eat an apple.''
|style="width: 50%;"|'''doi lo mamta mi ba citka pa plise'''
|-
|''You leave? Goodbye.''
|'''xu do cliva .i co'o do''' or just '''xu do cliva .i co'o'''
|}

== Lesson 2. More basic stuff ==
=== Order of arguments ===
Earlier we provided such definitions of verbs as:
{{gl|mlatu|is a cat, to be a cat}}
{{gl|citka|to eat}}
{{gl|prami|to love}}
{{gl|klama|to come}}
The dictionary in the end of this textbook presents all verbs with x1, x2 etc. symbols:
{{gl|mlatu|x1 is a cat ...}}
{{gl|citka|x1 eats x2 ...}}
{{gl|prami|x1 loves x2}}
{{gl|klama|x1 comes to x2 ...}}
These x1, x2 are quite simple. They are called places of arguments and more precisely represent the order in which we add nouns or pronouns. For example:
{{mu|mi prami do|I love you.}}
This also means that
*x1 denotes ''the one who loves'' and
*x2 denotes ''the one who is loved by''.
The advantage of such style of definitions is that all participants of a relation are in one definition.

We can also omit nouns making the sentence more vague:
{{mu|carvi|It is raining.|is rain, is raining}}
:(although tense here is determined by context, it can also mean ''It often rains'', ''It was raining'' etc.)
{{mu|prami do|Someone loves you.|loves you}}

All omitted places in a clause just mean '''zo'e''' = ''something/someone'' so it means the same as
{{mu|zo'e prami do|Someone loves you.}}
And
{{mu|prami}}
is the same as
{{mu|zo'e prami zo'e|Someone loves someone.}}

{{notci|Prepositions add new places to verbs but they don't remove existing places. In
{{mu|mi klama fa'a do|I come towards you.}}
the second place of '''klama''' is still omitted. For example:
{{mu|mi klama fa'a pa cmana do|I come (towards a mountain) to you.}}
And here the second place of '''klama''' is '''do'''. And the sentence means that the mountain is just a direction whereas the final point is you.

Similarly, in
{{mu|mi citka ba lo nu mi cadzu|I eat after I walk.}}
the second place of '''citka''' is still omitted. A new preposition '''ba''' with its phrase '''lo nu mi cadzu''' adds meaning to the sentence.}}

The order of arguments of compound verbs is the same as the of the last verb word in it:
{{mu|tu sutra bajra pendo mi|That is my quickly running friend.|That is a quickly running friend of me.}}
{{gl|pendo|to be a friend, is a friend (of someone)}}
So the order of arguments is the same as of '''pendo''' alone.

=== More than two places ===
There might be more than two places. For example:

{{mu|mi pinxe lo ladru pa kabri|I drink milk from a cup.}}
{{gl|pinxe|x1 drinks x2 from x3}}
{{mu|pa kabri|a cup}}

In this case there are three places and if you want to exclude the second place in the middle you have to use '''zo'e:'''

{{mu|mi pinxe zo'e pa kabri |I drink [something] from a cup.}}

If we omit '''zo'e''' we get something meaningless:
{{mu|mi pinxe pa kabri|I drink a cup.}}

Another example:
{{mu|mi dunda pa cukta do|I give a book to you.}}
{{gl|dunda|x1 gives, donates x2 to x3}}
{{gl|pa cukta|a book}}

=== General rules in the order of arguments ===
The order of places in verbs might be sometimes hard to remember. But let's not worry — like in English you don't need to remember all places of all verbs (do you remember the meaning of hundreds of thousands of words in English?)

You may study places when you find them useful or when people use them in a dialogue with you.

Most of verbs have one or two places. Usually you can guess the order using context and a few rules of thumb:
#The first place is often the person or thing who does something or is something:
#:'''klama''' = ''x1 goes ...''
#The object of some action is usually just after the first place:
#:'''punji''' = ''x1 puts x2 on x3'', '''dunda''' = ''x1 gives x2 (gift) to x3 (recipient)''
#And the next place will usually be filled with the recipient:
#:'''punji''' = ''x1 puts x2 on x3'', '''dunda''' = ''x1 gives x2 (gift) to x3 (recipient)''
#Destination (''to'') places nearly always come before origins (''from'') places:
#:'''klama''' = ''x1 goes to x2 from x3''
#Less-used places come towards the end. These tend to be things like ‘by standard’, ‘by means’ or ‘made of’.
The general idea is that first come the places which are most likely to be used.

{{notci|No need to fill all places all the time. Unfilled places just have values irrelevant or obvious to the speaker (they take the value of '''zo'e''' {{=}} ''something'').}}
=== Prepositions and places ===
Prepositions don't replace places:
{{mu|mi klama fa'a le cmana le zdani be mi|I go in the direction of the mountain to my home.}}
{{gl|le zdani be mi|home of me, my home}}
Here, the preposition '''fa'a''' (''in the direction of'') doesn't replace the second place of the verb '''klama''' (which is filled with '''le zdani be mi''' - ''my home''). The sentence means that my home is simply located in the direction of the mountain but it doesn't mean I want to reach that mountain.

=== Places for nouns ===
{{pixra|File:Alex friends.JPG|'''lo pendo''' ''friend / friends''}}
{{pixra|Image:Ezhednevnik.jpg|'''pa cukta''' ''a book''}}
{{pixra|File:Fetch volumes ok 2.jpg|'''mi dunda pa cukta''' ''I give a book.''}}
How do we say ''You are my friend'' ?
{{mu|do pendo mi|You are my friend.|You are a friend of me.}}

And now how do we say ''My friend is crazy.''?

{{mu|pa pendo be mi cu fenki|My friend is crazy.}}

So when we convert a verb into a noun ('''pendo''' — ''to be a friend'' into '''pa pendo''' — ''a friend'') we can still retain other places of that verb by placing '''be''' after it.

By default it attaches the second place (x2). We can attach more places by separating them with '''bei''':
{{mu|mi dunda le cukta do|I give the book to you.}}

{{mu|le dunda be le cukta bei mi|The grantor of a book to me}}

{{mu|le dunda be le cukta bei mi cu pendo mi|The giver of the book to me is my friend.|The one who gives the book to me is a friend of mine.}}

Another example:
{{mu|mi klama pa pendo be do|I come to a friend of yours.}}
We can't omit '''be''' because '''pa pendo do''' are two independent places:
{{mu|mi klama pa pendo do|I come to a friend from you.}}
{{gl|klama|x1 comes to x2 from x3 ...}}
Here, '''do''' took the third place of '''klama''' since it's not bound to ''pendo''' using ''be'''.

Neither could we use '''nu''' because '''pa nu pendo do''' is one event about a friend of yours. So '''pa pendo be do''' is the correct solution.

Another example:
{{mu|la .lojban. cu bangu mi|Lojban is my language.|Lojban is a language of me.}}
However,
{{mu|mi nelci lo bangu be mi|I like my language.}}

Using '''be''' for verbs not converted to nouns has no effect: '''mi nelci be do''' is the same as '''mi nelci do'''.

=== Relative clauses ===
{{mu|pa mlatu poi blabi cu pinxe lo ladru|A cat that is white is drinking milk.}}

{{mu|pa mlatu noi blabi cu pinxe lo ladru|A cat, which is white, is drinking milk.}}
{{gl|blabi|to be white}}

In the first sentence the word "''that''" is essential to identifying the cat in question, it clarifies which cat we are talking about. Out of probably many cats we choose only those who are white. Maybe there is only one cat around that is white like in this example.

As for "''which is white''" from the second sentence it just provides additional information about the cat. It doesn't help us to identify cats. For example, this might happen when all the cats are white.

'''poi blabi''' is a relative clause, a mini-clause attached to the right of the noun '''lo mlatu'''. It ends just before the next word '''cu''':
{{mu|pa mlatu (poi blabi) cu pinxe lo ladru|A cat (that is white) is drinking milk.}}

So in addition to '''pa mlatu cu pinxe lo ladru''' — ''a cat drinks milk'' we state that the cat is white.

In Lojban we use '''poi''' for relative clauses that identify entities (objects, people or events) and '''noi''' for incidental information.

{{mu|le nakni ba co'a speni pa ninmu poi pu xabju lo nurma|He will marry a girl who lived in the country.}}
{{gl|xabju|to live, to inhabit}}
{{gl|lo nurma|rural area}}

This sentence doesn't exclude him marrying someone else as well! Removing the relative clause with '''poi''' changes the meaning:
{{mu|le nakni ba co'a speni pa ninmu|He will marry a girl.}}

Another example:
{{mu|lo prenu poi gleki cu ze'u renvi|People (which ones?) who are happy live long.}}
{{gl|ze'u|preposition: for a long time}}
{{gl|renvi|to survive}}
Removing the relative clause with '''poi''' changes the meaning:
{{mu|lo prenu ze'u renvi|People live long.}}

On the other hand, relative clauses with '''noi''' contain just additional information about the noun to which they are attached. That noun is sufficiently defined by itself so that removing a relative clause with '''noi''' doesn't change its meaning:
{{mu|mi nelci la .doris. noi mi ta'e zgana bu'u pa panka|I like Doris, whom I habitually see in a park. I like Doris. What else can I say about her? I habitually see her in a park.}}
{{gl|zgana|to observe (using any senses)}}
Removing the relative clause with '''noi''' retains the meaning: ''I like Doris.''

In spoken English the distinction is often achieved using intonation or by guessing. Also relative clauses with '''noi''' are traditionally separated with commas in English, they use ''which'' or ''who'' and the word ''that'' is not used in them.

Let's have another example.
{{mu|mi klama pa tricu|I come to a tree.}}
{{mu|pa tricu cu barda|A tree is big.}}
{{gl|pa tricu|a tree}}
{{gl|barda|x1 is big/large}}
And now let's join those two sentences:
{{mu|pa tricu noi mi klama ke'a cu barda|A tree, to which I go, is big.}}
Note the word '''ke'a'''. We move the second sentence about the same tree into a relative clause and replace the noun '''lo tricu''' with '''ke'a''' in the relative clause. So the pronoun '''ke'a''' is like ''who'' and ''which'' in English. It points back to the noun to which the relative clause is attached.

So literally our Lojbanic sentence sounds like
:''A tree, such that I go to which, is big.''

'''ke'a''' can be dropped if we are to place it just after '''noi''' or '''poi'''. That's why the two following sentences mean the same:
{{mu|pa mlatu poi blabi cu pinxe lo ladru pa mlatu poi ke'a blabi cu pinxe lo ladru|A cat that is white is drinking milk.}}

'''ke'a''' goes to the first unfilled place:
{{mupli|'''le nakni ba co'a speni pa ninmu poi le nakni pu penmi bu'u pa zarci''' or '''le nakni ba co'a speni pa ninmu poi le nakni pu penmi ke'a bu'u pa zarci''' ''He will marry a girl whom he had met in a store.''}}
Here, '''le nakni''' fills the first place of '''penmi''', thus, '''ke'a''' is assumed for the next, second place.

Relative clauses like usual clauses can contain constructs with prepositions:
{{mu|pa tricu noi mi pu klama ke'a ca lo cabdei cu barda|A tree, to which I went today, is big.}}
{{gl|lo cabdei|the day of today}}
Note that '''ca lo cabdei''' belongs to the relative clause. Compare:
{{mu|pa tricu noi mi pu klama ke'a cu barda ca lo cabdei|A tree, to which I went, is big today.}}
The meaning has changed a lot.

Finally, '''voi''' is used to refer to clauses that have just been mentioned:
{{mu|mi zgana pa prenu poi ca'o kelci i mi zgana pa prenu poi ca'o citka i pa prenu voi kelci cu verba|I observe a person who is playing. I observe a person who is eating. One person (mentioned as playing) is a child.}}

{{mu|lo cabna cu pluka vanci i lo simsa ditcu voi vanci na cafne|Now it's a pleasant evening. Such times that is pleasant evenings does not happen often.}}
{{gl|lo cabna|event that is now, in present}}
{{gl|simsa|to be similar}}
{{gl|ditcu|x1 (clause) is a period, some time}}
{{gl|cafne|to happen often}}

'''voi''' parallels '''le''': '''le''' refers to nouns in context, '''voi''' refers to clauses in context. Despite its utility '''voi''' hasn't been used a lot by Lojban speakers.

=== Short relative clauses. "''About''". ===
Sometimes you might need to attach to a noun an additional noun or pronoun:
{{mu|mi djuno lo vajni pe do|I know something important about you.}}
{{gl|lo vajni|something important}}
'''pe''' and '''ne''' are similar to '''poi''' and '''noi''' but connect nouns (and pronouns) to nouns:
{{mupli|'''pa penbi pe mi cu xunre''' ''A pen that is mine is red.'' (''mine'' is essential to identifying the pen in question)}}
{{mupli|'''pa penbi ne mi cu xunre''' ''A pen, which is mine, is red.'' (additional information)}}
{{gl|ne|which is about, has relation to ... (a noun/pronoun follows)}}
{{gl|pe|that is about, has relation to ... (a noun/pronoun follows)}}

=== '''be''' and '''pe''' ===
Notice that relative clauses are attached to nouns whereas '''be''' connects to the verb that is transformed into a noun afterwards.

Actually, '''lo bangu pe mi''' is a better translation of ''my language'', since like in English, the two nouns are related to each other in a vague way.

However, you can say '''lo birka be mi''' as ''my arm''. Even if you saw off your arm, it'll still be yours. That's why '''birka''' has a place of the owner:
{{gl|birka|x1 is an arm of x2}}
Notice that '''be''' attaches to the verb word. But '''pe''', '''ne''', '''poi''' and '''noi''' attach to nouns. For example,
{{mu|pa melbi be mi cukta pe pa pendo be mi cu barda|A beautiful to me book of a friend of mine is big.}}
Here, '''be mi''' is applied only to the verb '''melbi''' = ''to be beautiful to … (someone)''. But '''pe pa pendo''' is applied to the whole noun '''pa melbi be mi cukta''' = ''a beautiful to me book''.

It can also happen that we need to attach '''be''' to a noun and then attach '''pe''' to the same noun:
{{mu|pa pendo be do be'o pe la paris cu stati|A friend of yours who is related to Paris is smart.}}
{{mu|lo pu dunda be pa cukta bei do be'o pe la paris cu stati|Who gave a book to you (and who is related to Paris) is smart.}}
'''be'o''' shows that the nouns attached with '''be''' and with '''bei''' (if they are used) end, and thus '''pe la paris''' is attached to the whole bigger noun '''pa pendo be do be'o''' and '''lo pu dunda be pa cukta bei do be'o'''.

Compare it to:
{{mu|pa pendo be do pe la paris cu stati|A friend of you (who is related to Paris) is smart.}}
{{mu|lo pu dunda be pa cukta bei do pe la paris cu stati|Who gave a book to you (who is related to Paris) is smart.}}
The difference in the meaning is huge. In the first two examples your friend has some relation to Paris (maybe, he/she is from Paris). In the second two examples, you have this relation.

=== "''She is a teacher''" and "''She is the teacher''" ===
In English the verb ''is, are, to be'' makes a noun work like a verb in English. In Lojban even such concepts as ''cat'' ('''mlatu'''), ''person'' ('''prenu'''), ''house'' ('''dinju'''), ''home'' ('''zdani''') work like verbs by default. Only pronouns work as nouns.

However, here are three cases:
{{mu|le nakni cu ctuca|He teaches.}}
{{mu|le nakni cu me lo ctuca|He is one of those who teach.}}
{{gl|me|to be among ..., to be one of ..., to be a member of ... (noun follows)}}

{{mu|le nakni ta'e ctuca|He habitually teaches.}}
{{gl|ta'e|preposition: the event happens habitually}}

{{mu|le nakni cu du le ctuca|He is the teacher.}}
{{gl|du|to be identical to ...}}
The particle '''me''' takes a noun after it and shows that there are probably other teachers, and he is one of them.

However, when using the verb '''du''' we mean that he is, for example, the teacher that we have been searching for or talking about.

Thus '''me''' and '''du''' can sometimes reflect what in English we use the verb ''to be/is/was'' for.
{{notci|In Lojban we first rely on the meaning of what we need to say, not necessarily on how it is literally said in English or other languages.}}

Other examples:
{{mu|mi me la bond|I am Bond.}}

{{mu|mi du la .kevin.|I am Kevin (the one you needed).}}

{{mu|ti du la .alis. noi mi ta'e zgana bu'u pa panka|This is Alice, whom I often see in a park.}}




'''noi du''' and '''poi du''' are used in Lojban to introduce alternate names for something. So they correspond to English ''namely, i.e.'':
{{mu|la .alis. cu penmi pa prenu noi du la .abdul.|Alice met a person, namely Abdul.}}

=== Prepositions inside nouns ===
We can place a tense not only before the main verb of a clause but at the end of it giving the same result:
{{mu|mi ca tcidu mi tcidu ca|I (now read).}}
{{gl|tcidu|to read (some text)}}
When using '''nu''' we create a clause. Notice, the difference between these two examples:
{{mu|le nu tcidu ca cu nandu|The current reading is complicated, difficult.}}
{{mu|le nu tcidu cu ca nandu|The reading is now complicated.}}

Other examples:
{{mu|mi klama pa cmana pu|I went to a mountain.|I go to a mountain (in past).}}
{{mu|lo nu mi klama pa cmana pu cu pluka|That I went to a mountain is pleasant.}}
When not using '''nu''' we don't have clauses. Nouns start with '''lo''' and end in its verb (like a single or a compound verb). Thus we can insert prepositions to nouns only before that verb:
{{mu|lo pu kunti tumla ca purdi|What was a desert is now a garden.}}
So '''pu''' belongs to '''lo kunti tumla''' and '''ca''' belongs to '''purdi''' (as '''lo pu kunti tumla''' can't add '''ca''' in the end).

This doesn't contradict with using '''be''' after the verb since with '''be''' you change the verb: '''bangu be mi''' is considered one verb.

Placing prepositions after nouns binds them to outer verbs:
{{mu|lo kunti tumla pu purdi|The desert was a garden.}}
=== New nouns from places of the same verb ===
{{mu|do dunda ti mi|You grant this to me.}}
{{mu|ti se dunda do mi|This is granted by you to me.}}
{{gl|dunda|x1 grants, gives x2 to x3}}

We can swap the first two places round in the verb using '''se''' and thus change the place structure.

'''do dunda ti mi''' means exactly the same as '''ti se dunda do mi'''. The difference is solely in style.

You may want to change things around for different emphasis, for example, to mention the more important things in a sentence first. So the following pairs mean the same thing:
{{mu|mi prami do|I love you.}}
{{mu|do se prami mi|You are loved by me.}}

{{mu|lo nu mi tadni la .lojban. cu xamgu mi|My study of Lojban is good for me.}}
{{gl|xamgu|to be good for (someone)}}
{{mu|mi se xamgu lo nu mi tadni la .lojban.|For me it's good to study Lojban.}}

The same can be dont with nouns:
{{gl|lo dunda|those who give, givers, donors, donators}}
{{gl|lo se dunda|something that is given, gifts}}

As we know, when we add '''lo''' in front of a verb it becomes a noun. So
*'''lo dunda''' means ''something(s) which could fit in the first place of '''dunda'''''
*'''lo se dunda''' means ''something(s) which could fit in the second place of '''dunda'''''
Thus, in Lojban we don't need a separate word for ''gift''. We reuse the same verb and save a lot of effort because of such clever design. Indeed, we can't imagine a gift without implying that someone gave it or will give it. When phenomena are interconnected Lojban reflects this.

For the ease of understanding and memorizing predicate words prefixed with '''se''' are put into the dictionary in entries for many verbs together with their definitions although you can figure out their meaning yourself.
=== Changing other places in main verbs ===
'''se''' is the first particle in the series '''se, te, ve, xe''' (they go in alphabetical order):
*'''se''' changes round the first and second places
*'''te''' changes round the first and third places
*'''ve''', the first and fourth, and
*'''xe''', the first and fifth.
{{mu|le nakni cu zbasu pa stizu lo mudri|He made a chair out of wood.}}
{{gl|zbasu|x1 builds, makes x2 out of x3}}
{{gl|pa stizu|a chair}}
{{gl|lo mudri|wood}}
{{mu|lo mudri cu te zbasu le stizu le nakni|Wood is the material the chair is made of by him.}}
The '''le nakni''' has now moved to the third place in the sentence, and can now be dropped out without being missed if we are too lazy to specify who made the chair or we just don't know who made it:
{{mu|lo mudri cu te zbasu le stizu|Wood is the material of the chair.}}

Similarly to our example with '''lo se dunda''' (''gift'') we can use '''te''', '''ve''', '''xe''' to get more words from other places of verbs:
{{gl|klama|x1 goes to x2 from x3 via x4 by means x5}}
Thus, we can derive that
{{gl|lo klama|a goer/goers}}
{{gl|lo se klama|destination place}}
{{gl|lo te klama|place of origin of the movement}}
{{gl|lo ve klama|route}}
{{gl|lo xe klama|vehicle}}
'''lo xe klama''' and the fifth place of '''klama''' can denote any means of movement like a car or your feet.

{{notci|'''se''' is used a lot more than the other particles for swapping places.}}

=== Free word order. Prepositions for places ===
Usually we don't need all the places of a verb, so we can omit the unnecessary ones by replacing them with '''zo'e'''. However, we can use ''place tags'' - special prepositions to explicitly refer to a needed place.

{{mupli|'''mi prami do''' is the same as '''fa mi prami fe do''' ''I love you.''}}
*'''fa''' marks the first place of a verb (x1)
*'''fe''' - marks the second place (x2)
*'''fi''' - marks the third place (x3)
*'''fo''' - marks the fourth place (x4)
*'''fu''' - marks the fifth place (x5)

More examples:
{{mu|mi klama fi le tcadu|I go from the city.}}
'''fi''' marks '''le tcadu''' as the third place of '''klama''' (the origin of movement). Without '''fi''', the sentence would turn into '''mi klama le tcadu''' meaning ''I go to the city.''
{{mupli|'''mi pinxe fi pa kabri''' is the same as '''mi pinxe zo'e pa kabri''' I drink (something) from a cup.}}
{{gl|pinxe|x1 drinks x2 from x3}}

{{mupli|'''mi tugni zo'e lo nu vitke lo rirni''' '''mi tugni fi lo nu vitke lo rirni''' I agree (with someone) about visiting parents.}}
{{gl|tugni|x1 agrees with someone x2 about x3 (clause)}}

With place tags we can move places around:
{{mu|fe pa cukta pu dunda fi pa nanla|Someone gave a book to a boy.}}
{{gl|dunda|x1 gives the gift x2 to x3}}
Here
*'''pa cukta''' = ''a book'', we put it into the second place of '''dunda''', what is given
*'''pa nanla''' = ''boy'', we put it into the third place of '''dunda''', the recipient.
As we can see in the last example we can't even reflect the order of words in its English translation.

Extensive use of place tags can make our speech harder to perceive but they allow for more freedom.
{{notci|Unlike '''se''' series using place tags like '''fa''' doesn't change the place structure.}}
----
We can use place tags inside nouns by placing them after '''be''':
{{mu|lo dunda be fi lo nanla cu pendo mi|Who gives something to a boy is my friend.}}
----
Another option in placing nouns is that we can put all the nouns of one main verb in front of the verb (preserving their relative order). Because of this freedom we can say:
{{mupli|'''mi do prami''' which is the same as '''mi prami do''' ''I love you.''}}

{{mupli|'''ko kurji ko''' is the same as '''ko ko kurji''' ''Take care of yourself.''}}
The following clauses are also equal in meaning:
{{mu|mi dunda pa plise do|I give an apple to you.}}
{{mu|mi pa plise cu dunda do|I an apple give to you.}}
{{mu|mi pa plise do dunda|I an apple to you give.}}

=== Infinitives ===
Infinitives are verbs that are often prefixed with "to" in English. Examples include "I like to run" with "to run" being the infinitive.

{{mu|pa mlatu cu djica lo ka pinxe|A cat wants to drink.}}
The particle '''ka''' works much like '''nu''' but it indicates that the noun on the left does or would do the action following '''ka'''. It makes the first noun of the outer verb ('''djica''' in this case) also the first omitted noun of the embedded verb started by '''ka''' ('''pinxe''' in this case) so you don't have to repeat this noun the second time.

Thus we can rewrite the sentence as
{{mu|pa mlatu cu djica lo nu le mlatu cu pinxe||A cat wants that the cat drinks}}
The previous translation with '''ka''' sounds more natural and compact so using '''ka''' is preferred in such case.

Another example with a pronoun in the place of the first noun
{{mu|mi djica lo ka pinxe|I want to drink.}}
{{mu|mi djica lo nu mi pinxe||I want that I drink}}
Again the sentence with '''ka''' looks nicer.

Compare:
{{mu|mi djica lo nu do pinxe|I want you to drink.|I want that you drink}}
Here, the first pronoun of '''djica''' differs from the one from '''pinxe''' so we can't use '''ka'''.

It is also possible to use '''ka''' when we usually use the ending ''-ing'' in English:
{{mu|mi gleki lo ka jinga|I'm glad of winning.}}
which is the same as
{{mu|mi gleki lo nu mi jinga|I'm glad that I won.}}

Some verbs require only infinitives in some of their places. Definitions of such words mark such places with the term "property". For example,
{{gl|cinmo|x1 feels x2 (property of x1)}}
This means that the infinitive in the second place (x2) is applied to the first place (x1). Cases where infinitive is applied to other place are rare and are explained for corresponding verbs.

Note that only the first unfilled place of the embedded clause takes the meaning of the outer place:
{{mu|mi djica lo ka do nelci|I want that you like me.}}
{{gl|nelci|x1 likes x2}}
Here, the first unfilled place is the second place of '''nelci''' thus it takes the value '''mi''' (''I'').

It is also possible to explicitly mark a plce to refer to by using the pronoun '''ce'u''':
{{mu|mi djica lo ka do nelci ce'u|I want that you like me.}}
Another example:
{{mu|mi cinmo lo ka xebni ce'u mi cinmo lo ka se xebni|I feel like someone hates me. I feel being hated.}}

=== Nouns of existence ===

Nouns starting with '''lo''' don't imply any particular objects:
{{mu|xu do tavla lo na slabu be do|Do you talk to not familiar to you? (no particular person in mind is described).}}
{{mu|e'u mi jo'u do casnu bu'u lo drata|Let's discuss in another place (no particular place in mind)}}
Objects in general are finely described using nouns with '''lo'''.

As opposed to them nouns starting with numbers like '''pa mlatu''' and '''ci prenu''' refer to new entities every time they are used:
{{mu|ci mlatu cu citka re finpe|There are three cats, there are two fishes for each cat, and each cat eats two fishes.}}
Note that we apply nouns from left to the right: first we talk about the three cats and then we specify for each of the cats that it eats two fishes. So in fact there are 6 fishes.

==='''da''' - ''there is something ...''===
{{mu|da tavla da|Someone talk to themselves.}}
{{mu|da tavla da da|Someone talk to themselves about themselves.}}
The pronoun '''da''' is translated as ''there is something/someone ...'' But unlike nouns of existence like '''pa mlatu''' we've just looked at if we use '''da''' the second time in the same clause it always refers to the same thing as the first '''da''':

More examples:
{{mu|mi tavla|I talk.}}
{{mu|mi tavla da|There is someone I talk to.}}
{{gl|tavla|x1 talks to x2 about x3}}
{{gl|mi nitcu lo mikce|I need a doctor (implying "any doctor will do")}}
{{gl|mi nitcu da poi mikce|There is a doctor whom I need}}

Note the difference:
*'''da''' means ''there is something/someone'', '''da''' always refers to the same entity when used more than once in the same clause.
* noun like '''lo mlatu''' (starting with '''lo''') can refer to new entities every time it is used.
* noun like '''pa mlatu''' (with a bare number and without '''lo''') is similar to using '''pa da poi mlatu''' but it can refer to new entities every time it is used.

=== "''To have''" ===
The English verb ''to have'' has several meanings.
{{mu|pa da birka mi|I have an arm.|There is something that is an arm of me}}
{{gl|birka|x1 is an arm of x2}}

We use the same strategy for expressing family relationship:
{{mu|pa da bruna mi mi se bruna pa da|Someone is my brother. I have one brother.|There is someone who is a brother of me}}
{{mu|re bruna be mi cu clani|I have two brothers and they are tall.}}
{{gl|clani|x1 is long, tall}}

So we don't need the verb "to have" to denote such relationship. The same for other family members:
:'''da mamta mi''' or '''mi se mamta da''' = ''I have a mother.''
:'''da patfu mi''' or '''mi se patfu da''' = ''I have a father.''
:'''da mensi mi''' or '''mi se mensi da''' = ''I have a sister.''
:'''da panzi mi''' or '''mi se panzi da''' = ''I have a child (or children).''
{{gl|panzi|x1 is a child, offspring of x2}}
Note that using a number in front of '''da''' isn't necessary if context is enough.
----
Another meaning of ''to have'' is ''to keep'':
{{mu|mi ralte pa gerku|I have a dog.|I keep a dog}}
{{mu|mi ralte pa karce|I have a car.}}
{{gl|ralte|x1 keeps x2 in their possesion}}
----
If you own, possess something according to some law or documents you should use '''ponse''':
{{mu|mi ponse le karce|I own the car.}}
{{gl|ponse|x1 owns x2}}

== Lesson 3. Quoting. Questions. Interjections ==
=== '''sei''': comments to the text ===
The particle '''sei''' allows to insert into a clause a comment about our attitude about what is said in that clause:
{{mu|do jinga sei mi gleki|You won! (I'm happy about that!)}}
However:
{{mu|do jinga sei la .ian. cu gleki|You won! (And Yan is happy about that!)}}
{{notci|Like with nouns formed with '''lo''' the clause formed with '''sei''' must end in a verb.}}
{{mu|la .alis. cu prami sei la .bob. cu gleki la .kevin.}}
Let's add brackets to make it more easily readable.
{{mu|la .alis. cu prami (sei la .bob. cu gleki) la .kevin.|Alice loves (Bob is happy) Kevin. Alice loves Kevin (Bob is happy).}}

We can add more nouns to the verb with '''be''' and '''bei''' like we do for nouns:
{{mu|do jinga sei mi zausku be fo la fircku|You won! (I'll post congrats on Facebook)}}
{{gl|zausku|to praise}}

=== Quotation marks ===
For quoting text we place quotation particle '''lu''' before the quote and place '''li'u''' after it. The result is a noun representing a quoted text:
{{mu|mi cusku lu mi prami do li'u|I say "I love you."}}
{{gl|cusku|x1 expresses/says x2 (quote) to audience x3}}
{{notci|A nice feature of Lojban is that '''lu''' - «quote» and '''li'u''' - «unquote» marks are pronounceable. It is quite handy since in spoken Lojban you don't have to change intonation to show where a quoted text starts and ends.}}

However, in written text that quotes a conversation, the author often pays reader's attention to the content of quotations. In such cases '''sei''' is preferred.

We can also nest quotations, for example:
{{mu|la .ian. pu cusku lu la .djein. pu cusku lu coi li'u mi li'u|Yan said "Jane said ‘Hello’ to me."}}
which is similar to
{{mu|la .ian. pu cusku lu la .djein. pu rinsa mi li'u|Yan said "Jane greeted me."}}

Note that in Lojban we distinguish things and their names:
{{mu|lu le munje li'u cu cmalu|"The universe" is small.}}
{{mu|le munje na cmalu|The universe is not small.}}
{{gl|le munje|the universe, world}}
Here, the text ''"the universe"'' is small whereas the universe is not.
----
Interjections and vocatives work like '''sei''' constructs:
{{mu|je'u mi jinga sei le nakni cu cusku|Truly, "I won", he said.}}
As you can see '''je'u''' is not his words. It's your attitude to the clause. If you want to quote "'''je'u mi jinga'''" use quotation marks getting:
{{mu|lu je'u mi jinga li'u se cusku le nakni|"Truly, I won", he said.}}
See the difference between the two examples?

Several common verbs related to talking:
{{mu|le fetsi pu retsku lu do klama ma li'u|She asked "Where do you go?"}}
{{mu|mi pu spusku lu mi klama lo zdani li'u|I replied "I am going home."}}
{{mu|mi pu spuda lo se retsku be le fetsi lo ka spusku lu mi klama lo zdani li'u|I replied to her question by saying in reply "I am going home."}}
{{gl|spuda|x1 replies to x2 by doing x3 (property of x1)}}
The remaining three verbs have identical place structure:
{{gl|cusku|x1 expresses/says x2 (quote) to audience x3}}
{{gl|retsku|x1 asks x2 (quote) to audience x3}}
{{gl|spusku|x1 replies/says answer x2 (quote) to audience x3}}

=== '''zo''' — quoting one word ===
'''zo''' is a quotation marker, just like '''lu'''. However, '''zo''' quotes only one word immediately after it. This means it does not have an unquote word like '''li'u''': we already know where the quotation ends. Thus we save two syllables making our speech more concise.
{{vajni|'''zo robin cmene mi''' ''"Robin" is my name.'' ''My name is Robin''.}}
{{gl|cmene|x1 (quote) is a name of x2 ...}}
This is how you present yourself in Lojban using your Lojbanized name.If you have a name consisting of more than one verb word then use '''lu … li'u''':
{{mu|lu robin djonson li'u cmene mi|Robin Johnson is my name.}}
Another way is to use '''me'''.
{{mu|mi me la robin djonson|I'm Robin Johnson.}}

{{notci|Note that the first place of '''cmene''' is a quote, a text. Thus, we use not '''la''' (prefix for names) but '''lu ... li'u''' or '''zo''' to make a quote and fill the first place of '''cmene''' with it. Thus, '''mi me la robin''' but
{{mu|zo robin cmene mi||"Robin" (quotation) is a name of me}}}}

=== Content questions ===
{{pixra|Image:Miss_Rep_Dominicana_07_Ada_Aimee.jpg|'''lo ninmu''' ''a woman (female human)''}}
{{pixra|Image:Jens_Fink-Jensen.jpg|'''lo nanmu''' ''a man (male human)''}}
English also has a number of ''wh-'' questions — ''who'', ''what'' etc. In Lojban we use one word for all of these: '''ma'''. This is like an instruction to fill in the missing place. For example:
{{mu|— do klama ma — la .london.|— Where are you going? — London.}}

{{mu|— ma klama la .london. — la .kevin.|— Who's going to London? — Kevin.}}
{{mupli|— '''mi dunda ma do''' — '''lo cukta''' — ''I give what to you?'' (probably meaning ''What was it I was supposed to be giving you?'') — ''The book.''}}

It is quite common to use '''ma''' with relative clauses:
{{vajni|— do xabju ma noi gugde — lo gugde'usu — In what country do you live? — USA|— You inhabit what, which is a country? — USA}}
{{gl|xabju|to inhabit (some place)}}

'''mo''' is like '''ma''', but questions the main verb, not a noun — it's like English ''What does ''x'' do?'' or ''What is ''x''?'' (remember, Lojban doesn't force you to distinguish between being and doing!)

We can see '''mo''' as asking someone to describe the relationship between the nouns in the question.
{{vajni|— '''do mo''' — ''How do you do? What's up?'' — <code>You are what, you do what? (literally)</code>}}
This is the most common way of asking ''How do you do?'', ''Howdy?'' in Lojban. Some possible answers:
{{vajni|— '''mi gleki''' — ''I'm happy.'' 
— '''mi kanro''' — ''I'm healthy.''}}

Another way of asking ''How do you do?'':
{{vajni|— '''do cinmo lo ka mo''' — ''How do you feel (emotionally)? 
— '''gleki''' — ''Happy.'' 
— '''tatpi''' — ''Tired.''}}
{{gl|cinmo|x1 feels x2 (property of x1)}}

Other examples:
{{mu|ti mo|What is this?}}

{{mu|la .meilis. cu mo|Who is Mei Li? / What is Mei Li? / What is Mei Li doing?}}
Possible answers depending on context:
*'''ninmu''': ''She's a woman.''
*'''jungo''': ''She's Chinese.''
*'''pulji''': ''She's a police officer.''
*'''sanga''': ''She's a singer'' or ''She's singing.''

{{mu|do mo la .kevin.|What are you to Kevin?|You are what (you do what) to Kevin.}}
The answer depends on the context. Possible answers to this question are:
*'''nelci''': ''I like him.''
*'''pendo''': ''I am his friend''
*'''prami''': ''I adore/am in love with him.''
*'''xebni''': ''I hate him.''
*'''fengu''': ''I'm angry with him.''
*'''cinba''': ''I kissed him''
{{notci|Note once again that the time is not important here: just as '''cinba''' can mean ''kiss'', ''kissed'', ''will kiss'' and so on, '''mo''' does not ask a question about any particular time.}}

To differentiate between ''to do'' and ''to be someone or something'' we use additional verbs with '''ma''':
{{mu|la meilis cu zukte ma||Mei Li does what?}}
{{mu|la meilis cu zukte lo ka lumci|Mei Li is does cleaning.}}
{{gl|zukte|x1 does x2 (property of x1)}}
{{gl|lumci|to clean (something)}}

{{mu|do du ma||You are who?}}
{{mu|mi du lo ctuca|I am the teacher.}}

Combining prepositions or relative clauses with '''ma''' can give us other useful questions:
{|class="wikitable"
!word
!meaning
!<tt>[literally]</tt>
|-
|'''ca ma'''
|When?
|during what
|-
|'''bu'u ma'''
|Where?
|at what
|-
|'''ma noi prenu'''
|Who?
|what that is a person
|-
|'''ma noi dacti'''
|What? (about objects)
|what that is an object
|-
|'''ri'a ma'''
|Why?
|because of what
|-
|'''pe ma'''
|Whose? Which? About what?
|pertaining to what or whom
|-
|'''lo mlatu poi mo'''
|Which cat? Which kind of cat?
|
|}
'''pe ma''' is attached only to nouns:
{{mu|lo penbi pe ma cu zvati lo jubme|Whose pen is on the table?}}

=== Number questions ===
{{mu|lo xo mlatu cu pinxe lo ladru|How many cats drink milk?}}
{{mu|mu|Five.}}
The word '''xo''' means ''How many?'' and thus asks for a number.
The full answer will be:
{{mu|lo mu mlatu cu pinxe lo ladru|5 cats drink milk.}}
So the person being asked is supposed to put an appropriate value in place of '''xo'''.

A few more examples:
{{mu|lo xo botpi cu kunti|How many of the bottles are empty?}}

{{mu|lo xo prenu cu klama ti|How many people come here?}}

{{mu|do ralte lo xo gerku|How many dogs do you keep?}}

=== Verbs of facts ===
Consider the example:
{{mu|mi djuno lo du'u do stati|I know that you are smart.}}
{{gl|djuno|x1 knows x2 (proposition) about x3}}
{{mu|mi jimpe lo du'u do pu citka|I understand that you were eating.}}
{{gl|jimpe|x1 understands x2 (proposition) about x3}}

In places that describe facts the particle '''du'u''' is used (instead of '''nu''').

'''djuno''' (''to know'') and '''jimpe''' (''to understand'') describe facts. It'd be stupid to say ''I understand that you were eating but in fact you weren't.'' However, for verbs describing events usual '''nu''' is used:
{{mu|mi sruma lo nu do pu citka|I assume that you were eating.}}
And here, I assume one thing but it doesn't imply a true fact:
{{mu|mi sruma lo nu do pu citka i ku'i do pu na citka|I assume that you were eating. But you weren't eating.}}

Note that the clause started with '''du'u''' doesn't have to be true:
{{mu|lo du'u do mlatu cu jitfa|That you are a cat is false.}}
{{gl|jitfa|x1 (proposition) is false}}

{{notci|Where to use '''du'u''' and whereto use '''nu'''? You may look into the dictionary:
*The term ''(proposition)'' marks places where '''du'u''' is recommended.
*The term  ''(clause)'' marks places where '''nu''' is recommended.}}

If by mistake you use '''nu''' instead of '''du'u''' you will still be understood. But usually people speaking fluent Lojban distinguish these particles.

=== Indirect questions ===
{{mu|mi djuno lo du'u ma kau tadni la .lojban.|I know who is studying Lojban.}}
This is called an indirect question. The word ''who'' here is not a request for information, there's no question mark. The answer is presumed. In fact you yourself know the answer to the question ''Who is learning Lojban?''

'''kau''' is an interjection that we put after a question word telling that its an indirect question.

If I ask you the question '''ma tadni la .lojban.''', you know what value to fill in the '''ma''' slot with: '''la .kevin.''' So you could just say
{{mu|ma tadni la .lojban.|Who is studying Lojban?}}
{{mu|mi djuno lo du'u ma kau tadni la .lojban.|I know who is studying Lojban. I know the identity of the person studying Lojban.}}

{{mu|mi djica lo nu ma tadni la .lojban.|Who do I want to study Lojban?|I want who to study Lojban?}}
This can never be an indirect question: it is asking for an answer (even if you're doing it rhetorically).

You can put it after other question words:
{{mu|mi djuno lo du'u lo xo kau prenu cu tadni la .lojban.|I know how many people study Lojban.}}

=== Indirect quotations (reported speech) ===
A clause like ''Alice said "Michelle said “Hello” to me"'' can also be expressed in a rather more subtle way:
{{mu|la .alis. pu cusku zo'e pe lo nu la .micel. pu rinsa le fetsi|Alice said something about Michelle greeting her before.|Alice said something about the event of Michelle greeted her.}}
or a bit shorter:
{{mu|la .alis. pu cusku lo se du'u la .micel. pu rinsa le fetsi|Alice said that Michelle had greeted her.}}

The combination '''se du'u''' allows expressing indirect speech.

Here are the examples of verbs related to talking when using reported speech:
{{mu|le fetsi pu retsku lo se du'u mi klama makau|She asked where I was going.}}
{{mu|mi pu spusku lo se du'u mi klama lo zdani|I replied that I was going home.}}
{{mu|mi pu spuda lo se retsku be le fetsi lo ka spusku lo se du'u mi klama lo zdani|I replied to her question by saying in reply that I was going home.}}
Questions in reported speech:
{{mu|mi pu cusku lo se du'u ma tadni la .lojban.|Who did I say is studying Lojban?|I said who is studying Lojban?}}

Thus, Lojban has several words for ''that…'', depending on what sort of thing is meant.
*If ''that'' describes what can be seen, heard, what happens, use '''nu'''.
*If ''that'' describes what you think, some fact or information, use '''du'u'''.
*If ''that'' describes what you say, use '''se du'u'''.
**But if you need a literal quote use '''lu … li'u'''.

=== Emotional interjections ===
[[Image:Allieorange.jpg|thumb|While being photographed instead of "cheese" say '''.ui''' (sounds like English "we"). It means ''I'm happy'' in Lojban and produces better smile due to its special sounding.|link=]]
We know such interjection as '''a'o''' (''I hope''). There are interjections expressing other emotional states. They are similar to smileys like ;-) or :-( but in Lojban we can be more specific about our emotions still remaining concise in our speech.

Here are examples of widely used emotional interjections:
{{mu|do jinga ui|You won! (I'm happy about that!)}}
:'''ui''' (pronounced as English "we") expresses happiness
:Interjections work like '''sei''' with their clauses. '''ui''' means the same as '''sei mi gleki''' so we could as well say '''do jinga sei mi gleki''' meaning the same (although it's a bit more lengthy).
{{mu|ie tu mlatu|Yes, that is a cat.}}
{{mu|ie nai i tu na mlatu|No, I don't agree. That is not a cat.}}
:'''ie''' as in like ''yes'' = ''Yeah! Aye!'' (agreement)
:'''ie nai''' = disagreement

{{mu|.ai mi vitke do|I'm going to visit you.}}
:'''.ai''' as in ''high'' = ''I'm going to…'' (intent)
{{mu|.au do kanro|I wish you were healthy.}}
:'''.au''' (pronounced as in ''how'') = desire
{{mu|.a'o do clira klama|I hope you come early.}}
:'''.a'o''' = I hope.
{{mu|.ei mi ciska lo xatra|I should write a letter.}}
:'''.ei''' as in ''hey'' = ''I should …'' (obligation)
{{mu|i'e do pu gunka lo vajni|Very good! You did an important work.}}
:'''i'e''' = ''Fine!'' (approval)
{{mu|.o'u tu mlatu|Oh, that's only a cat.}}
:'''.o'u''' = ''Phew!'' (relaxation)
:In this case you probably thought that was something dangerous but it's only a cat so you are saying '''.o'u'''.
{{mu|.u'i ti zmiku|Ha-ha, this is a robot.}}
:'''.u'i''' = ''Ha-ha!'' (amusement)
{{notci|You can add or remove interjections to/from a sentence without the risk of breaking it.}}

{{notci|Any word that starts with a vowel is prefixed with a dot in Lojban. So the correct spelling is '''.a'o''' and so on. It's common to omit dots. We will do this later in this course for brevity. However, while speaking you should always show this dot by making a short pause before saying such word to prevent merging two neighboring words together into one.}}


Like with '''xu''' or '''sei'''-clauses we can add interjections after any noun, pronoun or verb thus expressing our attitude towards that part of the sentence.

=== Urging interjections ===
A special group of interjections (in English called "imperative/hortative" interjections) make instigations, commands, requests. among which we already know '''.e'o''':
{{mu|.e'a do klama lo nenri|You may come in.}}
:'''.e'a''' = ''I allow, you may …'' (permission)
{{gl|lo nenri|an interior, what is inside}}
{{mu|.e'e do zukte|C'mon, do it!}}
:'''.e'e''' = ''Come on!'' (encourgament, instigation, provokation)
{{mu|.e'o mi ciksi da poi mi cusku djica|Please, let me explain what I want to say.}}
:'''.e'o''' = ''Please …'' (request)
{{mu|.e'i do zutse doi lo verba|Sit down, child!}}
:'''.e'i''' = ''Do that!'' (command)
{{mu|.e'u do pinxe lo jisra|I suggest that you drink the juice. You'd better drink the juice.}}
:'''.e'u''' = ''Let's'' (suggestion)

=== '''ko''' for quicker urges ===
{{mu|do bajra|You run.}}
{{mu|bajra|Someone runs.}}
In English the verb itself is a command:
:''Run!''
In Lojban '''bajra''' as a sentence means ''Someone runs'' (or ''is running'' / ''was running'' and so on depending on context). '''bajra''' can also mean a command ''Do run!'' but sometimes context isn't enough to make you decide whether it's an urge to run or simply a statement of the fact that someone runs or is running.

The pronoun '''ko''' is used instead of '''do''' to make requests, suggestions, commands.

{{mu|ko bajra|Run! Do run! Do it so that you run!}}

'''ko''' is simply a more vague alternative to '''do .e'o''', '''do .e'u''', '''do .e'i'''.

It's perfectly fine to say a more precise
{{mu|do .e'o bajra|You, please run!}}
putting the emphasis in our politeness onto '''do''' (''you'').

Moving '''ko''' in a clause moves command/request to that part, for example:
{{mu|nelci ko|Make it so you are liked by someone!}}
{{gl|nelci|to like (something or someone)}}
As you can see we have to restructure this clause in English which still sounds weird, but you could use it in Lojban in the sense of ''Try to make a good impression.''

{{notci|Note that '''prami''' corresponds to English ''to love'' while '''nelci''' corresponds to English ''to like''.}}

We can even have several '''ko''' in one sentence:
{{mu|ko kurji ko|Take care of yourself.}}
{{gl|kurji|to take care (of someone)}}

===Discursive interjections===
{{mu|.i mi venfu do .e ji'a lo cmalu gerku pe do|I'll get you and your little dog, too!}}
{{gl|ji'a|additionally, also}}
'''ji'a''' means that there exist others who also are the same (''you'' in this case) or who do the same.
{{mu|mi si'a nelci do||I too like you}}
{{mu|— mi nelci lo mlatu — mi si'a nelci lo mlatu|— I like cats. — I like cats too (Me too).}}
{{gl|si'a|similarly, too}}
'''si'a''' denotes that something is similar while being different in other unmentioned aspects.
=== Structure of interjections: '''nai''', '''sai''', '''pei''', '''dai''' ===
Interjection can consist of
# the root like '''ui''' (''Yay!'')
# then suffixes like '''pei''', '''dai''', '''zo'o''':
#*{{gln|ui zo'o|Yay! (kidding, I'm not actually happy)}}
# both the root and each of the suffixes can be modified with scalar particles like '''nai''':
#*{{gln|ui nai|Alas!}}
#*{{gln|ui nai zo'o|Alas! (kidding, I'm not serious in this feeling)}}
#*{{gln|ui nai zo'o nai|Alas, I'm not kidding, I feel unhappy}}

Some examples of how scalar particles work.
#{{gln|ju'o|interjection: I'm sure (certaintty)}}
#{{gln|ju'o cu'i|interjection: maybe, perhaps (uncertainty)}}
#{{gln|ju'o nai|interjection: I have no idea!}}
*interjection with bare root:
**{{gln|ju'o le bruna co'i klama|I'm sure, the brother has come.}}
*scalar particle '''cu'i''' turns bare interjection into the middle attitude:
** {{gln|ju'o cu'i le bruna co'i klama|Maybe the brother has come, I'm not sure.}}
*scalar particle '''nai''' turns interjection into the opposite attitude:
** {{gln|ju'o nai le bruna co'i klama|Maybe the brother has come, maybe not, I have no idea}}
** Similarly, '''ui''' is ''Whee! Yay!'' while '''ui nai''' means ''Alas!''
:Precise meanings of interjections that are meaningful with their scalar particles '''cu'i''' and '''nai''' are given in the dictionary.
*scalar particle '''sai''' denotes strong intensity of interjection:
{{gl|.u'i sai|Ha-ha-ha!}}

Vocatives can also be modified with scalar particles:
{{gl|ki'e sai do|Thank you a lot!}}

Suffixes are added after the root of interjection (together with its scalar particles if we used them):
*interjection suffix '''pei''' turns interjection into a question.
**{{mun|— .au pei do e mi klama lo zarci — .au cu'i|— Do you want that you and I go to the store? — Meh, I don't have any preferences.}}
**{{mun|— ie pei lo ninmu cu melbi — ie|— The woman is pretty, isn't she? — Yeah.}}
*interjection suffix '''dai''' shows another's feelings, not feelings of the speaker:
**{{mun|ui nai dai do na co'i jinga|You must be sad, you haven't won.}}
**{{mun|.a'u|That's interesting!}}
**{{mun|.a'u dai|That must have been interesting for you!}}
**Bare interjections express the attitude of the speaker. '''ei do cliva''' means not ''You ought to leave'', but ''I feel the obligation for you to leave''. '''dai''' shows that the speaker is empathizing someone else's feelings.
***{{mun|.ei dai do cliva|You feel the obligation for yourself to leave.}}
{{notci|Note that interjections don't necessarily show attitude towards the speakers themselves. Instead, they express speakers' attitude towards other things.}}

*interjection suffix '''zo'o''' marks the attitude as expressed not seriously:
**{{mun|e'u zo'o do pinxe ti|I suggest that you drink it (kidding).}}
**'''zo'o''' is used just like the smiley-face in e-mail, to indicate that you're being humorous when saying something, and it's used for much the same reason. Although, simleys can be ambiguous, and '''zo'o''' has only one meaning, which is handy.

Suffixes can also be modified with scalar particles:
*{{mun|ie zo'o nai|I agree (not kidding).}}
:'''zo'o nai''' is used to show that the information is not a joke:

Suffixes can be used on its own:
*'''pei''' when used alone asks for any interjection that the listener would feel appropriate:
**{{mun|— pei lo lunra cu crino — .ie nai|— The moon is green (what is your feeling about it?) — I disagree.}}
*For other suffixes they mean that the root interjection '''ju'a''' (''I state'') was omitted:
**{{mun|zo'o do kusru ju'a zo'o do kusru|You are cruel (kidding).}}
::{{gln|ju'a|interjection: I state (don't confuse it with '''ju'o''' (I'm sure))}}

=== Just for reference: interjections in a table ===
Here is a bigger picture: emotional, urging and some other interjections in series.

<tab class="wikitable">
'''au''' '''ai''' '''ei''' '''oi'''
Wish ... I'm gonna It should be Ouch!
'''au cu'i''' '''ai cu'i''' '''ei cu'i''' '''oi cu'i'''
''meh'' (indifference) indecision    
'''au nai''' '''ai nai''' '''ei nai''' '''oi nai'''
''Nuh-uh!'' (disinclination, reluctance) unintentionally, accidentally freedom, how things might need not be pleasure
</tab>

{|class='wikitable' style='text-align:center;'
|-
!width="5%"|
!width="12%"|
!width="15%"|a
!width="15%"|e
!width="15%"|i
!width="15%"|o
!width="15%"|u
|-
! rowspan="3" | u
| rowspan="3" | Emotion
|'''ua''' "wah" as in "won", "once" ''Aha! Eureka!''
|'''ue''' "weh" as in "wet" ''What a surprise''
|'''ui''' "weeh" as "we" ''hooray!''
|'''uo''' "woh" as in "wombat", "what" ''voila!''
|'''uu''' "wooh" as "woo" ''oh poor thing''
|-
|'''ua cu'i'''  
|'''ue cu'i''' ''I'm not really surprised''
|'''ui cu'i'''  
|'''uo cu'i'''  
|'''uu cu'i'''  
|-
|'''ua nai''' ''Duh! I don't get it!'' (confusion)
|'''ue nai''' expectation, lack of surprise
|'''ui nai''' ''Alas!'' (unhappiness)
|'''uo nai''' incompleteness
|'''uu nai''' ''Mwa ha ha!'' (cruelty)
|-
! rowspan="3" | i
| rowspan="3" | Emotion
|'''ia''' "yah" as in "yard" ''I believe''
|'''ie''' "yeh" as in "yes" ''aye! agreed!''
|'''ii''' "yeeh" as in "hear ye" ''yikes!''
|'''io''' "yoh" as in "yogurt" ''respect''
|'''iu''' "yooh" as in "cute, dew" ''I love it''
|-
|'''ia cu'i'''  
|'''ie cu'i'''  
|'''ii cu'i'''  
|'''io cu'i'''  
|'''iu cu'i'''  
|-
|'''ia nai''' ''Pshaw!'' (disbelief)
|'''ie nai''' disagreement
|'''ii nai''' ''I feel safe''
|'''io nai''' disrespect
|'''iu nai''' hatred
|-
! rowspan="3" | .u'
| rowspan="3" | Emotion
|'''u'a''' "oohah" as in "two halves" ''gain''
|'''u'e''' "ooheh" as in "two heads" ''what a wonder!''
|'''u'i''' "ooheeh" as in "two heels" ''hahaha!''
|'''u'o''' "oohoh" as in "two hawks" ''courage''
|'''u'u''' "oohooh" as in "two hoods" ''sorry!''
|-
|'''u'a cu'i'''  
|'''u'e cu'i'''  
|'''u'i cu'i'''  
|'''u'o cu'i''' shyness
|'''u'u cu'i'''  
|-
|'''u'a nai''' loss
|'''u'e nai''' ''Pff!'' (commonplace)
|'''u'i nai''' ''Blah'' (weariness)
|'''u'o nai''' cowardice
|'''u'u nai'''  
|-
! rowspan="3" | .i'
| rowspan="3" | Attitude
|'''i'a''' "eehah" as in "teahouse" ''ok, I accept it''
|'''i'e''' "eeheh" as in "teahead" ''I approve!''
|'''i'i''' "eeheeh" as in "we heat" ''I'm with you in that''
|'''i'o''' "eehoh" as in "we haw" ''thanks to it''
|'''i'u''' "eehooh" as in "we hook" ''familiarity''!ɩ
|-
|'''i'a cu'i'''  
|'''i'e cu'i''' non-approval
|'''i'i cu'i'''  
|'''i'o cu'i'''  
|'''i'u cu'i'''  
|-
|'''i'a nai''' resistance
|'''i'e nai''' ''Boo!'' (disapproval)
|'''i'i nai''' antagonistically
|'''i'o nai''' envy
|'''i'u nai''' unfamiliarity, mystery
|-
! rowspan="3" | .a'
| rowspan="3" | Attachment to situation
|'''a'a''' "ahah" as "aha" ''I'm listening''
|'''a'e''' "aheh" ''alertness''
|'''a'i''' "aheeh" as in "Swahili" ''oomph! (effort)''
|'''a'o''' ''I hope''
|'''a'u''' ''hm, I wonder...''
|-
|'''a'a cu'i''' inattentiveness
|'''a'e cu'i'''  
|'''a'i cu'i''' no special effot
|'''a'o cu'i'''  
|'''a'u cu'i''' ''Ho-hum'' (disinterest)
|-
|'''a'a nai''' avoiding
|'''a'e nai''' ''I'm tired''
|'''a'i nai''' repose
|'''a'o nai''' ''Gah!'' (despair)
|'''a'u nai''' ''Eww! Yuck!'' (repulsion)
|-
! rowspan="3" | .e'
| rowspan="3" | Urging
|'''e'a''' "ehah" ''you may''
|'''e'e''' "eheh" ''come on, do it!''
|'''e'i''' "eheeh" ''do it!''
|'''e'o''' "ehoh" ''please, do it''
|'''e'u''' "ehooh" ''I suggest''
|-
|'''e'a cu'i'''  
|'''e'e cu'i'''  
|'''e'i cu'i'''  
|'''e'o cu'i'''  
|'''e'u cu'i'''  
|-
|'''e'a nai''' prohibiting
|'''e'e nai''' discouragement, demoralization
|'''e'i nai'''  
|'''e'o nai''' offer, grant
|'''e'u nai''' warning, disadvise
|-
! rowspan="3" | .o'
| rowspan="3" | Emotion
|'''o'a''' "ohah" ''pride''
|'''o'e''' "oheh" ''I feel it at hand''
|'''o'i''' "oheeh" ''danger!''
|'''o'o''' "ohoh" as in "sawhorse" ''patience''
|'''o'u''' "ohooh" ''relaxation''
|-
|'''o'a cu'i''' modesty, humility
|'''o'e cu'i'''  
|'''o'i cu'i'''  
|'''o'o cu'i''' mere tolerance
|'''o'u cu'i''' composure, balance
|-
|'''o'a nai''' ''How embarrassing. It makes me ashamed.''
|'''o'e nai''' distance
|'''o'i nai''' rashness, recklessness
|'''o'o nai''' impatience, intolerance
|'''o'u nai''' stress, anxiety
|}

Note how an emotion changes to its opposite with '''nai''' and to the middle emotion using '''cu'i'''.

Why are some cells of interjections with '''cu'i''' and '''nai''' empty? Because English lacks concise ways of expressing such emotions.

What is more, most of such interjections are used quite seldom.

These tables might help you understand their design.

=== Combining interjections ===
{{mu|iu ui nai|I am unhappily in love.}}
{{mu|ue ui do jinga|Oh, you won! I'm so happy!}}
{{gl|jinga|to win.}}
:In this case the victory was unprobable, I'm surprised and happy at the same time.
Interjections (unlike scalar particles and interjection suffixes) don't modify each other:
{{mu|ue ui do jinga ui ue do jinga|Oh, you won! I'm so happy!}}
Here two interjections modify the same construct (the whole sentence) but they don't modify each other so their order is not important.

{{mu|pei .u'i lo mlatu cu sutra plipe|(What do you feel?) Heh, the cat is quickly jumping.}}
:Here '''pei''' is used alone and doesn't modify '''.u'i''' which is put after it.

=== Forgot to put an interjection at the beginning? ===
{{mu|do pu sidju mi .ui|You help me (yay!)}}
'''.ui''' modifies only the pronoun '''mi''' putting the attitude only to ''me''.

{{mu|ui do pu sidju mi|Yay, you helped me.}}
What if we forgot to add '''.ui''' at the beginning of this clause?

We can start a new sentence with '''i bo''' and then put the interjection:
{{mu|do pu sidju mi i bo ui|You helped me, yay!}}

== Lesson 4. Practice ==
Now we know most crucial parts of the grammar and can start accumulating new words through situations.
===Colloquial expressions===
Here are some common structures used by fluent speakers of Lojban + examples illustrating their usage.

They may help you get used to colloquial Lojban faster.

{{gl|i ku'i|But...}}
{{mu|mi djuno i ku'i mi na djica|I know. But I don't want.}}

{{gl|mi djica lo nu|I want that ...}}
{{mu|mi djica lo nu mi sipna|I want to sleep.|I want that I sleep.}}

{{gl|mi djuno lo du'u ma kau|I know what/who ...}}
{{mu|mi djuno lo du'u ma kau smuni zo coi|I know what is the meaning of '''coi'''.}}

{{mu|mi na djuno|I don't know.}}

{{gl|jinvi lo du'u|have an opinion that ...}}
{{mu|mi jinvi lo du'u la .lojban. cu zabna|I think that Lojban is cool.}}

{{mu|coi ro do|Hello, everyone!}}

{{mu|co'o ro do|Bye, everyone!}}

{{gl|ai mi|I'm going to ...}}
{{mu|ai mi cliva i co'o|I'm going to leave. Bye!}}
{{gl|ei mi|I should ...}}
{{mu|ei mi citka i co'o|I should eat. Bye!}}

{{gl|ca lo nu|when ...}}
{{mu|mi pu bebna ca lo nu mi citno|I was stupid whne I was young.}}

{{gl|va'o lo nu|provided that ...}}
{{mu|va'o lo nu do djica vau mi ka'e ciksi|If you want I can explain.}}

{{gl|simlu lo ka|seem to be}}
{{mu|simlu lo ka zabna|It seems to be cool.}}

{{gl|ca lo cabdei|today}}
{{mu|ca lo cabdei mi surla|Today I rest.}}

{{gl|mi nelci|I like}}
{{mu|mi nelci lo mlatu|I like cats.}}

{{gl|lo nu pilno|using ...}}
{{mu|lo nu pilno lo vlaste na nandu|Using dictionaries isn't hard.}}

{{gl|kakne lo ka|capable of ...}}
{{mu|xu do kakne lo ka sutra tavla|Are you able to talk quickly?}}

{{gl|tavla fi|talk about ...}}
{{mu|.e'e tavla fi lo skami|Let's talk about computers!}}

{{gl|mutce lo ka|very ...}}
{{mu|mi mutce lo ka se cinri|I am very interested.}}

{{gl|troci lo ka|try to ...}}
{{mu|mi troci lo ka tavla bau la .lojban.|I am trying to talk in Lojban.}}
{{gl|rinka lo nu|(event) leads to ...}}
{{mu|lo nu mi tadni la lojban cu rinka lo nu mi jimpe fi do|That I study Lojban makes me understand you.}}
{{gl|gasnu lo nu|(agent) causes ...}}
{{mu|mi pu gasnu lo nu lo skami pe mi co'a spofu|I made it so that my computer got broken.}}
{{gl|xusra lo du'u|assert that ...}}
{{mu|xu do xusra lo du'u mi na drani|Do you state that I am not right?}}

{{mu|mi na birti|I am not sure.}}

=== A simple dialogue ===
{|class='wikitable'
|- valign="top"
|'''coi la .alis.'''
|''Hi, Alice!''
|
|- valign="top"
|'''coi la .doris.'''
|''Hi, Doris!''
|
|- valign="top"
|'''do mo?'''
|''How are you?''
|The question mark is used here for stylistic purposes.
|- valign="top"
|'''mi kanro .i mi ca tadni la .lojban. .i mi troci lo ka tavla do'''
|''I'm healthy. I now study Lojban. I'm trying to talk to you.''
|{{gl|kanro|to be healthy}}
{{gl|tadni|to study ... (something)}}
{{gl|troci|to try ... (to do something)}}
{{gl|tavla|to talk [to someone]}}
|- valign="top"
|'''zabna .i ma tcima ca lo bavlamdei?'''
|''Good. What will be the weather tomorrow?''
|{{gl|zabna|to be nice, cool}}
{{gl|tcima|is the weather}}
{{gl|ca|at (some time)}}
{{gl|lo bavlamdei|tomorrow day}}
|- valign="top"
|'''mi na djuno .i lo solri sei mi pacna'''
|''I don't know. It'll be sunny, I hope.''
|{{gl|djuno|to know (fact)}}
{{gl|lo solri|the sun}}
:Note that '''lo solri cu tcima''' (literally ''the sun is the weather'') is the usual way of how '''tcima''' is used in Lojban.
{{gl|sei|comment starts}}
{{gl|pacna|to hope (for some event)}}
|- valign="top"
|'''mi jimpe'''
|''I understand.''
|
|- valign="top"
|'''co'o'''
|''Goodbye.''
|
|}

=== Human senses ===
Verbs related perception will be explained after the dialogue.
{|class='wikitable'
|-valign="top"
|style='text-align:right;'|'''ju'i la .alis.'''
|''Hey, Alice!''
|{{gl|ju'i|vocative that draws attention: "Hey! Psst! Ahem! Attention!"}}
|-valign="top"
|style='text-align:right;'|'''re'i'''
|''Listening.''
|{{gl|re'i|vocative: "I'm ready to receive information"}}
|-valign="top"
|style='text-align:right;'|'''xu do viska lo se skari be ta'''
|''Do you see the color of that thing near you?''
|In English we say ''Сan you see'', in Lojban we say just '''xu do viska''' - ''You see?''
|-valign="top"
|style='text-align:right;'|'''je'u i plise i le plise cu xunre i skari lo xunre'''
|''Yes. It is an apple. The apple is red. It's colored red.''
|{{gl|plise|... is apple}}
|-valign="top"
|style='text-align:right;'|'''xu do viska lo tarmi be le plise'''
|''Can you see the form of the apple?''
|
|-valign="top"
|style='text-align:right;'|'''je'u i le plise cu barda'''
|''Yes. The apple is big.''
|
|-valign="top"
|style='text-align:right;'|'''xu do jinvi lo du'u le plise ca makcu'''
|''Do you think that the apple is ripe?''
|{{gl|makcu|... is ripe}}
|-valign="top"
|style='text-align:right;'|'''au mi palpi lo sefta be le plise i ua xutla i mi pacna lo nu makcu ie'''
|''I'd like to palpate it. Oh, it is smooth. I hope that it is ripe, yeah.''
|
|-valign="top"
|style='text-align:right;'|'''panci pei i e'o do sumne le plise'''
|''What about the smell? Please, smell it.''
|
|-valign="top"
|style='text-align:right;'|'''lo flora cu panci i au mi smaka le plise i oi nai lo kukte cu tasta i oi'''
|''It smells of flowers. I'd like to taste the apple. Yum, it tastes sweet. Oh-no.''
|{{gl|lo flora|flower(s)}}
|-valign="top"
|style='text-align:right;'|'''ma pu fasnu'''
|''What happened?''
|
|-valign="top"
|style='text-align:right;'|'''mi pu farlu fi lo ve'i cmana'''
|''I fell down from the hill.''
|
|-valign="top"
|style='text-align:right;'|'''xu do cortu'''
|''Do you feel pain?''
|
|-valign="top"
|style='text-align:right;'|'''je'u i mi cortu lo cidni i na ckape i ca ti mi gasne lo nu da vi zvati'''
|''Yes, I feel pain in the knee. It's not dangerous. And now I can sense a presence of someone here.''
|
|-valign="top"
|style='text-align:right;'|'''doi la alis do cliva e'o sai'''
|''Alice, please, return immediately!''
|
|-valign="top"
|style='text-align:right;'|'''ko denpa i mi ca tirna lo sance'''
|''Wait, I can hear some sound.''
|
|-valign="top"
|style='text-align:right;'|'''lo sance be ma'''
|''A sound of what?''
|
|-valign="top"
|style='text-align:right;'|'''mi pu tirna lo nu lo prenu cu tavla i ca ti mi ganse lo lenku'''
|''I heard a person talking. Now I feel cold.''
|
|-valign="top"
|style='text-align:right;'|'''ju'i la alis'''
|''Hey, Alice!..''
|
|}

In this dialogue most important verbs for human senses have been used. Here are their place structures together with more verbs and more examples.

====Vision====
{{gl|viska|x1 sees x2 (object, form, color)}}
{{gl|skari|x1 is an object with the color x2}}
{{gl|tarmi|x1 is the form of x2}}
{{mu|mi viska lo plise|I see an apple.}}
{{mu|mi viska lo tarmi be lo plise i le plise cu se tarmi lo cukla|I see the form of an apple. The apple is round.}}
{{mu|mi viska lo se skari be lo plise i le plise cu skari lo xunre|I see the color of the apple. The apple is colored red.}}
Notice that we can both say ''see the form of an apple'' and ''see an apple''.
====Hearing====
{{gl|tirna|x1 hears x2 (object or sound)}}
{{mu|mi tirna pa palta|I hear a plate}}
{{mu|mi tirna lo sance be pa palta poi ca'o porpi i le palta cu se sance lo cladu|I hear the sound of a plate that is falling. It sounds loud.}}
{{gl|pa palta|a plate}}
{{gl|cladu|x1 is loud}}
{{gl|tolycladu|x1 is quite in sound}}
{{gl|tonga|x1 is a tone of x2}}
We can use '''cladu''' and similar words directly:
{{mu|mi tirna lo cladu|I hear something loud.}}
{{mu|mi tirna lo tolycladu|I hear something quite in sound.}}
{{gl|mi tirna lo tonga be pa palta poi farlu|I hear the tone of the plate falling down.}}

Similarly to vision, we can say ''hear a sound'' and ''hear something producing the sound'':
{{mu|— do tirna ma noi sance — lo zgike|— What sound do you hear? — A music.}}
{{mu|— do tirna lo sance be ma — lo plise poi farlu|— You hear a sound of what? — An apple that has fallen down.}}

====Sense of smell====
{{gl|sumne|x1 smells x2 (odor)}}
{{gl|panci|x1 is an odor of x2 (object)}}
{{mu|mi sumne le flora|I smell the flower.}}
{{mu|mi sumne lo panci be lo za'u pa flora|I smell the odor of flowers.}}
{{mu|mi sumne lo panci be pa plise i le plise cu se panci lo za'u flora|I smell the odor of the apple. The apple smells of flowers.}}
Note that English confuses smelling an odor and smelling an object that produces that odor. We say ''to smell an apple'', ''the apple smells of flowers (has the scent of flowers)''. This two-fold distinction is important because an apple produces aromatic particles that are distinct from the apple itself. The same for a falling plate and its sound — we may not want to mix them.

In Lojban we can easily separate between those cases like shown in the examples above.
====Sense of taste====
{{gl|smaka|x1 smacks, tastes x2 (taste)}}
{{gl|tasta|x1 is a taste of x2}}
{{mu|mi smaka lo plise|I taste the apple.}}
{{mu|mi smaka lo tasta be lo plise i le plise cu se tasta lo kukte|I taste the taste of the apple. The apple tastes sweet.}}

====Sense of touch====
{{gl|palpi|x1 palpates, touch-feels x2 (surface)}}
{{gl|sefta|x1 is a surface of x2}}
{{mu|mi palpi lo plise|I palpate, touch-feel the apple.}}
{{mu|mi palpi lo sefta be lo plise i le plise cu se sefta lo xutla|I touch feel the surface of the apple. The apple has a smooth surface.}}
====Pain====
{{mu|mi cortu lo birka be mi|I feel pain in my arm. My arm hurts.}}
{{mu|mi cortu lo cidni|I feel pain in my knee, my knee hurts.}}
{{gl|cortu|x1 feels pain in x2 (organ, part of x1's body)}}
{{gl|cidni|x1 is a knee of x2}}
====Perception in general====
We can also use the vague '''ganse''' - ''to sense''.
{{gl|ganse|x1 senses x2 (object, event) by means x3}}
{{gl|ganse lo glare|to feel the heat}}
{{gl|ganse lo lenku|to feel the cold}}
{{mu|mi ganse lo plise|I sense an apple.}}
{{mu|mi ganse lo tarmi be lo plise i le plise cu se tarmi lo cukla|I sense the form of an apple. The apple is round.}}

Some words can be used with different sensory verbs. For example, we can
{{gl|viska lo sefta|to see the surface}}
{{gl|palpi lo sefta|to palpate the surface}}

=== Colors ===
Different language use different sets of words to denote colors. Some languages just use compare the color of objects with colors of other "prototype" objects. In Lojban we use all the options:
{{mu|ti xunre|This is red.}}
{{gl|xunre|x1 is red}}
{{mu|ti skari lo xunre|This is red. This has the color or red things.}}
{{mu|ti skari lo ciblu|This has the color of blood.}}
{{gl|lo ciblu|blood}}
Below are some examples with colors that follow those of English language. Other verbs for colors can be used, they would reflect how people speaking other languages are used to classify things.

{| class='wikitable'
|style='text-align:right;'|'''lo tsani cu xunre ca lo cerni'''
| ''The sky is red in the morning.''
|{{gln|lo tsani|the sky}}
|-
|style='text-align:right;'|'''i lo solri cu simlu lo ka narju'''
| ''The sun seems to be orange.''
|{{gln|lo solri|the Sun}}

{{gln|simlu|x1 looks like x2 (clause)}}
|-
|style='text-align:right;'|'''i lo pelxu flora cu se farna lo solri'''
| ''Yellow flowers are oriented towards the Sun.''
|{{gln|se farna|x1 is oriented towards x2}}

{{gln|farna|x1 is the direction of x2}}
|-
|style='text-align:right;'|'''i lo pezli be lo tricu cu crino'''
| ''Leaves of trees are green.''
|{{gln|pezli|x1 is a leaf of x2}}

{{gln|lo tricu|tree}}
|-
|style='text-align:right;'|'''i mi zvati lo korbi be lo blanu xamsi'''
| ''I am at the border of a blue sea.''
|{{gln|zvati|to be present at ...}}

{{gln|korbi|x1 is the border of x2}}

{{gln|lo xamsi|sea}}
|-
|style='text-align:right;'|'''i mi catlu lo ninmu noi dasni lo zirpu taxfu'''
| ''I look at a woman who wears a violet dress.''
|{{gln|dasni|to wear ... (something)}}
|}

{{gl|xunre|x1 is red}}
{{gl|narju|x1 is orange}}
{{gl|pelxu|x1 is yellow}}
{{gl|crino|x1 is green}}
{{gl|blanu|x1 is blue}}
{{gl|zirpu|x1 is violet}}

Other useful verbs:
{{mu|lo gusni be lo manku pagbu pu na carmi|The light illuminating dark areas was not intense.}}
{{mu|lo gusni be fi lo solri pu carmi|The light from the Sun was intense.}}
{{gl|gusni|x1 is a light illuminating x2 from the light source x3}}
{{gl|carmi|x1 is intense, bright}}
{{gl|manku|x1 is dark}}

=== Emotions: '''cmila''' - ''to laugh''. '''cisma''' - ''to smile'' ===
{| class='wikitable'
| style="text-align:right"|'''coi i ma nuzba i do simlu lo ka badri'''
| ''Hi. What are the news? You seem to be sad.''
|{{gln|badri|x1 is sad about x2}}
|-
| style="text-align:right"|'''mi steba lo nu lo bruna be mi co'a speni lo nixli'''
| ''I am frustrated that my brother gets married a girl.''
|{{gln|steba|x1 feels frustration about x2}}
|-
| style="text-align:right"|'''mi se cfipu i xu do na gleki lo nu le bruna co'a speni'''
| ''I am confused. You are not happy that the gets married?''
|{{gln|se cfipu|x1 is confused about x2}}

{{gln|gleki|x1 is happy about x2}}

|-
| style="text-align:right"|'''ie i le nixli cu pindi i le nixli cu nitcu lo jdini i mi na kakne lo ka ciksi'''
| ''Yeah. The girl is poor. She needs money. I am not able to explain.''
|{{gln|nitcu|x1 needs x2}}

{{gln|kakne|x1 is capable of x2}}

|-
| style="text-align:right"|'''ua i la'a do kanpe lo nu le nixli na prami le bruna'''
| ''Ah! Probably, you expect that she doesn't like the brother.''
|{{gln|la'a|interjection: probably, it's likely}}

{{gln|kanpe|x1 expects some event x2 ...}}
|-
| style="text-align:right"|'''mi terpa lo nu le nixli ba tarti lo xlali i ku'i le bruna cu cisma ca ro ka tavla le nixli i ri ta'e cmila'''
| ''I am afraid that she will behave bad. But the brother smiles every time he talks to her. And she usually laughs.''
|{{gln|terpa|x1 fears x2}}

{{gln|cisma|x1 smiles}}

{{gln|cmila|x1 laughs}}
|-
| style="text-align:right"|'''mi kucli lo nu le nixli cu prami le bruna'''
| ''I wonder whether the girl likes the brother.''
|{{gln|kucli|x1 is curious of x2}}
|-
| style="text-align:right"|'''mi na birti'''
| ''I am not sure.''
|{{gln|birti|x1 is sure that x2 (clause) happens}}
|-
| style="text-align:right"|'''ko surla'''
| ''Relax!''
|{{gln|surla|x1 relaxes (by doing x2)}}
|}

{{gl|cinmo|x1 feels emotion x2 (property of x1)}}
{{gl|nelci|x1 likes x2}}
{{gl|manci|x1 feels awe or wonder about x2}}
{{gl|fengu|x1 is angry about x2}}
{{gl|xajmi|x1 thinks x2 is funny}}
{{gl|se zdile|x1 is amused by x2}}
{{gl|zdile|x1 is amusing}}
{{gl|djica|x1 desires x2}}
{{gl|pacna|x1 hopes that x2 is true}}
=== Health ===
{| class='wikitable'
|style='text-align:right;'|'''ca glare'''
| ''It's hot now.''
|
|-
|style='text-align:right;'|'''i ku'i mi ganse lo nu lenku'''
| ''But I feel cold.''
|{{gln|ku'i|interjection: but, however}}
|-
|style='text-align:right;'|'''xu do bilma'''
| ''Are you ill?''
|
|-
|style='text-align:right;'|'''je'u'''
| ''Yes.''
|
|-
|style='text-align:right;'|'''xu do bilma fi lo influ'enza i e'u do klama lo mikce'''
| ''Do you have a flu? I suggest you go to a doctor.''
|{{gln|lo influ'enza|influenza, flu}}

{{gln|lo mikce|doctor}}
|-
|style='text-align:right;'|'''mi bilma lo ka cortu lo galxe''' '''i mi sruma lo nu mi bilma fi la zukam'''
| ''My symptoms is that my throat aches.'' ''I assume that I have a cold.''
|{{gln|cortu|x1 has pain in x2 (organ, part of x1's body)}}

{{gln|la zukam|common cold (disease)}}
|-
|style='text-align:right;'|'''ko kanro'''
| ''Get well!''
|{{gln|kanro|x1 is healthy}}
|-
|style='text-align:right;'|'''ki'e'''
| ''Thanks.''
|
|}

{{gl|bilma|x1 is ill or sick with symptoms x2 from disease x3}}
Note that the second place of '''bilma''' describes symptoms like '''lo ka cortu lo galxe''' = ''to have pain in the throat''

The third place is the name of the disease leading to those symptoms:
Obviously, you may fill any place of '''bilma'''.

=== Human body ===
{{mu|le nanmu cu se xadni lo clani|The man has a long body. The man is tall.}}
{{gl|se xadni|x1 has the body x2}}
{{gl|xadni|x1 is the body of x2}}
{{mu|mi pu darxi lo stedu e lo zunle xance i ca ti lo degji be le xance cu cortu i ku'i lo pritu xance na cortu|I hit the head and the left hand. Now a finger of the hand hurts. But the right hand doesn't hurt.}}
Most of words for parts of body have the same place structure as '''xadni''':
{{gl|stedu|x1 is a head of x2}}
However, some describe smaller parts:
{{gl|degji|x1 is a finger/toe on part x2 (hand, foot)}}
{{mu|lo degji be lo xance be le ninmu cu clani|The woman's fingers are long.|Digits of hand of the woman are long}}
{{mu|mi viska le jamfu i ku'i mi na viska lo degji be le jamfu|I can see the feet. But I don't see its toes.}}

{{gl|janco|x1 is a joint attaching limbs x2}}
{{gl|ctebi|x1 is a lip of mouth, orifice x2}}
{{gl|cidni|x1 is a knee or elbow of limb x2}}

[[File:xadni.png|500px]]

=== Kinship ===
{|class='wikitable'
|-
| style="text-align:right;vertical-align: text-top;" | '''coi do mi se cmene zo adam i ti du la Alis i ri speni mi'''
| | ''Hello to you. I am called "Adam". This is Alice. She is my wife.''
|-
| style="text-align:right;vertical-align: text-top;" | '''pluka fa lo ka penmi do i e'o do klama no nenri be le dinju'''
| | ''Pleasure to meet you. Please, come into the house.''
|-
| style="text-align:right;vertical-align: text-top;" | '''ki'e'''
| | ''Thanks.''
|-
| style="text-align:right;vertical-align: text-top;" | '''i au gau mi re do co'a slabu lo lanzu be mi i le re verba cu panzi mi i le tixnu cu se cmene zo flor i la karl cu du le bersa'''
| | ''I'd like you to get to know my family. The two children are my offspring. The daughter is callse "Flor". Karl is the son.''
|-
| style="text-align:right;vertical-align: text-top;" | '''la karl cu mutce citno'''
| | ''Karl is very young.''
|-
| style="text-align:right;vertical-align: text-top;" | '''ie'''
| | ''Yeah.''
|-
| style="text-align:right;vertical-align: text-top;" | '''i ji'a mi se tunba re da noi ca na zvati le dinju i sa'e mi se tunba pa bruna e pa mensi'''
| | ''Also I have two siblings who are now not in the house. To be precise, I have a brother and a sister.''
|-
| style="text-align:right;vertical-align: text-top;" | '''ue i lo lanzu be do cu barda'''
| | ''Wow! Your family is large.''
|-
| style="text-align:right;vertical-align: text-top;" | '''je'u pei'''
| | ''Really?''
|}

The verbs for names of family members have a similar place structure:
{{gl|speni|x1 is a husband/wife of x2}}
'''co'a speni''' means ''to get married'':
{{mu|mi co'a speni la .suzan.|I married Susan.}}

{{gl|lanzu|x1 is a family including x2}}
{{gl|panzi|x1 is a child of x2}}

{{gl|tixnu|x1 is a daughter of x2}}
{{gl|bersa|x1 is a son of x2}}

{{gl|tunba|x1 is a sibling (brother/sister) of x2}}
{{gl|bruna|x1 is a brother of x2}}
{{gl|mensi|x1 is a sister of x2}}

Note that '''panzi''' can be applied to grown-up children of someone
{{gl|verba|x1 is a child, immature person of age x2 (clause)}}
{{gl|panzi|x1 is a child, offspring of x2}}

'''verba''' doesn't necessarily talk of it as of a family member:
{{mu|pa bersa be pa pendo be mi cu verba lo nanca be li ci|The son of my friend is a child of three years old.}}
{{gl|citno|x1 is young}}
{{gl|laldo|x1 is old, aged}}

Pairs of traditional words (for humans only):
:'''lo ninmu''' = ''women'', '''lo nanmu''' = ''men''
:'''lo nixli''' = ''girls'', '''lo nanla''' = ''boys''
:'''lo remna''' = ''humans''

Note that '''lo prenu''' means ''people, persons''. In fairy tales and fantastic stories not only humans ('''lo remna''') but animals or alien beings from other planets can be persons.

These words can be used for describing both animals and humans:
:'''lo fetsi''' = ''female'', '''lo nakni''' = ''male''
{{gl|mamta|x1 is a mother of x2}}
{{gl|patfu|x1 is a father of x2}}
{{gl|rirni|x1 is a parent of x2}}

=== In the shop ===
{|class='wikitable'
|-
| style="text-align:right;vertical-align: text-top;"|'''ue do pu te vecnu lo laldo karce'''
|''Wow! You bought an old car.''
|-
| style="text-align:right;vertical-align: text-top;"|'''ie i ku'i mi na pu pleji lo so'i jdini'''
|''Yeah. But I didn't pay much money.''
|-
| style="text-align:right;vertical-align: text-top;"|'''ma pu jdima le karce'''
|''What was the price of the car?''
|-
| style="text-align:right;vertical-align: text-top;"|'''mi pu pleji lo rupnusudu be lo kilto lo kagni le karce'''
|''I paid a thousand dollars to the company for the car.''
|-
| style="text-align:right;vertical-align: text-top;"|'''mi pu vecnu lo laldo karce pe mi lo pendo be mi i le pendo pu pleji lo rupne'uru be li re ki'o mi le karce'''
|''I sold an old car of mine to my friend. The friend paid 2 000 euro for the car.''
|}

{{gl|vecnu|x1 sells x2 to x3}}
{{gl|te vecnu|x1 buys x2 from x3}}
{{gl|pleji|x1 pays x2 to x3 for x4}}
{{gl|jdima|x1 is the price of x2}}
{{gl|jdini|x1 is money}}
{{gl|rupnusudu|x1 costs x2 US dollars}}
{{gl|rupne'uru|x1 costs x2 euro}}

=== Shop, buildings ===
{|class='wikitable'
|-
|style='text-align:right;'|'''ma stuzi lo zdani be do'''
|style='text-align:right;'|''What is the location of your home?''
|-
|style='text-align:right;'|'''lo korbi be lo boske i mi se zdani lo nurma i lo zdani be mi cu barda dinju gi'e se kumfa ci da e lo vikmi kumfa e lo lumci kumfa'''
|style='text-align:right;'|''The edge of a forest. I live in the country. My home is a big house and has three rooms plus a toilet plus a bathroom.''
|-
|style='text-align:right;'|'''je'e i ku'i mi pu jbena lo tcadu i je ca ti mi se zdani lo jarbu be la paris i mi xabju ne'a lo zarci'''
|''I see. But I was born in a city, and now I live in the suburbs of Paris. I live near a shop.''
|}
{{gl|stuzi|x1 is a place}}
{{gl|dinju|x1 is a building, house}}
{{gl|zdani|x1 is a home of x2}}
{{gl|se zdani|x2 lives in x2, x1 inhabits x2}}
{{gl|tcadu|x1 is a city or town}}
{{gl|jarbu|x1 is a suburban are of city/town x2}}
{{gl|nurma|x1 is a rural area, x1 is in the country}}

{{gl|kumfa|x1 is a room}}
{{gl|vikmi kumfa|x1 is a toilet}}
{{gl|zarci|x1 is a shop}}

== Lesson 5. Prepositions, '''da''', their relative position ==


=== How prepositions refer to the clause?===
*Some prepositions like those that describe tense connect the current clause with the one in the noun after them:
{{mu|mi cadzu ca lo nu lo cipni cu vofli|I walk when birds fly.}}
{{gl|cadzu|... walks}}
{{gl|lo cipni|bird/birds}}
{{gl|vofli|... flies}}

{{mu|mi pu cadzu fa'a lo rirxe|I walked towards a river.}}
{{mu|mi pu cadzu se ka'a lo rirxe|I walked to a river.}}
{{gl|se ka'a|going to ...}}
{{gl|fa'a|directly towards ...}}

{{notci|Prepositions don't remove ordered places ('''fa''', '''fe''', '''fi''', '''fo''', '''fu''') from the verb:
{{mu|mi klama se ka'a lo rirxe lo dinju mi klama fe lo rirxe .e lo dinju|I go to a river, to a house.}}
Here, the first example uses '''se ka'a''' to connect '''lo rirxe''' and then the second place of '''klama''' follows being filled with '''lo dinju'''. It's the same as just filling the second place of '''klama''' two times, that is connecting them with '''.e''' - ''and''.

However, '''se ka'a''' is nice when applied to other verbs like '''cadzu''' in a previous example.
}}

*Some prepositions describe relations of the first place of the clause with the noun after the preposition:
{{mu|mi jinga se rai lo ka clani|I win being the tallest one.}}
{{gl|se rai|preposition from '''se traji''': being most in ...}}
:Here x1 of the clause corresponds to the most one in comparison specified after '''se rai'''.

*Finally, some prepositions describe relations of the first place of the clause and the clause itself with the noun after the preposition:
{{mu|lo fragari cu se nelci mi te rai lo jbari|Out of berries, I like strawberries most.}}
{{gl|te rai|preposition from '''te traji''': preferring out of ...}}
{{gl|lo fragari|strawberries}}
{{gl|lo jbari|berries}}
:x1 of the clause describes the most one in this comparison, the clause itself describes the comparison.
{{notci|The dictionary explains such tricky cases where the relation defined by the preposition might pose difficulty. In practice, the relation is often clear from the examples provided.}}

===Using '''ne''' + preposition. '''se mau''' - ''more than ...''===
{{mu|mi ne se mau do cu melbi|I am prettier than you.}}
{{gl|se mau|preposition from '''se zmadu''': more than; the clause itself describes the comparison}}
This example is similar to
{{mu|mi zmadu do lo ka melbi|I exceed you in prettiness.}}
In other words, the main verb '''melbi''' is similar to the third place of '''zmadu''', which specifies the comparison criteria.
Two more examples:
{{mu|mi prami do ne se mau la doris|I love you more than Doris.}}
{{mu|mi ne se mau la doris cu prami do|I love you more than Doris does. I love you more than Doris loves you.|I (more than Doris) love you.}}

More examples:
{{mu|mi nelci lo pesxu ne se mau lo ladru|I like jam more than milk.}}
{{gl|lo pesxu|jam}}
{{mu|lo pesxu cu zmadu lo ladru lo ka mi nelci|I like jam more than milk.|Jam exceeds milk in how much I like it.}}

And now an interesting sentence:
{{mu||Bob likes Betty more than Mary.}}
It can mean two different things in English!
#Bob likes Betty and he likes Mary less.
#Bob likes Betty but Mary likes Betty too, though not as much as Bob does!
Do we compare Betty with Mary in how Bob likes them?

Or instead we compare Bob with Mary in how they like Betty?

English is ambiguous in this regard.

However, '''se mau''' always compares the noun after it with the first place of the clause we know what we get:

{{mu|la bob ne se mau la maris cu nelci la betis la bob cu nelci la betis se mau la maris|Bob (compared to Mary) likes Betty more. Mary likes Betty less.}}

{{mu|la betis cu se nelci la bob se mau la maris|Betty is loved by Bob more than Mary. Bob likes Mary less.}}

=== Comparisons: "''equal''", "''the same''" ===
{{mu|mi dunli lo mensi be mi lo ka clani i ku'i mi na du le mensi|I am as long as my sister. But I'm not her.|I equal the sister of me in length. But i am not identical to the sister.}}
{{gl|dunli|x1 (any type) is equal to x2 (any type) in x3 (property of x1 and x2 with {kau})}}
{{gl|du|x1 (any type) is identical to x2 (any type)}}

'''dunli''' compares two places for a single property, while '''du''' compares for identity. My sister and I are the same height, but we are not the same person. Clark Kent and Superman have different admirers, but they are the same person.

The same goes for another two verbs:
{{mu|mi frica do lo ka nelci ma kau|We differ from each other in what we like.|I differ from you in liking what.}}
{{mu|lo drata be mi cu kakne lo ka sidju|Someone other than me is able to help.}}
{{gl|frica|x1 (any type) differs from x2 (any type) in x3 (property of x1 and x2 with {kau})}}
{{gl|drata|x1 (any type) is not the same as x2 (any type)}}

===Preposition '''tai''' - ''like ...''===
The preposition '''tai''' leads to different meanings whether it's applied to a clause or to a noun with '''ne''':

{{mu|le nanmu ne tai do cadzu|The man walks like you.}}
{{mu|le nanmu pu cadzu tai lo ka bevri lo tilju|The man walked as if he was carrying something heavy.}}
{{gl|bevri|x1 carries x2}}
The infinitive starting with '''lo ka''' always refers to the first place of the clause, '''le nanmu''' in this case.

=== The concept of ''only'' ===
{{mu|mi se steci lo ka nelci lo badna|I'm the only one who likes bananas.}}
A more precise one:
{{mu|mi se steci lo ka nelci lo badna vau lo pendo be mi|I'm the only one who likes bananas among my friends.}}
{{gl|se steci|x1 is the only one in x2 (property of x1) among x3}}
Note that this example implies that you are a friend of yourself :) Otherwise, please, use an even more precise statement:
{{mu|mi se steci lo ka nelci lo badna vau mi jo'u lo pendo be mi|I'm the only one who likes bananas among the group of me and my friends.}}

{{mu|na ku mi se steci lo ka nelci lo badna|It's not just me who likes bananas.}}

It's also possible to rephrase this using '''.e no drata be''' (''and nothing different from ...''):
{{mu|mi e no drata be mi cu nelci lo badna|I and no one else likes bananas.}}

One more interesting example:
{{mu|lo troci cu se steci lo ka snada|Only the one who tries succeeds.|Who tries is the only one who succeeds.}}
{{mu|lo zukte be lo ka troci e no drata be ri cu fliba|The only who only tries fails.|The one who does attempts and nothing but it fails.}}
{{gl|troci|x1 tries to do x2 (property of x1)}}
{{gl|snada|x1 succeeds in doing x2 (property of x1)}}
{{gl|fliba|x1 fails in doing x2 (property of x1)}}

And one more solution:
{{mu|ro snada pu troci|Everyone who succeeds tried.}}

As you can see, Lojban offers different methods of saying the same, some of which can significantly differ from English forms.

=== "''Most''", "''many''" and "''too much''" ===
Words like ''most'' and ''many'' are also numbers in Lojban:

{|class="wikitable"
|| '''ro'''
|| ''each''

|-
|| '''so'a'''
|| ''almost all''

|-
|| '''so'e'''
|| ''most''

|-
|| '''so'i'''
|| ''many'', ''a lot of''

|-
|| '''so'o'''
|| ''several''

|-
|| '''so'u'''
|| ''few''

|-
|| '''no'''
|| ''zero'', ''none''

|-
|| '''su'e'''
|| ''at most''

|-
|| '''su'o'''
|| ''at least''

|-
|| '''za'u'''
|| ''more than…''

|-
|| '''du'e'''
|| ''too many''
|}

Some examples:
{{mu|su'e re no prenu ba klama|No more than 20 people will come.}}
{{mu|su'o pa prenu cu prami do|At least one person loves you.}}

=== ''never'' - '''no roi''', ''always'' - '''ro roi''' ===
Prepositions specifying the number of times:
*'''no roi''' = ''never''
*'''pa roi''' = ''once''
*'''re roi''' = ''twice''
*'''ci roi''' = ''thrice''
:...
*'''so'i roi''' = ''many times''
*'''so'u roi''' = ''a few times''
*'''du'e roi''' = ''too many times''
*'''ro roi''' = ''always''

{{mu|mi du'e roi klama lo zarci|I go to the market too often.}}
{{gl|zarci|x1 is a market}}
{{mu|mi pu re roi klama lo zarci|I went to the market twice.}}
Without '''pu''' the construct '''re roi''' may mean that once I went to the market but the second time I will be there only in the future.
These particles can be used with a noun after them:
{{mu|mi klama ti pa roi ro jeftu|I come here one every week.}}

=== ''for the first time'' - '''pa re'u''', ''for the last time'' - '''ro re'u''' ===
*'''pa re'u''' = ''for the first time''
*'''re re'u''' = ''for the second time''
:...
*'''za'u re'u''' = ''again''
*'''ro re'u''' = ''for the last time''
The particle '''re'u''' works like '''roi''' but tells for which time this event happens.

Compare:
{{mu|mi pa roi vitke lo muzga|I visited the museum once.}}
{{mu|mi pa re'u vitke lo muzga|I visited the museum for the first time.}}

{{mu|mi za'u roi vitke lo muzga|I visited the museum more times.}}
{{mu|mi za'u re'u vitke lo muzga|I visited the museum again.}}

{{mu|mi za'u pa roi vitke lo muzga|I visited the museum more than once.}}
{{mu|mi za'u pa re'u vitke lo muzga|I visited the museum not for the first time (maybe for the second/third etc.))}}
{{gl|vitke|to visit (somebody or something)}}

Note the difference between:
{{gl|za'u re'u|again, more than the known from context number of times (e.g. more than expected or more that other already know)}}
{{gl|za'u pa re'u|not for the first time (the number of times is compared to number 1, hence no context is needed)}}
{{gl|re re'u|two times (same here, no context is needed, and even the exact number of times is given)}}

=== Prepositions: their location within a clause ===

{{mu|lo nu tcidu ca nandu|Reading is now difficult.}}
{{mu|ca ku lo nu tcidu cu nandu|Now reading is difficult.}}
Bare prepositions without arguments after them can be moved around the sentence by adding '''ku''' after them.

'''ku''' prevents the following nouns from attaching to such prepositions. '''ca lo nu tcidu''' would mean ''when reading''.

Here are several places where preposition can go.
*preposition modifies the clause to the right of it:
**'''ca ku mi citka''' - ''Now I eat.'' Adverb, i.e. preposition with a particle '''ku'''
**'''ca lo cabdei mi citka''' - ''Today I eat''. Preposition with a noun after it.
**'''mi ca citka''' - ''I now eat.'' Tense, i.e. preposition before the main verb and without a noun.
*Preposition is applied to the whole clause:
**'''mi citka ca''' - ''I eat now.'' Tense, preposition at the end of the clause.

=== Several prepositions in a clause (scope) ===
{{mu|mi speni|I am married, I have a wife or a husband.}}
{{mu|mi co'a speni|I get married.}}
{{mu|mi mo'u speni|I am widowed.}}
{{gl|mo'u|preposition: the event is finished}}
Compare:
{{mu|mi mo'u co'a speni|I am newlywed.|I finished becoming a married person.}}
{{mu|mi co'a mo'u speni|I get widowed.|I become finishing being married.}}

If there are several prepositions in one clause, the rule is that we read them from left to right, thinking it as a so called ''imaginary journey''. We begin at an implied point in time and space (the speaker's "now and here" if no noun follows), and then follow the prepositions one after another from left to right.

Let's take '''mi mo'u co'a speni'''.
:'''mo'u''' means that an event is complete. Which event? The event '''co'a speni''' - to become married. Hence, '''mi mo'u co'a speni''' means ''I finish the process of the becoming married'', i.e. ''I am newlywed.''
:We say in such case that '''co'a speni''' is within the "scope" of '''mo'u'''.

In '''mi co'a mo'u speni''' the order or event is different.
:First, it is said that an event started ('''co'a'''), then it is stated that it is an event of finishing being married. Hence, '''mi co'a mo'u speni''' means ''I get widowed''.
:We can say that here '''mo'u speni''' is within the "scope" of '''co'a'''.

Another example with the preposition '''so'i roi''':
{{mu|mi co'a so'i roi citka|I started eating many times.}}
{{mu|mi so'i roi co'a citka|Many times I started to eat.}}

Examples with tenses:
{{mu|mi pu ba klama lo cmana|It happened before I went to the mountain.|I in past: in future: go to the mountain.}}

{{mu|mi ba pu klama lo cmana|It will happen after I went to the mountain.|I in future: in past: go to the mountain.}}

The rule of reading prepositions from the left to the right can be overriden by connecting prepositions with the conjunction '''ce'e''':
{{mu|mi ba ce'e pu klama lo cmana|I went and will go to the mountain.|I in future and in past: go to the mountain.}}

{{mu|mi cadzu ba lo nu mi citka ce'e pu lo nu mi sipna|I walk after I eat and before I sleep.}}

==== Using prepositions together with '''da''' and nouns that start with numbers ====
Like with prepositions the position of '''da''' matters:
{{mu|mi ponse da|There is something I own.}}
{{mu|mi co'u ponse da|I lost all my property.}}
{{gl|ponse|x1 owns x2}}
{{gl|co'u|preposition: the event stops}}
This might look like a mind-breaking example. Here, a person was able to say "I own something." But then for every thing the person owned this situation ended.

Another example:
{{mu|ro da vi fenki|Everyone is crazy here.|Every one here crazy}}
{{mu|vi ku ro da fenki|Here everyone is crazy.|Here: every one crazy}}
Did you catch that?
#''Everyone is crazy here'' means that if someone is not crazy somewhere then they will become crazy in this place.
#''Here everyone is crazy'' simply describes those who are here (and they are crazy). We don't know anything about others in other places.

Another example with a noun started with a number:
{{mu|pa prenu ro roi jundi|There is one person who is always attentive.}}
::- it is the same person who is always attentive.
{{mu|ro roi ku pa prenu cu jundi|Always there is one person who is always attentive.}}
::- it is always that one person is attentive. People may change but there is one always attentive.

=== Connecting sentences with prepositions ===
{{mu|mi klama pa cmana ca lo nu pa mlatu cu pinxe lo ladru|I am coming to a mountain while a cat is drinking milk.}}
{{mu|mi klama pa cmana .i ca bo pa mlatu cu pinxe lo ladru|I am coming to a mountain, and at the same time a cat is drinking milk.}}
If two sentences are too long we can use '''.i''' to separate them. But we still can show that they express the same idea using prepositions. The second example differs from the first one in that it puts the assertion on both sentences.

So here we use '''.i''', then the preposition that we need and then '''bo'''.

Usually we split sentences into two and then bind them with '''bo''' when a sentence looks or sounds too bulky.

But another use of this is to move prepositions out of scope of other prepositions:
{{mu|mi na te vecnu ki'u lo nu kargu|It's not true that I buy because it's expensive.}}
So one might suppose that I only buy things if they are expensive. But no, I don't act thay way.

Here, '''na''' negates that ''I buy things because they are expensive''. '''na''' is applied to the whole clause, thus it "covers" '''ki'u'''.

{{mu|mi na te vecnu i ki'u bo kargu|I don't buy. It's because it's expensive.}}
Here, I don't buy things. Why? Because they are expensive. Maybe I prefer only cheap things.

Here, '''ki'u''' is placed to another sentence. Thus, '''na''' doesn't cover it.

Both sentences could be translated as ''I don't buy because it's expensive.'' However, they mean different things.

A special rule is for using '''i ba bo''' and '''i pu bo'''. Compare:
{{mu|mi cadzu pu lo nu mi citka|I walk before I eat.}}
{{mu|mi cadzu .i ba bo mi citka|I walk, and then I eat.}}
'''.i ba bo''' means ''afterwards, then''. The sentence after '''.i ba bo''' refers to something that took place later than what took place in the sentence before.

'''pu''' is changed into '''ba''', and vice versa. This special rule for Lojban was made by analogy of natural languages. So you just have to remember this special behavior of these two words.




=== Existing things, "''there are ...'' ===
There are actually three words in '''da''' series: '''da''', '''de''', '''di'''. We use them if you need to refer to different objects in one discourse:
{{mu|ci mlatu cu citka re finpe ci da poi mlatu cu citka re de poi finpe|There are three cats, there are two fishes for each cat, and each cat eats two fishes.}}
If you need more such words in one discourse add a suffix '''xi''' to them and then any number (which we can call an index).
Thus,
*'''da xi pa''' is the same as simple '''da''',
*'''da xi re''' is the same as '''de''',
*'''da xi ci''' is the same as '''di'''
*'''da xi vo''' is the fourth "something" and so on...

=== Topic and comment. '''zo'u''' ===
Sometimes it is useful to show the topic of a clause and then say a comment about it:
{{mu|lo finpe zo'u mi nelci lo salmone|As for fish I like salmon.}}
{{gl|salmone|... is a salmon}}
{{gl|zo'u|ends the topic and starts the comment of the clause}}

'''zo'u''' is more useful when a pronoun like '''da''' is defined in the topic and then used in the comment:
{{mu|da zo'u mi viska da|There is a thing such that I see it.}}
{{mu|da poi gerku zo'u mi nelci da|For each thing that is a dog: I like it. ''I like all dogs.}}
{{mu|da de zo'u da viska de|There is '''da''' and '''de''' such that '''da''' sees '''de'''.}}
The two pronouns '''da''' and '''de''' tell us that there are two things which stand in the relationship that one sees the other. It might be the case that the supposed two things are really just a single thing that loves itself: nothing in the sentence rules out that interpretation, which is why the colloquial translation does not say ''Somebody sees somebody else.'' The things referred to by different pronouns of '''da''' series may be different or the same.

It is perfectly okay for these pronouns to appear more than once in the main clause:
{{mu|da zo'u da prami da|There is '''da''' such that '''da''' loves '''da'''.'' ''There is someone who loves himself/herself.}}
It is not necessary for a pronoun to be the direct noun of the the main verb:
{{mu|da zo'u lo gerku pe da cu viska mi|There is '''da''' such that the dog of them sees me.'' ''Somebody's dog sees me.}}

=== Scope in '''da''' ===

{{mu|ci da poi mlatu cu citka re de poi finpe|There are three cats who eat two fishes each.}}

By using '''zo'u''' we can make our sentence more clear:
{{mu|ci da poi mlatu vau re de poi finpe zo'u da citka de|For three '''da''' which are cats, for two '''de''' which are fishes: '''da''' eats '''de'''.}}
Here we see that each of the cats is said to eat two fishes, and it might be different fishes each time; six fishes in total.

How then are we to express the other interpretation, in which just two men are involved? We cannot just reverse the order of variables in the prenex to
{{mupli|'''re de poi nanmu ci da poi gerku zo'u da batci de''' ''For two '''de''' which are men, for three '''da''' which are dogs, '''da''' bites '''de'''''}}
for although we have now limited the number of men to exactly two, we end up with an indeterminate number of dogs, from three to six. The distinction is called a “scope distinction”: in the first example '''ci da poi gerku''' is said to have wider scope than '''re de poi nanmu''', and therefore precedes it in the prenex. In the second example the reverse is true.

To make to scope equal we use a special connective '''ce'e''' connecting two nouns.
{{mu|ci da poi gerku ce'e re de poi nanmu cu batci ci gerku re nanmu cu batci|Three dogs [plus] two men, bite.}}
which picks out two groups, one of three dogs and the other of two men, and says that every one of the dogs bites each of the men. The second Lojban version uses forethought.

=== "''any''" and "''some''" in examples ===
The words "any" and "some" and their derivatives have many meanings in English. We should be careful to translate that intended meaning:
*Simple specific ''some'' is translated as '''da''':
:{{mu|da pu klama .i je ko smadi lo du'u da me ma kau|Somebody came. Guess who it was.}}
:{{mu|mi pu tirna da .i je mi fliba lo ka jimpe lo du'u da mo kau|I heard something, but I fail to understand what it was.}}
*''some'' in questions turns into "anything", "anybody":
{{mu|xu da pu klama|Did anybody come?}}
*''any'' can be used in inner clauses:
{{mu|mi rivbi lo ka jdice da|I avoided taking any decision.}}
:like in clauses of prepositions:
{{mu|ba lo nu do zgana da vau ko klama|After you notice anything, come!}}
*Scope: ''any'' is used in English when negating while Lojban uses '''na''' but then still '''da''':
{{mu|mi na viska su'o da poi prenu mi na viska su'o prenu|I don't see anybody.}}
*Scope: note that negation has to take appropriate clause like here:
{{mu|mi jinvi lo du'u na ku da jimpe|I don't think that anybody understands.}}
:This can be rephrased as:
{{mu|mi jinvi lo du'u no da jimpe|I think that nobody understands.}}
*''every'' is turned into ''any'' in comparisons and translated as '''ro da''':
{{mu|do zmadu ro da lo ka clani|You are taller than anybody.|You exceed everybody in tallness.}}
*''any'' is used when providing choice and translated as '''ro da''':
{{mu|ro da poi do nelci zo'u mi e'ande do lo ka citka da |You may eat anything you like.|For everything that you like I allow you to eat it.}}
{{gl|permite|x1 allows x2 to do x3 (property of x2}}

''some'' is translated using '''lo''' when using commands, request, suggestions:
{{mu|e'u mi'o pilno lo drata|Let's try other things.}}
{{mu|e'u mi'o troci bu'u lo drata|Let's try somewhere else.}}

Compare it to:
{{mu|pa drata zo'u e'u mi'o pilno ri|There is something else, let's use it.}}
{{mu|pa drata zo'u e'u mi'o troci bu'u ri|There is another place, let's try there.}}
''any'' is translated using '''lo'''
*in generic statements:
{{mu|lo gerku cu se tuple vo da|Any dog has four legs. Dogs have four legs.}}
*and when making no distinction among members we talk about:
{{mu|mi na djica lo ka tavla lo na slabu be mi|I don't want to talk to just anybody.}}
=== "''anyone, any two ...'' ===
{{mu|e'u mi'o troci bu'u lo drata|Let's try somewhere else.}}
Here, '''lo drata''' actually means ''any other thing or things, place or places''. The number of such places is not specified although any such place might fit.

What if we want to say "any place but only one place"? In this case we put a number after '''lo''':
{{mu|e'u mi'o troci bu'u lo pa drata|Let's try at another place.}}
Similarly,

{{mu|e'u mi'o troci bu'u lo pa drata|Let's try at any two other places.}}
and so on.

Note that when a noun starts with '''lo''' it still has the notion of ''any''. The difference can be important:

{{mu|lo pa bangu no roi banzu|One language (any language) is never enough.}}
{{mu|pa bangu no roi banzu|There is one language that is never enough.}}

Finally, nouns of existence imply ''each''. There are two rings on the logo of Lojban. So
{{mu|lo re djine cu sinxa la lojban|Two rings is a symbol of Lojban.}}
{{mu|na ku re djine cu sinxa la lojban|It's not true that for two rings each of the rings is a symbol of Lojban.}}
{{gl|djine|x1 is a ring}}

===Resume: which constructs does scope affect?===
Scope matters only for prepositions, '''da''', '''de''', '''di''' and nouns starting with numbers (like '''pa prenu''' - ''one of the persons''). Thus the relative order of such constructs changes the meaning:

{{mu|pa prenu ca ku zvati|There is one person who is now present.}}

{{mu|ca ku pa prenu ca zvati|Now there is one person.}}

Scope isn't relevant for verbs and nouns starting with '''lo''' (like '''lo prenu''' or '''lo re prenu'''). Both these sentences mean the same:
{{mu|lo prenu ca ku zvati ca ku lo prenu cu zvati|People are now present.}}
These two sentences also mean the same:
{{mu|lo pa bangu no roi banzu no roi ku lo pa bangu cu banzu|One language (any language) is never enough.}}

Scope ends in the end of the sentence.
Here, '''ki'u''' is under the scope of '''na''':
{{mu|na ku mi te vecnu ki'u lo nu kargu|It's not true that: I buy because it's expensive.}}
Here, '''ki'u''' is not under the scope of '''na'''. '''ki'u''' is applied to the whole previous sentence including '''na''':
{{mu|mi na te vecnu i ki'u bo kargu|I don't buy. It's because it's expensive.}}

==Lesson 6. Prepositions: time and space==

{{mu|mi citka lo cirla}}
Possible translations:
{{mu||I eat cheese. I ate cheese. I always eat cheese. In a moment, I will have just finished eating cheese.}}
Tenses in Lojban are optional, we don't have to think all the time what tense to use.

Context often resolves what is correct. We add tenses when we feel we need them.

Lojban tenses treat time and space the same. Saying that ''I worked a long time ago'' is not grammatically different than saying ''I work far away to the north''. English treats words like ''earlier'', past tense ending ''-ed'' and space prepositions like ''in'' or ''near'' in three different schemes, while in Lojban they follow the same principle.
==== Points in time and place ====
Preposition without a noun after it describes the event as relative to ''here'' and ''now'':
{{mu|mi pinxe ba|I will drink.}}
{{mu|mi pinxe bu'u|I drink at this place.}}
Preposition with a noun after it describes the event as relative to the event in that noun:
{{mu|mi pinxe ba lo nu mi cadzu|I drink after I walk.}}

==== Tenses: clauses inside clauses ====
In English we use the so called "sequence of tenses":
{{mu|la alis pu cusku lo se du'u vo'a pu penmi la doris za lo djedi be li ci|Alice told that she had seen Doris three days before.}}
Here, the event "had seen Doris" happens before the event "Alice said". However, in
{{mu|la alis pu cusku lo se du'u vo'a ca kansa la doris|Alice told that she was with Doris.}}
the two events (''told'' and ''was with Doris'') happen at the same time.

Thus in English
*the tense of the main clause is understood relative to whoever utters those sentences.
*the tense of the clause inside the main clause is also understood relative to whoever utters those sentences.

And in Lojban
*only the tense of the main clause is relative to who utters those sentences.
*and other tenses are relative to each other. This is why, in the first example the second '''pu''' is relative to the first '''pu'''. In the second example, we use '''ca''' (''at the same time'') which is relative to the outer clause ('''pu cusku''' - ''said'').

However, we can use the construct '''ca ti''' (''at this time or place''), which will give the same effect as how English works:

Here is an example in English style:
{{mu|la alis pu cusku lo se du'u vo'a ca ti pu kansa la .doris.|Alis said that she was with Doris.}}

==== Distance in time and space ====
{|class="wikitable" width="100%" width="100%" width=64% style="margin:0px 0px 0px 25px;"
|+Prepositions
|-
| style="text-align: center;" colspan="2" |'''fau''' = preposition. at the same time, place or situation as …
|-
|'''ca''' = ''at … (some time), at the same time as …''; present tense.
|'''bu'u''' = ''at … (some place)''; ''here'' (''at this place'').
|-
| colspan="2" |
|-
|'''zi''' = ''just'' (''short time afo'') or ''soon'' (''in a short time'')
|'''vi''' = ''near …''
|-
|'''za''' = ''a while ago'' or ''in a while'', ''in an unspecified time''
|'''va''' = ''not far from …''
|-
|'''zu''' = ''long time ago'' or ''in a long time''
|'''vu''' = ''far away from …''; ''far away''
|}
This is how we can use particles specifying how far we ago into the past or future:
*'''pu zu''' means ''a long time ago''
*'''pu za''' means ''a while ago''
*'''pu zi''' means ''just''
*'''ba zi''' means ''soon''
*'''ba za''' means ''in a while''
*'''ba zu''' means ''in a long time''

Notice the vowel order '''i''', '''a''' and '''u'''. This order appears again and again in Lojban, and might be worth to memorize. ''Short'' and ''long'' in are always context dependent, relative and subjective. Two hundred years is a short time for a species to evolve, but a long time to wait for the bus.

{{notci|'''zi''', '''za''' and '''zu''' modify the previous preposition like '''pu''' and '''ba''':
*'''pu zu''' is ''a long time ago''. '''pu''' shows that we begin in the past, '''zu''' then that it is a long time backwards.
*'''zu pu''' is ''far away in time there is a point after some event''. '''zu''' shows that we begin at some point far away in time from now, '''pu''' then, that we move backwards from that point.
Thus '''pu zu''' is always in the past. '''zu pu''' could be in the future.}}

Spatial distance is marked in a similar way by '''vi''', '''va''' and '''vu''' for short, unspecified (medium) and long distance in space.

We can use them as prepositions as well:
{{mu|ba za lo djedi be li ci mi zvati ti|In three days I will be here.}}

The space equivalent of '''ca''' is '''bu'u'''. And '''fau''' is more vague than two of them, it can mean time, space or situation.

{{mu|ba za vu ku mi gunka|Some time in the future, I will work a place long away.}}
{{gl|gunka|to work}}

{{mu|mi bu'u pu zu gunka|I used to work here a long time ago.|I here-past-long-time-distance work}}
{{mu|pu zu vu ku zasti fa lo ninmu .e lo nanmu|Long ago and far away lived a woman and a man.}}
The last sentence is how fairy tales often begin.



==== Duration in time and space ====
{|class="wikitable" width="100%" width="100%" width=64% style="margin:0px 0px 0px 25px;"
|+Prepositions
|| '''ze'i''' — for a short time
|| '''ve'i''' — over a small space
|-
|| '''ze'a''' — for some time
|| '''ve'a''' — over some space
|-
|| '''ze'u''' — for a long time
|| '''ve'u''' — over the long space
|}

Again it's easy to remember given the pattern '''i''', '''a''', '''u'''.
{{mu|mi ze'u bajra|I run for a long time.}}
{{mu|la .bob. ze'u pinxe lo birje|Bob drinks beer for a long time.}}
{{mu|mi bazize'a xabju la .djakartas.|Pretty soon I'm going to live in Jakarta for a while.}}
{{mu|lo jenmi pe la .romas. ba ze'u gunta la .kart.xadact.|The army of Romans will be attacking Carthage for a long time.}}
This does not mean that Romans are not attacking Carthage these days. In Lojban, if we say that something is true at a particular time, it doesn't mean that it is not true at any other time. You can say '''pu ba ze'u''' so that we know that this activity was in future when viewed from some point in past but in past when viewed from today.
{{mu|lo ve'u xamsi|ocean}}
{{mu|lo xamsi|sea/ocean}}

{{mu|lo ve'u cmana|hill}}
{{mu|lo cmana|mountain/hill}}

{{mu|do ve'u klama lo dotco gugde ze'u|You spend a long time traveling a long space to Germany.}}
{{mu|ti ve'u gerku|That's a big dog. This is a dog covering a large space.}}

==== Event contours ====
Here are several sets of prepositions that can help us add finer meanings when necessary.

With the ''event contours'' and unlike '''pu''', '''ca''' and '''ba''' we view each event as having shape with certain stages:
====='''pu'o''' - ''to be about'', '''ba'o''' - ''no longer''=====
{{mu|mi ba tavla lo mikce|I will speak to the doctor (and I might be speaking now too).}}
{{mu|mi pu pu'o tavla lo mikce|I was about to speak to the doctor (I was not speaking at that time, the event hadn't started by that time).}}

{{gl|pu'o|preposition: to be about to do something (the event has not yet happened)}}
{{gl|ba'o|preposition: to be no longer doing something, to have done something (the event has ended)}}

Other examples:
{{mu|lo sanmi ca pu'o bredi|The meal is not ready yet.}}
{{mu|mi pu ba'o tavla lo mikce|I had spoken to the doctor.}}
{{mu|mi ba ba'o tavla lo mikce|I will have spoken to the doctor.}}
{{mu|.a'o mi ba zi ba'o gunka|I hope soon I will have done the work.}}

====='''za'o''' - ''still'', '''xa'o''' - ''already''=====
{{mu|ri'a ma do za'o zvati vi|Why are you still here?}}
{{mu|la .kevin. xa'o zvati vi|Kevin is already here.}}
{{gl|za'o|still. The event is in process beyond its natural end}}
{{gl|xa'o|already, too early. The event already started and it is too early}}
=====Stages of event=====
{{mu|mi co'a tavla|I started talking.}}
{{mu|le fetsi ca'o ciska|She keeps writing.}}
{{mu|le nakni pu co'u vasxu|He stopped breathing (sudden unpredictable change).}}
{{gl|vasxu|x1 breathes x2}}
{{mu|mi pu mo'u citka le plise|I've eaten the apple up.}}
{{mu|la .maks. pu mo'u zbasu lo vi dinju|Max has built this house.}}
{{mu|le fetsi pu de'a vasxu|She ceased to breath (but may breath again later).}}
{{mu|mi pu di'a citka lo plise|I resumed eating apples.}}
{{gl|co'a|preposition: the event starts (the border of the event)}}
{{gl|ca'o|preposition: to be doing something (the event is in progress)}}
{{gl|co'u|preposition: the event stops}}
{{gl|mo'u|preposition: the event ends (the border of the event)}}
{{gl|de'a|the event pauses (the event can be expected to continue)}}
{{gl|di'a|the event resumes}}

{{vajni|{{gl|de'a ze'i jundi|BRB (I'll be right back)}}
{{gl|mi di'a jundi|I am back (being attentive)}}

{{gl|jundi|x1 pays attention to x2}}

These two expressions are common in text chats for saying that you stop paying attention or away, and then back online:
One could of course also say just '''de'a''' or '''di'a''' and hope the point gets across.}}

=====Continuous and Progressive=====
{{gl|ru'i|preposition: the event is continuous}}
{{mu|.i mi pu ru'i citka lo mango|I was eating apples one and on without stop.}}

{{notci|Note the difference:
*'''ru'i''' says that the event is continuous and never pauses.
*'''ca'o''' says that the event progresses. It may sometimes pause and then resume its progress.}}
==== Place contours ====
Event contours can be used to refer to space if we prefix them with '''fe'e''':
{{mu|lo rokci cu kuspe fe'e co'u lo canko|The rock reached and stopped by the window.}}
{{gl|kuspe|x1 extends, reaches across scope, range x2}}

==== Space: "''to the left''", "''to the right''" ====
{{mu|lo prenu cu sanli lo dertu bu'u lo pritu be mi|The person stands on the ground to the right of me.}}
{{mu|lo gerku cu vreta lo ckana bu'u lo zunle be lo verba|A dog is lying on the bed to the left of a child.}}

{{mu|ko jgari le panbi poi zunle|Take the pen on the left.}}
{{mu|pa mlatu cu plipe bu'u lo crane be do|A cat jumps in front of you.}}

{{mu|ko catlu lo dinju poi crane|Look at the house in the front.}}

{{mu|lo verba cu zutse lo stizu bu'u lo trixe be mi|The child sits on the chair behind me.}}
{{gl|zunle|x1 is to the left of x2}}
{{gl|pritu|x1 is to the right of x2}}
{{gl|crane|x1 is in front of x2 (x1 is between x2 and whoever watches)}}
{{gl|trixe|x1 is behind x2}}

{{gl|sanli|x1 stands on x2}}
{{gl|zutse|x1 sits on x2}}
{{gl|vreta|x1 lies on x2}}

{{gl|lo dertu|ground, dirt}}
{{gl|lo ckana|bed}}
{{gl|lo stizu|chair}}

To specify the reference point we additionally use the preposition '''ki'''. This is important when speaking about left and right:
{{mu|lo prenu cu sanli ki mi bu'u lo pritu be lo tricu|The person stands to the right of a tree from my viewpoint.}}
{{mu|lo dinju cu zunle lo rokci ki ti|The house is to the left of the rock if viewed from here.}}

=== Practice ===
==== Position ====

{|class=wikitable
|style='text-align:right;'|'''ma nabmi'''
| | ''What's the problem?''
|-
|style='text-align:right;'|'''ma'a nitcu lo cukta pe la alis'''
| | ''We need Alice's book.''
|-
|style='text-align:right;'|'''i la alis ca zvati ma'''
| | ''Where is Alice?''
|-
|style='text-align:right;'|'''a bu ca na zvati lo bu'u tcadu i mi pu mrilu zo'e ne le cukta fi abu i abu ca ca'o vofli la paris i ku'i mi pu zi te benji lo se mrilu be a bu i a bu pu e'ande ma'a lo ka lebna le cukta i e'o do bevri le cukta mi'''
| | Alice is now not in the city. I mailed about the book to her. Alice is now flying to Paris. But I just received a mail from her. She permitted us to take the book. Please, bring it to me.
|-
|style='text-align:right;'|'''i bu'u ma mi ka'e cpacu le cukta'''
| |Where can I get the book?
|-
|style='text-align:right;'|'''lo purdi i e'o do klama lo bartu'''
| |In the garden. Please, go outside.
|-
|style='text-align:right;'|'''mi ca zvati ne'a le vorme i ei mi ca klama ma'''
| |I am near the door. Now where should I go?
|-
|style='text-align:right;'|'''ko muvdu lo zunle be lo tricu i ba ku do viska pa jubme'''
| |Move to the left of the tree. Then you will see a table.
|-
|style='text-align:right;'|'''mi viska lo cipni noi vofli i ku'i mi ganse no jubme'''
| |I can see birds flying. But I sense no tables.
|-
|style='text-align:right;'|'''ko carna gi'e muvdu lo pritu i le jubme cu crane lo cmalu dinju i le cukta cu cpana le jubme i ji'a ko jgari lo penbi e lo pelji i le za'u dacti cu cpana si'a le jubme i ba ku ko bevri le ci dacti le zdani gi'e punji fi lo kumfa pe mi'''
| |Turn and move to the right. The table is in front of a small building. The book is on top of the table. Also, take a pencil and a paper. They are similarly on top of the table. Then bring the three things home and put them to my room.
|-
|style='text-align:right;'|'''vi'o'''
| |Will do.
|}



==== Vehicles ====
{|class='wikitable'
|-
|style='text-align:right;'|'''mi jo'u lo pendo be mi pu litru lo barda rirxe bu'u lo bloti'''
|''I and my friends were traveling on a big river in a boat.''
|-
|style='text-align:right;'|'''i ba bo mi'a klama lo vinji tcana'''
|''Then we went to an airport.''
|-
|style='text-align:right;'|'''i xu do jai zu'e se marce lo karce'''
|''Did you take a car?''
|-
|style='text-align:right;'|'''i je'u nai i mi'a pu pilno lo trene i ze'a lo cacra mi'a pu zvati bu'u lo carce'''
|''No. We used a train. For one hour we were in a wagon.''
|}

{{gl|marce|x1 is a vehicle carrying x2}}
{{gl|se marce|x1 is a passenger of x2}}
{{gl|jai zu'e se marce|x1 takes a vehicle x2 as a passenger}}
{{gl|karce|x1 is a car carrying x2}}
{{gl|bloti|x1 is a boat carrying x2}}
{{gl|vinji|x1 is an aircraft carrying x2}}
{{gl|trene|x1 is a train of cars x2}}

== Lesson 7. Letters and referring to clauses==
=== Names of letters in Lojban ===
Each letter has a name in Lojban.

The following table represents the basic Lojban alphabet and how to pronounce letters (below each letter):

{|class="wikitable"
|| '
|| '''a'''
|| b
|| c
|| d
|| '''e'''

|-
|| '''.y'y.'''
|| '''.abu'''
|| '''by.'''
|| '''cy.'''
|| '''dy.'''
|| '''.ebu'''

|-
| colspan="6" |

|-
|| f
|| g
|| '''i'''
|| j
|| k
|| l

|-
|| '''fy.'''
|| '''gy.'''
|| '''.ibu'''
|| '''jy.'''
|| '''ky.'''
|| '''ly.'''

|-
| colspan="6" |

|-
|| m
|| n
|| '''o'''
|| p
|| r
|| s

|-
|| '''my.'''
|| '''ny.'''
|| '''.obu'''
|| '''py.'''
|| '''ry.'''
|| '''sy.'''

|-
| colspan="6" |

|-
|| t
|| '''u'''
|| v
|| x
|| '''y'''
|| z

|-
|| '''ty.'''
|| '''.ubu'''
|| '''vy.'''
|| '''xy.'''
|| '''.ybu'''
|| '''zy.'''

|}

As you can see
*to get the name for a vowel, we add "bu"
*to get the name for a consonant, we add "y"
*the word for '''<nowiki>'</nowiki>''' (apostrophe) is '''.y'y'''.

We can spell word using these names. For example, CNN will be '''cy. ny. ny.'''

A capital letter alone has a special meaning. It denotes the name of that letter:
:'''A''' is the same as '''.abu''', '''B''' is the same as '''by.''' and so on. They means the same and even are read the same as normal '''.abu''', '''by.''' etc. So ''CNN'' can also be written as '''CNN''' in Lojban and it will be still pronounced and mean the same as '''cy. ny. ny.'''

=== Letters instead of "''he''" and "''she''" ===
Names of letters are pronouns. And we can use them for another method of referring to nouns and names earlier used in speech.
{{mu|la lukas cu viska lo mlatu i lo mlatu cu na viska la lukas la lukas cu viska lo mlatu i my. na viska ly.|Lucas sees a cat. The cat doesn't see Lucas.}}
As the first letter in '''lukas''' is '''l''' and the first letter in '''mlatu''' is '''m''' we can use names of letters to refer to nouns that we get from them. Both Lojban sentences mean the same.

So if you see a Lojban letter being used as a noun, you take it as referring to the last noun or name whose verb word ('''lukas''' and '''mlatu''' in this case) starts with that letter.

Clearly, this method is more powerful than ''he'' or ''she''. It also allows us to make the speech more concise in not forcing us to repeat possible long names or nouns over and over again.

But notice that it can happen that we'd like to refer back to, say, '''lo mlatu''', but then before we can do so, another noun or name that starts with '''m''' appeared in the meantime, so that '''my.''' can no longer refer to the cat. The quickest way out is to repeat the entire noun or name, i.e. say '''le mlatu''':
{{mu|lo mlatu cu viska la .micel. i my. na viska le mlatu|A cat sees Michelle. Michelle doesn't see the cat.}}

If a name consists of several cmevla you can use the first letters of them to refer to that name. The same is for compound verbs:
{{mu|la .djon.smit. cu citka lo finpe stasu i dy.sy. nelci fy.sy.|John Smith is eating fish soup. He likes it.}}
If you need to put several pronouns one after another separate them with the particle '''boi''':
{{mu|mi klama la paris la moskov|I go to Paris from Moscow.}}
{{mu|mi klama py. boi my.|I go to P from M.}}
The phrase '''mi klama py. my.''' would mean ''I go to PM'' which wouldn't mean what is needed here.

{{mu|la .tom.silver. pu zvati i je'u ty. sy. boi .ui pu sidju mi|Tom Silver was present. And actually TS (yay!) helped me.}}
If you put an interjection after such letters separate them with '''boi'''. Without '''boi''' interjections will refer to the last letter.

==='''ri''' instead of "''he''" and "''she''"===
{{mu|mi catlu pa nanmu i ri melbi|I look at a man. He is handsome.}}
{{pixra|Image:Gael_garcia_bernal.jpg|'''lo melbi''' ''beautiful, handsome, pretty''}}
{{pixra|Image:Lindo_Sol_em_Plataforma.jpg|'''lo se pluka''' ''nice, pleasant''}}
The particle '''ri''' refers to the last completed noun used in text or someone's speech.

{{notci|'''melbi''' means both ''handsome'' and ''beautiful'' no matter the person of what gender you describe.}}

Another example:
{{mu|la .alis. cu sipna bu'u lo kumfa pe la .alis.|Alice sleeps in Alice's room.|Alice sleeps-in the of-Alice room.}}
is turned into:
{{mu|la .alis. cu sipna bu'u lo kumfa pe ri|Alice sleeps in her room.|Alice sleeps in the room of [last noun].}}
The '''ri''' is equivalent to repeating the last noun or name, which is '''la .alis.''' here.

Note that '''ri''' refers to completed nouns. '''ri''' does not repeat '''lo kumfa pe ri''' (which is also a noun), because '''ri''' is inside that noun and therefore that noun is not yet complete when '''ri''' appears. This prevents '''ri''' from making it recursively refer to itself.

Nouns are counted from their beginnings. So in an example like
{{mu|lo du'u lo nanmu cu melbi cu se djuno ri}}
'''ri''' refers to '''lo nanmu''' and not '''lo du'u lo nanmu cu melbi''' although bot nouns are complete: '''lo nanmu''' starts last, after the start of '''lo du'u lo nanmu cu melbi'''.

Clause inside '''sei''' forms a parallel text. '''ri''' ignores nouns inside '''sei'''-clauses:
{{mu|mi viska la .lukas. sei la .doris. pu cusku i ri jibni la .micel.|I see Lucas, — Doris said. He is near Michelle.}}
In this example '''ri''' cannot refer to '''la .doris.''' We simply ignore the whole '''sei la .doris. pu cusku''' clause when deciding what '''ri''' should refer to.

Also note that most pronouns are ignored by '''ri'''. We just repeat them directly:
{{mu|mi lumci mi|I wash me.'' ''I wash myself.}}
{{gl|lumci|x1 washes x2 of contaminant x3}}
{{mu|mi prami mi|I love me.'' ''I love myself.}}

However,
#the particles '''ti''', '''ta''', '''tu''' are picked up by '''ri''', because you might have changed what you are pointing at, so repeating '''tu''' may not be effective.
#likewise, '''ri''' itself (or rather it's antecedent) can be repeated by a later '''ri'''; in fact, a string of '''ri''' particles with no other intervening nouns always repeat the same noun:

{{mu|.i la .alis. cu catlu pa nanmu .i ri melbi .i ri co'a zgana a bu|Alice notices a man. He is beautiful. He notices Alice.}}
{{gl|zgana|to observe}}
{{gl|co'a zgana|to start observing, to notice}}
Here the second '''ri''' has as antecedent the first '''ri''', which has as antecedent '''lo nanmu'''. All three refer to the same thing: the man.

{{notci|Only you decide what, where and when to use in speech: the method with '''le'''+verb words, the method with letter names or with '''ri'''.}}

=== "''Myself, themselves''" ===
{{karbi lo bangu|In Slavic languages people say literally ''I wash self''. In order to be closer to a Slavic style we can use '''lo nei'''.}}{{mu|mi nelci mi|I like myself.|I like me.}}
:It is the same in meaning as:
{{mu|mi nelci lo nei|I like myself.}}

{{mu|mi lumci mi mi lumci lo nei|I wash myself.}}

{{mu|la ian ca lumci lo nei la ian ca lumci ri|Yan washes himself.}}

'''lo nei''' links to the first noun of the current clause.

Remember that '''ri''' can't refer back to pronouns like '''mi''' so '''lo nei''' might be preferred in the last example. When changing the first noun '''lo nei''' doesn't change which is quite handy:
{{mu|mi lumci lo nei i do lumci lo nei i la ian cu lumci lo nei|I wash myself. You wash yourself. Yan washes himself.}}
{{mu|la .doris. cu pensi lo nei|Doris thinks about herself.}}
{{mu|pa gerku cu batci lo nei|A dog bites itself.}}

----
'''nei''' works well when a sentence only contains one clause. But when it has several embedded clauses we might need something different. In
{{mu|la .doris. cu djuno lo du'u la .alis. cu prami lo nei|Doris knows that Alice loves herself.}}
'''lo nei''' refers to '''la .alis.'''

What if we want to refer to Doris? Here is a solution:
{{mu|la .doris. cu djuno lo du'u la .alis. cu prami vo'a|Doris knows that Alice loves her.}}
So while '''lo nei''' refers to the first noun of the current clause, '''vo'a''' refers to the first noun of the current sentence.

When there are no embedded clauses those two words mean the same:
{{mupli|'''la .alis. cu prami vo'a''' is the same as '''la .alis. cu prami lo nei''' ''Alice loves herself.''}}
*'''vo'a''' refers to the first noun of the current sentence.
*'''vo'e''' refers to the second noun of the current sentence.
*'''vo'i''' refers to the third noun of the current sentence.
*'''vo'o''' refers to the 4th noun of the current sentence.
*'''vo'u''' refers to the 5th noun of the current sentence.
----
'''lo nei''' can give funny results when applied to mutual actions:
{{mu|la alis e la kevin cu cinba lo nei|Alice kisses herself, and Kevin kisses himself.}}

Here is the solution:
{{mu|la alis jo'u la kevin cu cinba zu'ai|Alice and Kevin kiss each other}}
It means the same as:
{{mu|la alis cu cinba la kevin i je la kevin cu cinba la alis|Alice kisses Kevin, and Kevin kisses Alice.}}
'''zu'ai''' is put into the second place of the verb. It shows the mutual action between the first place and the second place.
Members of this mutual action are put to the first and connected with the conjunction '''jo'u'''.

=== '''go'i''' for the previous clause ===
{{mu|la .alis. cu klama lo barja .i la .alis. cu viska lo nanmu}}
:is the same in meaning as:
{{mu|la .alis. cu klama lo barja .i lo go'i cu viska lo nanmu|Alice comes to a bar. She sees a man.}}
Whereas '''lo nei''' refers to the first noun of the current clause, '''lo go'i''' refers to the first noun of the previous clause.

'''go'i''' presents yet another way of referring back to a noun that we need.

*'''lo se go'i''' refers to the second noun of the previous clause
*'''lo te go'i''' to the third etc.:
{{mu|.i la .alis. cu zgana lo nanmu .i ri melbi|Alice watches a man. He is handsome.}}
:is the same as
{{mu|.i la .alis. cu zgana lo nanmu .i lo se go'i cu melbi|Alice watches a man. He is handsome.}}
That's because '''lo se go'i''' refers to the second place (x2) of the preceding clause, which is '''lo nanmu'''.

Consider another example:
{{mu||Bill saw Bob. He hit him.}}
English doesn't bother with precision here — ''he'' just means "''some male person mentioned earlier.''" Did Bill hit Bob, or did Bob hit Bill? We don't know. In Lojban we can use say like this:
{{mu|la bil pu viska la bob i lo se go'i cu darxi lo go'i|Bill saw Bob. Bob hit Bill.}}
Although, in most cases '''ri''' is used:
{{mu|la bil cu viska la bob i ri darxi la bil|Bill saw Bob. Bob hit Bill.}}

'''go'i''' itself is a verb, and it thus has a place structure:
{{mu|mi tatpi i do ji'a go'i|I'm tired. And you too.}}
When we say '''do go'i''', we repeat the previous clause but replace its first place with '''do'''. In other words, '''do ji'a go'i''' here is the same as saying '''do ji'a tatpi'''.

=== What does '''go'i''' copy? ===
Interjections like '''pei''' (when used alone), '''xu''', '''.ui''', '''.u'i''', '''je'u''' those formed with '''sei''' and the question interjection are not parts of clauses. Thus they are not copied by '''go'i'''.

But prepositions like '''na''', '''pu''', left negators like '''na'e''', '''no'e''', '''to'e''' are parts of clauses.

Thus, '''go'i''' copies the previous clause with those particles:
{{mupli|— '''la bob na prami la alis''' — '''go'i'''

— ''It is not true that Bob loves Alice.''

— ''He doesn't (love).''}}

{{mupli|— '''la bob na'e prami la alis''' — '''go'i'''

— ''Bob doesn't love Alice.''

— ''He doesn't (love).''}}

In order to say "No, he does love her" we use the needed verb directly:
{{mupli|'''la bob na prami la alis''' '''la bob ja'a prami la alis'''

''Bob doesn't love Alice.''

''Bob does love Alice.''}}


=== Time of day, dates and calendar ===
==== Time of day ====
{{vajni|— '''ma tcika ti''' {{=}} ''What's the time?'' — '''li cy pa pa''' {{=}} ''Eleven hours''}}
{{gl|tcika|x1 (hours, minutes, seconds) is the time of event x2}}
In Lojban times are always the times of something. So we ask what the time is of '''ti''', meaning ''this event/thing'', or, in other words ''now''.

*'''cy''' is a prefix signalling that the number of hours follows. 24-hour time is used almost always in Lojban.
*'''my''' is a prefix signalling that the number of minutes follows.
*'''sy''' is a prefix signalling that the number of seconds follows.
{{mu|li cy pa pa my pa no|11:10 (Ten minutes past eleven)}}
{{mu|li cy pa pa my pa no sy pa ci|11 hours, 10 minutes and 13 seconds.}}
{{mu|li cy pa no my mu no|10:50, ten to eleven}}

If we want to give the time of an event, rather than just tell the time, the second place is filled:
{{mu|li cy pa no tcika lo nu mi klama|Ten o'clock is the time that I come.}}

By using the preposition '''de'i''' we can get a more naturally sounding sentence:
{{mu|mi klama de'i li cy pa no|I am going at 10 o'clock.}}
{{gl|de'i|at ... (time), on ... (date)}}

And one useful example:
{{mu|ca tcika lo nu ei sipna|It's time to sleep.}}

==== Dates ====
{{vajni|— '''ma detri ti''' {{=}} ''What's the date today?'' — '''li ly ze dy pa''' {{=}} ''It's July, 1''}}
{{gl|detri|x1 (year, month, day) is the date/time of event x2}}
Another option:
{{vajni|— '''ma ca detri''' — ''What is the date now?''}}
*'''ny''' is a prefix signalling that the year follows.
*'''ly''' is a prefix signalling that the month follows.
*'''jy dy''' is a prefix signalling that the day of week follows.
*'''dy''' is a prefix signalling that the day follows.
Prefixes with numbers after them can be used in any order (let's use digits to show numbers):
{{mu|li dy 2 ca detri|It's the second day of the month now.}}
{{mu|li ly 4 dy 1 ca detri|It's April, the first now.}}
{{mu|li dy 5 ly 7 ny 2005 detri lo nu mi jbena|The fifth of July (seventh month), year 2005 is when I was born.}}

We can also use '''de'i''':
{{mu|mi ba klama de'i li ly pano|I will come in October.}}
Remember that particles in Lojban can be written without spaces in between like in this '''pano''', which is the same as '''pa no'''.

For days of week Monday is the first day:
{{mu|mi gunka de'i li jy dy pa|I work on Monday.}}
{{mu|mi gunka de'i ro li jy dy mu|I work every Tuesday.}}
{{mu|xu do pu zvati la paris de'i li jy dy ci|Were you in Paris on Wednesday?}}

==== Specifying time intervals ====
{{mu|mi nanca li re re|I am 22 years old.}}
{{gl|nanca|x1 is of duration of x2 (number) years}}

'''nanca''' specifies the duration, and in order too say ''two years long'' you fill the second place with a number prefixed with '''li'''.

{{mu|lo verba cu masti li re|The child is two months old.}}
{{gl|masti|x1 is x2 months long}}
{{mu|lo nu carvi cu djedi li ci|It's raining for three days.}}
{{gl|djedi|x1 is x2 full days long}}

===New verbs from one scale===
{{mu|mi na'e nelci do|I other than like you.}}
"Left scalar" particles (to which '''na'e''' belongs) are put to the left of constructs they affect and form a scale:
*{{gln|je'a|indeed (the affirmative position on the scale)}}. The word '''je'a''' confirms the meaning of a part of sentence. Usually it's just omitted.
**{{mun|mi je'a nelci do|I indeed like you.}}
*{{gln|na'e|non- (other than the affirmative position on the scale)}}
**{{mun|mi na'e nelci do|I other than like you.}}
*{{gln|no'e|not really (midpoint on the scale)}}. The word '''no'e''' makes a part of sentence middle in its meaning.
**{{mun|mi no'e nelci do|As for whether I love or hate you, I'm indifferent to you. I neither like nor hate you.}}
*{{gln|to'e|anti-, dis-, mis- etc. (opposite on the scale)}}. The word '''to'e''' makes a part of sentence opposite in its meaning. It's similar to English ''anti-''.
**{{mun|mi to'e nelci do|I hate you.|I anti-like you}}

'''na'e''' is more vague than '''no'e''' and '''to'e''', it can mean any of them when you don't care about the exact meaning.

==Lesson 8. Math and more prepositions ==
=== ''Possibly can'', ''have been'' and ''haven't yet been'' ===
{{mu|lo cipni ka'e vofli|Birds can fly.}}
{{mu|lo pendo be mi ca'a xendo prenu|My friend shows himself as a friendly person.}}
{{mu|lo pendo be mi ka'e litru bu'u ro da|A friend of mine can travel in any place.}}
{{mu|mi ca'a zvati la madrid|I am in Madrid.}}
{{mu|mi pu'i zvati la madrid|I have been to Madrid.}}
{{mu|mi nu'o zvati la madrid|I have never been to Madrid.}}
{{gl|ka'e|preposition of potential: possibly can}}
{{gl|ca'a|preposition of potential: actually is}}
{{gl|pu'i|preposition of potential: has already happened}}
{{gl|nu'o|preposition of potential: hasn't ever happened}}
This series of so called prepositions of potential describes possible situations.

Note that '''ka'e''' means that an event can happen whereas, for example,
{{mu|lo cipni cu kakne lo ka vofli|Birds are capable of flying.}}
describes abilities dependent on actions of participants.

=== ''Plus'' and ''minus'' ===
{{mu|li mu du li re su'i ci|5=2+3|Five equals two plus three.}}
Here '''li''' is similar to '''lo''' but it starts a mathematical expression (or just a number). So '''li mu''' means ''Number 5'' for use in formulae unlike simple '''mu''' which is used to denote 5 objects or events.

Note that '''re su'i ci''' (''2+3'') is one single expression considered as one noun.

'''du''' is a verb and means ''to be equal to''.
*'''su'i''' means ''plus''.
*'''vu'u''' means ''minus''.
*'''pi'i''' means ''times'' and is used for multiplication
*'''fe'i''' means ''divided by'' and is used for division.

The word '''pi''' is a decimal separator so '''no pi mu''' means ''0.5'', '''ci ze pi pa so''' means ''37.19''.

In some notations 0.35 can be written as .35 and in Lojban we can also drop zero saying '''pi mu'''.

Here are some other examples.
{{gl|li pare fe'i ci du li vo|12 : 3 {{=}} 4}}
{{gl|li re pi'i re du li vo|two times two is four}}
{{gl|li pano vu'u mu pi'i re du li no|10 — 5 ⋅ 2 {{=}} 0}}

Notice that you put '''li''' only once before the equation and once after it. Thus ''12 : 3'' is considered one number. Indeed, ''4'' is the same as ''12 : 3''. They are both numbers.


For asking for a number we use '''ma''':
{{mu|li ci su'i vo du ma|3 + 4 {{=}} ?}}
{{mu|li ze|7}}

=== "''First, second, last''" ===
Ordinal numbers such as "first, second, third" are used to put things in order. In Lojban they are formed with a number plus '''moi''' immediately after it:
{{gl|pa moi|x1 is first among ...}}
{{gl|re moi|x1 is second among ...}}
{{gl|ci moi|x1 is third among ...}}
:…
{{gl|ro moi|x1 is last among ...}}
It is also possible to use verbs instead of numbers:
{{gl|me mi moi|x1 is mine}}
{{gl|me do moi|x1 is yours}}
In this case we had to convert pronouns to verbs using '''me'''.
{{mu|le nakni cu pa moi lo se prami be mi|He is my first love.}}
{{mu|tu ro moi lo ratcu pe mi|That is my last rat.}}
{{mu|lo cerni tarci cu ro moi lo tarci poi cumki fa lo nu viska ke'a pu lo nu co'a donri|The morning star is the last star that's visible before the dawning of the day.}}
{{mu|tu me mi moi|That's mine.}}
{{mu|tu me mi moi lo stizu|That's my place.}}
{{mu|.i lo vi stizu cu me mi moi lo pa ci stizu poi sruri lo jubme|This place is mine among 13 places around the table.}}

Cardinal numbers are placed before ordinal numbers in a string and separated by '''boi''':
{{mu|lo ci boi pa moi be lo ckafi kabri|the first three cups of coffee}}

Without '''boi''' it would turn into '''ci pa moi''' – ''thirty-first''.

=== '''gau''' - make them do it ===
The preposition '''gau''' marks the agent of event:
{{mu|le canko cu kalri|The window is open.}}
{{mu|le canko gau do kalri|You open the window.|The window driven-by you is open}}
{{gl|gau|preposition: caused by ... (agent), driven by ... (someone, some object)}}
{{gl|kalri|x1 is open}}

Thus, such verbs as ''to open (something)'', ''to move'' can be rephrased as ''to make something open'', ''to make something move'' and therefore we don't need to learn extra verbs for every such meaning. Instead we add the preposition '''gau''' all the time.

There is also another method that retains the same order of words as in English:
{{mu|le canko gau ko kalri ko jai gau kalri fai le canko|Open the window!}}
Here we transform the verb '''kalri''' - ''to be open'' into a verb
{{gl|jai gau kalri|to open something}}
The first place of '''kalri''' can be shown by using a place tag '''fai'''.

Some more variations:
{{mu|le pa karce cu muvdu|The car moves.}}
{{mu|ko jai gau muvdu fai le karce le karce gau ko muvdu|Move the car! Make the car move!}}
{{mu|fa le karce cu muvdu fe ti|The car moves here.}}
{{mu|ko jai gau muvdu fai le karce fe ti|Move the car here!}}
'''muvdu''' - ''is moving'' is transformed into a new verb '''jai gau muvdu''' - ''to move''.
{{gl|muvdu|x1 moves to x2 from x3 via x4}}
{{gl|jai gau muvdu fai le karce|x1 moves the car to x2 from x3 via x4}}

{{mu|la alis cu klama|Alice comes.}}
{{mu|la alis gau ko klama|Make Alice come!}}

=== ''Why''? - '''ri'a''' and '''ni'i''' ===
{{mu|- ri'a ma carvi - lo nu lo dilnu cu klaku|- Why is it raining? - Because the clouds are crying.}}
{{gl|ri'a|because of ... (some event)}}
{{gl|ri'a ma|why?}}

Unlike '''gau''' the preposition '''ri'a''' expects not an agent, but an event like ''the clouds are crying'':

{{mu|lo dilnu cu klaku ri'a lo nu lo dargu cu cilmo|Skies are crying resulting in the road being wet.}}

''Therefore'' is the reverse word compared to ''because'':
{{mu|lo dilnu cu klaku i se ri'a bo lo dargu cu cilmo|Skies are crying. Therefore the road is wet.}}
*'''ri'a''' = ''because''
*'''se ri'a''' = ''therefore''

Another type of ''why'' is '''ni'i''':
{{mu|- ni'i ma nicte - lo nu lo solri na te gusni|- Why is it night? - Because the sun is not shining.}}
{{mu|lo solri na te gusni i se ni'i bo nicte|The sun is not shining. Therefore, it's night.}}
{{gl|ni'i|logically because of ...}}
{{gl|seni'i|with the logical consequence that ..., logically therefore}}

Here we can't use '''ri'a''' as we are talking not about a result but about logical implication. The fact that it is night just logically follows from the sun not shining.

==== Prepositions more precise than '''ri'a''' ====

{{mu|mi darxi la .kevin. mu'i lo nu ky. lacpu lo kerfa be mi|I hit Kevin because he pulled my hair.}}
{{gl|mu'i|because (of motive …)}}

In this example, what we have is not two events which are physically connected, like clouds and rain, but three events:
#Kevin pulls my hair.
#I decide, as a result of this, to hit Kevin.
#I hit Kevin.
English misses out the second event and says ''Sally hit Joey because he pulled her hair.'' However, this is not only vague but, some would say, psychologically dangerous. People do not generally react to stimuli automatically, but as a result of motivation, and confusing complex responses with simple physical causation may lead us to believe that we have no control over our emotions or even our actions. Thus, it is often useful to say not just general reactions ('''ri'a''') but emphasize responses which have a cognitive/emotional element ('''mu'i''').

{{mu|la .salis. cu te dunda lo tartcita lo ctuca ki'u lo nu sy. carmi gunka}}
{{gl|ki'u|because (due to explanation …)}}

The difference between motivation and justification is not always clear, but we can say that the latter involves some rule or standard while the former does not require this. Going back to the example of Sally and the teacher, it is possible to say
{{mu|la .salis. cu te dunda lo tartcita lo ctuca mu'i lo nu sy. carmi gunka||Sally is-given a star-label [by] the teacher with-motivation she much-try work.}}

However, this says only that Sally's hard work motivated the teacher to give her a star. It does not imply that it is the custom for teachers to give stars (or ‘star-labels’, as I have rather pedantically translated it) as a reward for good work. What we need here is '''ki'u''', the preposition from '''krinu'''.

{{notci|Note: Don't get '''ki'u''' mixed up with '''ku'i''' which means ''but, however''.}}
'''ki'u''' appeals to more general considerations than '''mu'i''', but it still deals with human standards, not logical laws. Only a very naive student would believe that if a student is given a star, it must logically imply that that student has worked hard.

In the case '''ni'i ma nicte''', however, the fact that the Sun isn't shining it is night logically entails that the Sun isn't shining. Here we can confidently use '''nibli''' or '''ni'i'''.

=== "''So … that''" ===
The expression ''so ... that'' is expressed in Lojban by splitting the sentence into two:
{{mu|mi tai galtu plipe .i se ri'a bo mi farlu|I jumped so high that I fell down.}}
{{gl|tai|preposition: in the manner of ...}}
Other examples:
{{mu|mi tai zukte|I act this way}}
{{mu|mi tai fengu|I am so angry.}}
{{gl|fengu|x1 is angry of x2 (clause)}}

=== "''If … then''" ===
{{mu|fau lo nu do fenki vau mi ba prami do|If you are crazy then I'll love you.}}
{{gl|fau|preposition: with the event of ..., under circumstances ... (clause follows)}}
'''fau''' is much like '''ca''' (''when'') or '''bu'u''' (''at (some place)'').

In many cases we can replace '''fau''' with '''ca''' getting almost the same meaning (sometimes more precise):
{{mu|mi ba prami do ca lo nu do fenki|I'll love you when you are crazy.}}
We can replace '''lo''' with '''ro''' after such prepositions getting a new meaning:
{{mu|mi ba prami do ca ro nu do fenki|I'll love you whenever you are crazy.}}

==== '''fau''' and '''da'i'''. ''What if ...'' ====
{{mu|da'i mi turni|I could be a king.}}
{{mu|da'i nai mi turni|I am a king.}}
*The interjection '''da'i''' marks the clause in which it is put as describing an imaginary event.
*The opposite interjection '''da'inai''' marks the clause as describing an actual, real event.
Constructs with '''da'i''' are usually translated to English with so called auxiliary verbs such as ''can/could, will/would, may/might, should'' and ''must''. Clauses with '''da'i''' in English are said to be in ''subjunctive mood''.

Omitting '''da'i''' or '''da'inai''' makes the sentence clear only from context which is usually quite transparent. That's why '''da'i''' or '''da'inai''' is not obligatory. We use it for clarity when needed.

Clauses with '''da'i''' often include '''fau''':
{{mu|da'i mi gleki fau lo nu mi ponse lo megdo be lo rupnu|I would/could be happy if I had one million dollars.}}

{{gl|fau|in the event/situation/world of …}}
{{gl|megdo|x1 is a million of x2}}
Here the event inside '''fau''' is equally imagined together with '''mi gleki'''. And here is the reverse example:
{{mu|da'inai mi gleki fau lo nu mi ponse lo megdo be lo rupnu|Having one million dollars I am happy.}}

A good example of '''mo''' and '''da'i''':
{{mu|mo da'i fau lo nu mi cusku zo nai|What if I say "no"?}}

==== Probabilities ====
Suppose you come home and hear someone scratching. You can say one of the following sentences:
{{mupli|'''fau da ti mlatu.''' ''This might be/possibly is a cat. It is possible that this is a cat.'' (You keep several animals at home. So it might be your cat scratching but you are not sure.)}}
{{mupli|'''fau ro da ti mlatu.''' ''this must be/certainly is the cat.'' (You have a cat and such noise can be produced by only one object, that cat.)}}
{{mupli|'''fau so'e da ti mlatu.''' ''This should be/probably is the cat.'' (If you have a dog then it can also produce such sounds but your dog usually doesn't do that so the cat is more likely.)}}
{{mu|fau so'u da ti mlatu.|It is not probable that this is the cat.}}
{{mu|fau no da ti mlatu|This can't be the cat. This mustn't be the cat. It is impossible that this is the cat.}}
Notice that we omitted '''da'i''' for brevity. But if we want to be explicitly clear about the events being imaginary '''da'i''' in these examples is to be put inside the '''fau''' clause:
#'''fau da'i da''' denotes that the event in this clause ''is possible, may/can possibly happen.''
#'''fau da'i ro da''' — the event ''would necessarily happen.''
#'''fau da'i so'e da''' — the event ''is probable, will probably happen, is likely to happen.''
#'''fau da'i so'o da''' — the event ''is remotely probable, could/might happen.''
#'''fau da'i so'u da''' — the event ''is not likely, probably don't happen.''
#'''fau da'i no da''' — the event ''is not possible.''
The difference between these is in the number of imaginary situations we take into account. We don't describe those situations, we just mark them as '''da''' (''something'') letting the context (or our listeners) decide what those situations are.

====Words with possibility implied in their places====
Some verbs have '''da'i''' implied in some of their places when you don't use '''da'i''' explicitly:
{{mu|mi pacna lo nu do ba pluka sipna|I hope you will have a pleasant sleep.}}
{{gl|pacna|x1 hopes for x2 (possible event) with likelihood x3 (number, by default '''li so'a''' i.e. close to 1)}}

{{mu|mi kanpe lo nu do tsuku|I expect you to arrive.}}
{{mu|mi kanpe lo nu do ba jinga vau li so'e|You'll probably win.|I expect with a high probability that you will win.}}
{{mu|mi kanpe lo nu mi cortu fau ro nu lo rokci cu farlu lo tuple be mi|I know for a fact that if a rock lands on my foot, it will hurt.}}
{{gl|kanpe|x1 expects x2 (possible event) with expected likelihood x3 (a number from 0 till 1, the default value is '''li so'a''', i.e. near 1)}}
Unlike '''pacna''' the verb '''kanpe''' doesn't necessarily implies hope or wish. It can describe impartial expectation, subjective evaluation of the probability of a situation.

{{mu|cumki fa lo nu do jinga|It is possible that you win.}}
{{mu|- xu ba carvi - cumki|- Will it rain? - Maybe.}}
{{gl|cumki|x1 (possible event) is possible, x1 may, might occur, x1 is a maybe.}}

{{mu|- xu ba carvi - lakne|- Will it rain? - Probably.}}
{{gl|lakne|x1 (possible event) is probable, likely}}

{{mu|mi djica lo nu do jinga|I want you to win.}}
{{mu|mi djica lo ka vitke fi la .paris.|I would rather visit Paris. I want to visit Paris.}}
{{gl|djica|x1 wants x2 (possible event)}}

{{mu|mi te mukti lo ka vitke fi la .paris.|I will visit Paris. I intend to/I'm gonna visit Paris.}}
{{mu|mi te mukti vitke fi la .paris.|I'm visiting Paris intentionally.}}
{{gl|te mukti|x1 is motivated to bring about goal x2 (possible event) by motive x3 (event)}}

{{mu|mi kakne lo ka limna|I am able to swim.}}
{{mu|mi pu kakne lo ka gunka|I could work. I was able to work.}}
{{gl|kakne|x1 can, is able to do x2 (property of x1)}}
x2 describes a possible event.

{{mu|mi te javni lo ka gunka|I should work.}}
{{gl|te javni|x1 should/ought to do x2 (property of x1) under rule x3 (proposition)}}
x2 describes a possible event.
{{mu|do na te javni lo ka tcidu|You don't have to read.}}
{{gl|na te javni|x1 doesn't have to, needn't to do x2 (property of x1) under rule x3 (proposition)}}
:x2 describes a possible event.

{{mu|mi nitcu lo ka sipna|I need to sleep.}}
{{gl|nitcu|x1 needs x2 (possible event)}}

{{mu|mi bilga lo ka gunka|I must work. I am obliged to work.}}
{{gl|bilga|x1 must, is obliged to do x2 (property of x1)}}

{{mu|mi curmi lo nu do citka ti|I allow you to eat this.}}
{{gl|curmi|x1 allows/permits x2 (possible event)}}

{{mu|mi tolcru lo nu do nerkla|I forbid you to enter.}}
{{gl|tolcru|x1 forbids/prohibits x2 (possible event)}}

{{mu|xu do stidi lo nu mi sipna|Do you suggest that I sleep?}}
{{gl|stidi|x1 makes a suggestion x2 (possible event}}

{{mu|mi na birti lo nu ra klama|I'm not sure if he comes.}}
{{gl|birti|x1 is sure that x2 (possible event) happens}}

{{mu|mi senpi lo nu ra kakne lo ka limna|I doubt that he can swim.}}
{{gl|senpi|x1 doubts that x2 (possible event) is true}}
:'''senpi''' is the same as '''na'e birti'''

{{mu|mi se xanri lo nu mi pavyseljirna|I imagine myself being a unicorn. I could be a unicorn.}}
{{mu|se xanri|x1 imagines x2 (possible event)}}
{{mu|xanri|x1 (possible event) is imagined by x2}}

== Lesson 9. Logical conjunctions ==
Basic logical conjunctions in Lojban are based on 4 primitive ones: '''.a''', '''.e''', '''.o''', '''.u'''. Here we'll cover them in detail.

=== Logical conjunctions for nouns ===
Here are the conjunctions combining two words: ''this'' and ''that''.
*'''ti .a ta''' = ''this and/or that''
**{{mun|mi ba vitke lo mamta .a lo tamne|I'll visit the mother or the cousin.}}
**Note that '''.a''' can also be translated as ''at least one of the two values'' and thus leaves open the possibility that I will get round to visiting both of them at some point.
*'''ti .e ta''' = ''this and that''
**{{mun|mi ralte pa gerku .e re mlatu|I've got a dog and two cats.|I keep one dog and two cat.}}
*'''ti .o ta''' = ''either this and that, or none''
**{{mun|mi ba vitke lo mamta .o lo tamne|I will visit either both the mother and the cousin, or none of them}}
*'''ti .u ta''' = ''this, and perhaps that'', ''this whether or not that''
**{{mun|mi ba vitke lo mamta .u lo tamne|I'll visit the mother whether or not I'll visit the cousin.}}
**'''.u''' just emphasizes that the second value does not affect the truth of the sentence.

Placing '''na''' before a conjunction negates what is to the left of it. Placing '''nai''' after a conjunction negates what is to the right of it:
*'''ti .e nai ta''' = ''this and not that''
**{{mun|mi nelci la bob .e nai la alis|I like Bob but not Alice.|I like Bob and not Alice}}
**We can also say '''ti .e nai ku'i ta''' (''this but not that'') adding a flavor of contrast for the second noun.
*'''ti na .e ta''' = ''not this but that''
**{{mun|mi nelci la alis na .e la Bob|I don't like Alice but I do like Bob.|I like Alice not and Bob}}
**This may sound a bit weird for English speakers ("<tt>I like Alice not…</tt>") so you might prefer to swap the nouns and use '''.e nai''' instead: '''mi nelci la bob .e nai la alis''' or even '''mi nelci la bob .i mi na nelci la alis''' will mean the same.
*'''ti na .e nai ta''' = ''neither this nor that (none)''
**{{mun|mi nelci la alis na .e nai la Bob|I don't like neither Alice nor Bob}}

Negating with other primitive conjunctions might not look intuitively usable, you can just learn them from examples:
*'''ti .a nai ta''' = ''this if that'', ''for this the exclusive condition to happen is that''
**{{mun|mi ba vitke lo mamta .a nai lo tamne|I will visit the mother but for that to happen I need to visit the cousin.}}
**Thus '''ti .a nai ta''' means that '''ta''' is necessary (but may not be the only condition) for '''ti''' to be applied.
*'''ti .o nai ta''' = ''either this or that''
**{{mun|mi ba vitke lo mamta .o nai lo tamne|I'll visit either the mother or the cousin.}}
**If I want to say that that I will visit either the mother or the cousin but not both, I need '''.o nai''' (''either/or''). It's unlike '''.a''' (''and/or'') where I can visit both of them.

*'''ti na .u ta''' = doesn't influence ''(not this, but perhaps that)''
*'''ti na .u nai ta''' = doesn't influence ''(not this, but perhaps that)''

*'''ti se .u ta''' = ''perhaps this, and that''
*'''ti se .u nai ta''' = ''perhaps this but not that''
'''se''' is used only for '''.u''' because in other cases it leads to no effect in meaning.

These are used for connecting nouns. For connecting parts of compound verbs we use similar conjunctions: '''ja''', '''je''', '''jo''', '''ju'''. So instead of the dot (pause) we use '''j''' here.

{{notci|It's common to use '''ja''', '''je''', '''jo''', '''ju''' for connecting nouns too.}}

=== Logical conjunctions for sentences ===
{{mu|mi ralte pa gerku .e re mlatu|I've got a dog and two cats.|I keep one dog and two cat.}}
This is actually a contracted way of saying:
{{mu|mi ralte pa gerku .i je mi ralte re mlatu|It is true that I have a dog. It is true that I have two cats.}}

'''.i je''' joins two sentences with a logical ''and'', showing that two sentences are part of one thought and that both sentences are true.

Here are examples for other conjunctions for sentences:
{{mu|la rome'os cu prami la djuliet .i je la djuliet cu prami la rome'os|Romeo loves Juliet'' and ''Juliet loves Romeo}}
::means that both statements are true, i.e. Romeo and Juliet love each other.

The same is applicable to other conjunctions:
{{mu|la rome'os cu prami la djuliet .i ja la djuliet cu prami la rome'os|Romeo loves Juliet and/or Juliet loves Romeo}}
::means that one of them loves the other, and perhaps both of them do.
{{mu|la rome'os cu prami la djuliet .i jo nai la djuliet cu prami la rome'os|Either Romeo loves Juliet or Juliet loves Romeo.}}
::Here either Romeo loves Juliet (but Juliet doesn't love him), or Juliet loves Romeo (but he doesn't love her).
{{mu|la rome'os cu prami la djuliet .i ja nai la djuliet cu prami la rome'os|For Romeo to love Juliet it's necessary that Juliet loves Romeo.}}
::means that if Juliet loves Romeo, he definitely loves her, but he may love her anyway (the only outcome which is impossible is that Juliet loves Romeo but he doesn't love her).
{{mu|la rome'os cu prami la djuliet .i jo la djuliet cu prami la rome'os|Either Romeo loves Juliet and Juliet loves Romeo, or none of the two events happens.}}
::means that if Juliet loves Romeo, he loves her, and if she doesn't love him, he doesn't love her.
{{mu|la rome'os cu prami la djuliet .i ju la djuliet cu prami la rome'os|Romeo loves Juliet whether or not Juliet loves Romeo.}}

Notice how we Lojbanize the name "Romeo": combination "eo" is impossible in Lojban so we used "e'o" and added a consonant in the end for his name.

Note that '''da''' refers to the same entity when several sentences are connected to each other using conjunctions or with prepositions with '''bo''' (like '''ba bo'''). So if I say '''da klama lo barja .i je da fenki''' you can assume I'm referring to the same person in both sentences.

=== Logical conjunctions for compound verbs ===
{{mu|lo melbi xunre cukta|beautifully red books}}
{{mu|lo melbi je xunre cukta|beautiful and red books}}
Other conjunctions also make sense:
{{mu|mi nelci ro lo xajmi ja melbi prenu|I likes all of funny or handsome (or both) persons.}}
{{mu|mi nelci ro lo xajmi jo nai melbi prenu|I likes all of either funny or beautiful persons.}}
::this might be explained if, for example, I find the qualities of humor and good looks incompatible, i.e. a mixture of the two would be just too much.
{{mu|mi nelci ro lo xajmi ju melbi nanmu|I likes all of funny (whether or not beautiful) persons.}}

And once again we shouldn't forget the difference between connecting nouns and connecting parts of compound verbs:
{{mu|mi ba vitke pa pendo e pa speni mi ba vitke pa pendo je pa speni|I will visit a friend and a spouse.}}
::The second Lojban sentence uses the common trend of using '''je''' for connecting nouns.
{{mu|mi ba vitke pa pendo je speni|I will visit a friend-and-spouse}}
The last Lojban sentence means that the friend is also a spouse.

=== Logical conjunctions for clause tails ===
{{mu|pu ku mi kelci la fudbol gi'e klama lo zdani gi'e pinxe lo ladru|I played football, went home, drank milk.}}
'''gi'e''' connects several clauses into one with some nouns shared. Look at this:
It expands into '''pu ku mi kelci la fudbol i je pu ku mi klama lo zdani''' ... which would be lengthier.

With '''gi'e''' we keep the head of the clause constant, and specify nouns after each of the verb ('''kelci la fudbol''', '''klama lo zdani''' ...)

Thus when using '''gi'e''' we have several main verbs in the tail, which means that it's actually several clauses (with a common head) joined together.

'''gi'e''' has the same final vowel as in '''je''' and thus means ''and''.

Other conjunctions for joining clause tails:
*'''gi'a''' for ''and/or''
*'''gi'o nai''' for ''either ... or''
*'''gi'u''' for ''whether or not'' etc.
So they have the same ending as conjunctions of '''.a''' series.
==== Prepositions in sentences with several tails ====
Note that prepositions in adverb form and in tense form make a difference when applied to sentences with several clauses:

*preposition in adverb form is applied to the clause to the right of it with all its tails:
**'''mi na ku citka lo finpe gi'e pinxe''' - ''I neither eat fish nor drink.'' Here, '''na''' is applied to '''citka lo finpe gi'e pinxe'''.
*preposition in tense form is applied to one clause tail only:
**'''mi na citka lo finpe gi'e pinxe''' - ''I don't eat fish but drink.'' Here, '''na''' is applied to '''citka lo finpe''' only.

=== Choice questions ===
Another type of English ''or'' can be found in questions:
{{mu|— xu do pinxe lo tcati .o nai lo ckafi? — je'u|— Will you drink tea or coffee? — Yes.}}
That's a weird but a perfectly reasonable answer: ''Yes, I will drink tea or coffee.''

Why this happens is because ''or'' has several meanings in English:
#''A or B'' can mean ''either A, or B but not both''. We use '''jonai''' here.
#''A or B'' can mean ''A or B or both''. We use '''ja''' here.
#''A or B?'' can be a question meaning ''select from A and B, which of them do you choose?'' We use '''ji''' here.
Thus in the last case we use a separate question conjunction '''ji''':
{{mu|— do pinxe lo tcati ji lo ckafi?|— Will you drink tea or coffee?}}
Possible answers:
{{mu|lo tcati .e lo ckafi|Tea and coffee.}}

{{mu|lo tcati|Tea.}}

{{mu|lo ckafi|Coffee.}}
It is also possible to use conjunctions when replying:
{{mupli|'''.e''' — ''Both'' (the first and the second item is chosen) 
'''.e nai''' — ''The first one (tea)'' (the first but not the second one is chosen) 
'''na .e''' — ''The second one (coffee)'' (not the first but the second one is chosen) 
'''na .e nai''' — ''Neither'' (not the first and not the second one is chosen)}}

You can ask questions in the same way about the other kinds of conjunctions we have looked at. The interrogative conjunction for clause tails is '''gi'i''', for compound verbs - '''je'i''', for sentences — '''.i je'i'''.
{{notci|It's common to use '''ji''' for compound verbs too and '''.i ji''' for sentences.}}
Indirect questions are achieved by using '''ji kau''':

Consider the waiter asks a visitor
{{mu|- lo lanme ji lo bakni|- lamb or beef?}}

Once the visitor answers, the waiter knows whether the visitor wants to eat lamb or beef:
{{mu|ba lo nu le vitke cu spusku vau lo bevri cu djuno lo du'u le vitke cu djica lo ka citka lo lanme ji kau lo bakni|After the visitor replies, the waiter knows whether the visitor wants to eat lamb or beef.}}

=== Forethought conjunctions ===
{{mu|ge do gi mi|both you and I}}
{{mu|ge nai do gi mi|Not you but I}}
{{mu|ge do gi nai mi|You but not I}}
{{mu|go nai do gi mi|Either you or I}}
Forethought conjunction '''ge''' means ''and'' but it's placed before the first noun. '''gi''' separates the two nouns.
The series is parallel to other conjunctions. It is '''ga''', '''ge''', '''go''', '''gu''' and also '''ge nai''', '''go nai''' etc. The separator '''gi''' is the same for all of them.

Using such conjunctions is a matter of convenience:
{{mu|mi citka ge nai lo bakni gi lo jipci|I eat not beef but chicken.}}
Here, like in English ''not'' is stated before the first noun.

'''ge''' and words in this series can still be used for connecting clauses too:
{{mu|ge mi dansu gi mi zgipli lo pipno|I both dance and play the piano.}}
{{gl|zgipli|x1 plays musical instrument x2}}
{{gl|lo pipno|piano}}
{{mu|.i ga nai pu zi carvi gi ca cilmo|If it has been raining recently, it's wet now.}}

== Lesson 10. Structuring text ==
==='''ju'a''' and assertions===
{{mu|le nakni cu fenki i ji'a je la alis cu jinvi lo du'u go'i|The man is crazy. And Alice thinks that too.}}
{{mu|la alis cu jinvi lo du'u le nakni cu fenki|Alice has an opinion that the man is crazy.}}
By default the main clause of sentence asserts some information. Clauses inside places or relative clauses may not be asserted.
In the last example that the man is crazy is not asserted by the speaker. It's only Alice's opinion.

The interjection '''ju'a''' makes the clause as asserted by the speaker.
The first sentence can be thus rephrased as:
{{mu|la alis cu jinvi lo du'u ju'a le nakni cu fenki|Alice has an opinion that the man is crazy, and it is so.}}
English often fails to translate this powerful '''ju'a''' concisely, thus the English translation doesn't follow the word order of the Lojban original.

One more example:
{{mu|mi nelci lo nu do dansu|I like when you dance.}}
{{mu|mi nelci lo nu ju'a do dansu|I like that you dance.}}
In the second case the speaker asserts "You dance".

=== '''pe'a''' for metaphors, '''za'e''' for nonce words, '''ba'e''' for emphasis ===
{{mu|le ninmu cu tarci pe'a i va'i ri misno|The woman is a "star". I other words, she is famous.}}
{{gl|pe'a|interjection: marks a construct as metaphorically used.}}
{{gl|tarci|x1 is a star}}

'''tarci''' denotes real stars, objects in the sky. The interjection '''pe'a'''

{{mu|i ba ku mi pu viska lo cizra stuzi poi lo fagri cu nenri i mi pu klama za'e le fagrystu|And then I saw a strange place with a fire inside. I came to that (how to say) "fire-place".}}
{{gl|za'e|left interjection: marks the following construct as used not in its usual meaning}}
Left interjections like their name suggests are put before a construct modified (whereas other interjections are put after it).

The left interjection '''za'e''' shows that the following construct, '''le fagrystu''' in this case, is made up or used not in its standard meaning, i.e. there wouldn't be need to look up in the dictionary or ask the speaker specifically about the meaning of this word since the word is used to further describe the story.

{{mu|ba'e la alis e nai la kevin pu darxi mi|Alice, not Kevin hit me!}}
{{mu|mi djuno lo du'u ma kau pu darxi ba'e mi i ku'i mi na djuno lo du'u ma kau pu darxi do|I know who hit me. But I don't know who hit you.}}
{{gl|ba'e|left interjection: puts an emphasis on the following construct}}
To emphasize a word we would use stress in spoken English, and underlining, italics or capital letters in written English.

In Lojban we use the left interjection '''ba'e'''.

=== Paragraphs and separating sentences ===
'''ni'o''' works exactly like '''.i''' but starts a new paragraph. Paragraphs are usually associated with new topics.

It is normal to use in speech only '''.i''' to separate sentence but you might want to use '''ni'o''' especially in a written text to structure it.

{|style="border:0px; line-height: 2.0em; border-left:solid 3px #1E90FF; border-radius: 0px; margin:0px 25px 0px 25px; padding-left:8px; padding-right:8px; width:auto;"
|ni'o
<div style='text-indent: 10px;'>i pa nintadni pu vitke lo ctuca bu'u lo galtu bu'u lo darno cmana</div>
<div style='text-indent: 10px;'>- i doi lo ctuca noi certu tavla fo la lojban vau, do skicu e'o fi mi fe lo nu fi ma kau fa la Lojban cu frica fe lo drata bangu</div>
<div style='text-indent: 10px;'>i le ctuca pu dunda fi le nintadni fe lo kabri be lo jinto djacu gi'e ba bo cusku di'e</div>
<div style='text-indent: 10px;'>- i ca ti ko catlu le djacu gi'e skicu ri</div>
<div style='text-indent: 10px;'>- i ku'i mi mo'u pinxe ri i mi na kakne lo ka catlu</div>
<div style='text-indent: 10px;'>- i ki'u ma do na kakne</div>
<div style='text-indent: 10px;'>- i le djacu ca pagbu lo mi xadni</div> 

ni'o
<div style='text-indent: 10px;'>i lo mudri co'a pagbu lo zdani be da</div>
<div style='text-indent: 10px;'>i lo bangu poi se tadni co'a pagbu lo menli be de</div>
<div style='text-indent: 10px;'>i lo dirgo be lo djacu co'a pagbu lo zmadu be fi lo ka banli</div> 
<div style='text-indent: 10px;font-style: italic;'>A newbie visited a Master far high in the mountains.</div>
<div style='text-indent: 10px;font-style: italic;'>- Master, you speak fluent Lojban. Please, tell me what is the difference between Lojban and other languages. 
<div style='text-indent: 10px;font-style: italic;'>The Master offered him a cup of spring water and then said:</div>
<div style='text-indent: 10px;font-style: italic;'>- Now look at the water and describe it.</div>
<div style='text-indent: 10px;font-style: italic;'>- But I drank it up. I can't look at it.</div>
<div style='text-indent: 10px;font-style: italic;'>- Why can't you?</div>
<div style='text-indent: 10px;font-style: italic;'>- Now it's a part of my body.</div> 

<div style='text-indent: 10px;font-style: italic;'>A piece of wood becomes a part of someone's house.</div>
<div style='text-indent: 10px;font-style: italic;'>A language learnt becomes a part of someone's mind.</div>
<div style='text-indent: 10px;font-style: italic;'>A drop of water becomes a part of something greater.</div>
|}

=== '''to … toi''' for parenthetical remarks ===
Comments that we place inside parentheses in English text are formed using the particle '''to''' instead of the left parenthesis and '''toi''' instead of the right parenthesis:
{{mu|ti poi to vi'onai do mi na djica lo drata toi plise cu fusra|This (no, I don't want another one!) apple is rotten.}}
{{gl|djica|to desire}}
{{gl|drata|to be different from …}}
{{gl|plise|x1 is an apple}}
{{gl|fusra|x1 rots or decays with agent x2}}

Such parenthetical remarks can go anywhere interjections can — meaning pretty much anywhere in a Lojban sentence. With parentheses, just like with quotes, you need to know where the parenthesis starts, and where it ends.

=== Fixing errors in speech ===
When screwing a sentence up, knowing how to correct yourself is a good idea. You can use two words to delete your previous words:
*'''si''' — deletion: Deletes last word only.
*'''sa''' — deletion: Deletes back until next cmavo spoken.
The function of them is obvious: they delete words as if they have never been spoken. They do not work inside certain quotes (all quotes except '''lu...li'u'''), though, as that would leave it impossible to quote these words. Several '''si''' in a row deletes several words.

When you make a mistake while speaking (factual or grammatical) in English you don't normally bother to correct it even if you realize you made a mistake in the first place. That's because English is fairly redundant (for this very reason!). In English if we catch ourselves making an error, we stumble out a correction that will do the trick, without going into details like how many words should be cancelled: context usually helps us. So if I say
:''I took and read an English dictionary. Er, Lojban dictionary.''
context and common sense dictate that ''Lojban dictionary'' is meant to replace ''English dictionary''. But what if it was meant to replace ''took and read an English dictionary''? We wouldn't normally care, in natural languages.

But Lojban allows you to be more precise about what words you are correcting.

'''si''' erases the immediately preceding word. If you want to erase two words in a row, you say '''si si''' after them. So the correction above would be in Lojban
:'''.i mi te benji je tadni lo glico valsi si si lojbo valsi'''
{{gl|valsi|x1 is a word with the meaning x2 in language x3}}
The problem with '''si''' is, you have to count words. This can get tedious, and you shouldn't have to keep a transcript of your words when you want to correct yourself.

The other correction word Lojban offers is somewhat more helpful: '''sa''' takes the word following it, which starts the clause to serve as the correction. It then goes back in the sentence, looking for the last time you used a clause starting with the same word or another word of the same class (selma'o). Once it finds the last such clause, it replaces all text from that clause up to '''sa''' with the clause following '''sa'''. For example:
:'''.i mi te benji gi'e tadni lo sa .i mi tadni lo lojbo valsi'''
The correction following '''sa''' is a sentence; you know that, because the first word after '''sa''' is the sentence marker, '''.i'''. So the sentence following '''sa''' replaces the current sentence up to and including '''sa'''. Or consider:
:'''.i mi mrilu fi do ca lo prulamdei sa ca lo reldei'''
The correction is '''ca lo reldei''' — ''on Tuesday''. So what it replaces is everything from the last clause beginning with '''ca''': '''ca lo prulamdei''' — ''yesterday''. The English version would be ''Yesterday I mailed you... actually, it was Tuesday.''

=== Dealing with misunderstanding ===
{{mupli|— '''.i mi pu zi te vecnu lo flokati''' — '''.i lo flokati ki'a''' — ''I just bought a flokati.'' — ''Flokati, huh?''}}
{{gl|ki'a|interjection inquiry: confusion about something said. "Huh? Whaat?? (confusion), pardon?"}}
When you don't understand what someone has just said — whether because you don't get what they were referring to, or you don't know the word, or the grammar confused you — you can repeat the word or clause you didn't get, and add '''ki'a''' as a plaintive request for clarification (so it's even better than ''Huh?'', because you can point out exactly what made you say ''Huh?'')

Here is a dialogue.
{{mupli|— '''mi nelci lo kalci''' — '''ki'a ?''' — ''I like shit''. — ''Whaat???''}}
:'''Note:''' Since '''zo''' quotes any word following it — any word — it turns out that '''zo ki'a''' doesn't mean ''zo? Huh?'' at all, but ''The word '''ki'a'''.'' To ask ''zo? Huh?'', you'll have to resort to '''zo zo ki'a'''.

=== Reverse '''mi''' and '''do''' using '''ra'o''' ===
{{mu|- mi prami do - go'i ra'o|- I love you. - I love you too.}}
{{gl|ra'o|interjection: updates meaning from the viewpoint of the current speaker}}

If someone says '''mi prami do''' and you reply '''go'i ra'o''', that reverses the pronouns '''mi''' and '''do''' so that they apply from your point of view. So every pronoun gets re-evaluated.

Compare:
{{mu|- mi prami do - go'i|- I love you. - You do.}}
A simple '''go'i''' still makes '''mi''' refer to who used it and '''do''' refer to the listener of who said it.

== Lesson 11. More about pronouns ==
=== Four meanings of "''you''" in English ===
We've already seen two personal pronouns, '''mi''' and '''do''', meaning ''I'' (or ''me'') and ''you''. However, ''you'' in English can mean four different things:

#The one person I'm talking to.
#A number of people I'm talking to.
#The person or people I'm talking to and some other person or people.
#Anyone (as in ''Money can't buy you love.'')

Lojban gets round the confusion between (1) and (2) by using numbers. The most common way to express (2) is '''ro do''' = ''all of you'' (or Southern U.S. ''y'all''). You can also use specific numbers: '''lo re do''' would mean ''you two'' (for example, once can start e-mails to their parents with '''coi lo re do'''). Notice that '''re do''' means ''two of you'' and '''re lo ci do''' means ''two of you three''.

You can also use numbers with '''ko''', for example, '''ro ko klama ti''' — ''All of you, get over here.''

Case (3) is expressed by the pronoun '''do'o''' — ''you and someone else''. Case (4) is completely different: it's normally expressed by '''ro da''' = ''all '''da''''' or '''ro lo prenu''' — ''all persons'', but often you can just miss it out altogether (or place '''zo'e''' in that place).

=== "''we''" — different ways of saying that ===
We've seen that the notion of ''we'' isn't popular in Lojban and '''mi jo'u lo pendo be mi''' or '''lo pendo be mi be'o jo'u mi''' are used instead.

However, there are several pronouns close in meaning to ''we''.

{{gl|mi'o|you and I}}
{{gl|mi'a|we without you}}
{{gl|ma'a|you and I and another/others}}
Some languages have such separate words for ''we''. Lojban provides us with both the English ''we'' and a richer set of more precise words.

And finally:
{{gl|mi|I or the speakers}}
'''mi''' can also mean ''we''! Lojban makes no distinction between singular and plural by default. So if several people are speaking all together, '''mi''' (which refers to the one or more speakers) is perfectly correct for ''we''. In practice, you'll usually get '''mi''' used like that when one person is presuming to speak (or more often, to write) on behalf of others.

Some examples:
{{mu|mi prami do|I love you.}}
{{mu|mi'a penmi do de'i li cy. ci|We'll meet you at three o'clock.}}
{{mu|ma'a remna|We are all human.}}
{{mu|mi djica lo nu do cliva|We want you to go away.}}

Finally, there is '''mi'ai''', an equivalent of English ''we'':
{{gl|mi'ai|I and at least one other person (corresponds to English "we")}}

{{mupli|'''mi'ai prami la .bob.''' ''We love Bob.'' (The sentence just states there are several people loving Bill including the speaker. It's not known if "we" includes the listener)}}
You are always free to revert back to '''mi'ai''', which might be more comfortable sometimes.

=== '''lo pa do''' = ''you one'' ===
We know that '''lo re mlatu''' means ''two any cats''. It's also possible to put numbers after '''lo''' and before pronouns.

The recommended method is turning pronouns into verbs first:

{{mu|lo re me do ko klama ti|You two, come here.}}

It's possible to omit '''me''' in this position and say '''lo re do ko klama ti''' but this can lead to confusion in beginners.

=== More about short relative clauses ===
Two constructs used in some styles:

1. Short relative clauses with a pronoun after them can be put just after '''lo''':
{{mu|lo pe mi gerku lo gerku pe mi|My dog}}

2. '''pe''' in such cases can even be omitted:
{{mu|lo mi gerku lo gerku pe mi|My dog}}
: Thus, "'''lo''' noun verb" is equivalent to "'''lo''' verb '''pe''' noun".

A few rules:
*if you want to use a noun converted from a verb (for example, with '''lo''') or a name then it's advisable to use '''pe''' and put it after the noun: '''lo gerku pe la .alis.''' (''the Alice's dog'').
*it's okay to omit '''pe''' only if you use pronouns without numbers in front of them: '''lo do gerku''' (''my dog'') but not '''lo pa do gerku''' (''you one is a dog'').
{{notci|It's much safer to use '''pe''' explicitly and put it after the noun to which it is attached: '''lo gerku pe la .alis.''' and '''lo gerku pe mi''' are most intuitive constructs.}}

==Lesson 12. Quotations ==
=== Quoting text in different languages ===
The particle '''zoi''' is a quotation mark for quoting non-Lojban text. Its syntax is '''zoi X. text .X''', where X is a Lojban word (called the delimiting word) which is separated from the quoted text by pauses, and which is not found in the written text or spoken phoneme stream inside that quotation. It is common, but not required, to use the name of some letter, which corresponds to the Lojban name of the language being quoted:
{{mu|zoi gy. John is a man .gy. cu glico jufra|“John is a man” is an English sentence.}}
where '''gy.''' stands for '''glico'''. Other popular choices of delimiting words are '''.kuot.''', a Lojban name which sounds like the English word''quote'', and the word ''zoi'' itself. Another possibility is a Lojban word suggesting the topic of the quotation.


Lojban strictly avoids any confusion between things and the names of things:
{{mu|zo .bob. cmene la bob.||The-word “Bob” is-the-name-of the-one-named Bob.}}
'''zo .bob.''' is the word, whereas '''la bob.''' is the thing named by the word. The particle '''la'e''' and '''lu'e''' convert back and forth between references and their referents:
{{mu|zo .bob. cmene la'e zo .bob.|The-word “Bob” is-the-name-of the-referent-of the-word “Bob”.}}
{{mu|lu'e la bob. cmene la bob.|A-symbol-for Bob is-the-name-of Bob.}}
Last two examples mean the same. But this is different:
{{mu|la bob. cu cmene la bob.|Bob is the name of Bob.}}
and says that Bob is both the name and the thing named, an unlikely situation. People are not names.

The particle '''la'o''' serves to mark non-Lojban names, for example the Linnaean binomial names (such as "Homo sapiens"), which are the internationally standardized names for species of animals and plants.

Internationally known names which can more easily be recognized by spelling rather than pronunciation, such as ''Goethe'', can also appear in Lojban text with '''la'o''':

{{mu|la'o dy. Goethe .dy. cu me la'o ly. Homo sapiens .ly.|Goethe is a Homo sapiens.}}
Using '''la'o''' for all names rather than adapting them to Lojban, however, can make for a cumbersome text.

Everything expressed in text should also be expressed in speech and vice versa. Therefore, there cannot be any punctuation which is not pronounced. This means that Lojban has a wide range of words to quote other words. All Lojban convert a text into a noun.

'''lu''' ... '''li'u''' quote only text that is grammatically correct. To quote any Lojban text we use '''lo'u''' ... '''le'u''' quote instead.
{{mu|xu lo'u je le'u lojbo sumtcita . i je'unai|Is "je" a preposition? No.}}
{{mu|ma xe fanva zoi gy.What's up?.gy. la .lojban.|How to translate "What's up?" to Lojban?}}

== Lesson 13. Enriching vocabulary ==
===New words using prepositions===
Many English words correspond to word combinations in Lojban:
{{gl|lo ve'i cmana|hill (literally "mountain/hill covering little space")}}
{{gl|lo ve'u xamsi|ocean (literally "sea/ocean covering large space")}}

{{gl|lo ba'o tricu|stump of a tree (literally "no longer tree")}}

=== '''loi''' and masses ===
'''loi''' makes a noun showing a mass:
{{gl|lo prenu|person, people}}
{{gl|loi prenu|crowd, a mass of people}}
{{mu|loi prenu pu smaji|The crowd was silent.}}

{{pixra|Image:2935770197 f39591ed59 o.jpg|'''loi prenu cu sruri lo jubme''' ''People surrounded the table.''}}
{{gl|jubme|x1 is a table}}
It's not an error to use '''lo''' here but by using '''loi''' we explicitly show that it's a mass of people that surrounded the table.
'''loi''' is a shortcut. The full form is:
{{mupli|'''lo gunma be lo prenu cu sruri lo jubme''' '''loi prenu cu sruri lo jubme''' ''The mass of people surrounded the building.''}}

=== Carrots alone and carrots together ===
{{pixra|Image:lo_kroto_noi_se_carnygau.svg|'''lo najgenja''' ''a carrot''}}
Consider a sentence:
:''Three carrots weigh 60 grams.''
Does it mean that each carrots weighs 60 grams or they weigh 60 grams if taken together?

In Lojban we can easily distinguish between these two cases:
{{mu|ro lo ci najgenja cu grake li 60|Each of three carrots weigh 60 grams.}}

{{mu|loi ci najgenja cu grake li 60|Three carrots weigh 60 grams in total.}}
:(so that every carrots weighs 20 grams on average)

{{gl|najgenja|x1 is a carrot}}
{{gl|grake|x1 weighs x2 grams}}

As you can see there is an important difference between describing one object of a mass or describing the mass as a whole.

As we already know
'''lo ci najgenja''' just means ''three carrots'':
{{mu|ko dunda lo ci najgenja|Give me three carrots.}}
And
{{mu|ko dunda pa lo ci najgenja|Give me one carrot out of those three.}}

=== Internal prepositions ===
Using '''be''' you can attach not only the default places of verbs but even prepositions:
{{mu|lo vi xatra be de'i li vo cu se mrilu de'i li ze|This letter, dated the 4th, was mailed on the 7th}}
A date tagged with '''de'i''' applies only to the '''xatra'''.
In '''lo vi xatra de'i li vo cu se mrilu de'i li ze''' it would apply to the whole clause, not to the letter. What we want to say is that the former date applies just to the letter, and the latter date applies to the mailing of the letter. This means that the 4th, as a date, applies only to the verb '''lo xatra''', and not to the entire clause.



=== Compound verbs in detail ===
The grouping of terms in Lojban grammar is particularly important when it comes to tanru (compound verbs). The way verbs group together in a tanru determines what that tanru means. For example,
:''bad music magazine''
has in English two interpretations: a bad magazine about music, or a magazine about bad music. In Lojban, its equivalent
:'''lo xlali zgike karni'''
has only the interpretation ''a bad-music magazine'', because the first two verbs (''xlali zgike'' — ''bad music'') group together first. So it is important to be able to modify the grouping of verbs, so that we can make sure the tanru means what we actually intend it to mean. For that reason, Lojban has a couple of mechanisms in place for making tanru group together properly.

In English we use brackets to structure the text. Likewise for tanru we use '''ke''' for the left bracket and '''ke'e'' for the right bracket.
:'''lo xlali ke zgike karni''' means ''a bad {music-magazine}''.
As you can see we separated '''xlali''' from the rest of the tanru and made it apply to the whole tanru. There is no need in '''ke'e''' in the end of the tanru since we already know that it ends here.
{{mu|.i mi pu zi te vecnu lo xlali ke zgike karni .i to'e zanru la'o gy.Eurythmics.gy.|I just bought a bad music-magazine. It dissed the Eurythmics.}}
That's one way of grouping together verbs in tanru. The other way is to use a particle '''bo''' in a new role. When '''bo''' appears between two verbs, it means that those verbs group together more tightly than anything else. So an alternative way of saying ''bad {music magazine}'' is
{{gl|lo xlali zgike bo karni|a bad music-magazine}}
'''bo''' here is similar to the hyphen in English translation. This means that '''zgike bo karni''' should count as a unit, to which '''xlali''' (''bad'') applies.

==== Tighter connections ====
So '''bo''' makes the connections tighter.
{{mu|la doris e la alis onaibo la bob|Doris and (either Alice or Bob)}}
'''ke''' can also be used with connectives (though not with sentences; they have their own kind of bracket, '''tu'e ... tu'u'''.) So we could also say
:'''la doris e ke la alis onai la bob'''
Remember that the right bracket '''ke'e''' can be left out in most cases without changing the meaning (like in this case).

Forethought conjunction are also used a lot since they can eliminate the need in right brackets:
:'''ge la doris gi go nai la alis gi la bob'''
:''Doris and either Alice or Bob''
and
:go nai ge la doris gi la alis gi la bob
:''Either Doris and Alice, or Bob''
We don't need '''bo''' or '''ke''' with forethought conjunctions.

=== '''co''' for changing the order in compound verbs ===
There is another way of restructuring compound verbs.
{{mupli|'''mi fanva se jibri''' ''I'm a professional translator}}
:'''jibri''' = ''x1 is a job of x2''
:'''dotybau''' = ''x1 is German used by x2 to say x3''
:'''glibau''' = ''x1 is English used by x2 to say x3''
If I wanted to say that I'm a professional translator from English to German, I could mess around with '''be''', '''bei''':
{{mu|mi fanva be lo dotybau bei lo glibau be'o se jibri|I'm a professional translator from English to German}}

The fact that it was a compound verb could quickly be lost in speech due to the complicated structure of the sentence. Here, we can use the word '''co''':
:'''co''' — inverts the compound verb, making the rightmost verb word modify the leftmost instead of the other way around. Any previous noun fills the modified, any following noun fills the modifier.
{{mupli|'''mi se jibri co fanva lo dotybau lo glibau'''}}
It is the same clause as the previous Lojban one, but much more easy to understand. Notice that any noun before the compound verb fills '''se jibri''', while any following it only fills the modifying verb: '''fanva'''.

The strength by which two verbs are bound together with '''co''' is very weak – even weaker than normal compound verb grouping without any grouping words. This makes sure that, in a co-construct, the leftmost verb word is always the verb being modified, and the rightmost always modifies, even if any of those parts are compound verbs. This makes a co-construct easy to understand:
{{mu|ti pelxu plise co kukte}}
is read as '''ti (pelxu plise) co kukte''', which is the same as '''ti kukte pelxu bo plise'''. This also means that a '''ke … ke'e''' cannot encompass a '''co'''.

However, '''gi'e''', '''gi'a''' etc. bind even looser than '''co'''. This is in order to totally avoid confusion about which verb word binds to which in a '''gi'e'''. The answer is simple: '''gi'e''' never emcompasses any verb groups.

How can you express "I am an important American buyer of computers" using a '''co'''?

Answer: '''mi skami te vecnu co vajni merko'''

If it's of any use, this is the list of different kind of verb word groupers ranked by strength:
#'''bo''' and '''ke … ke'e'''
#Logical connectives other than '''gi'e''' series
#not using grouping words
#'''co'''
#'''gi'e''' series (clause-tail afterthought connectives)

==Non-standard connective system==
Some people for connecting nouns instead of
*'''a''', '''e''', '''o''', '''u'''
use
*'''ja''', '''je''', '''jo''', '''ju'''
That is instead of
{{mu|mi e do nelci lo plise|I like apples, and you like apples.}}
they say
{{mu|mi je do nelci lo plise|I like apples, and you like apples.}}
This is a non-standard approach. People use this style because in it there are fewer conjunctions to remember.

But you should be careful not to forget '''lo''' or numbers to form nouns: '''mi nelci lo plise je jisra''' would mean ''I like something that is an apple (or apples) and is juice'' (?!)

The correct sentence uses '''lo''' to form every noun:
{{mu|mi nelci lo plise je lo jisra|I like apples and juice.}}
In standard approach the speaker uses a separate conjunction '''e''' when connecting nouns, and it's easier to see the difference and the correct meaning:
{{mu|mi nelci lo plise .e lo jisra|I like apples and juice.}}}}

== Lojban community ==
lojban.org website contains the main up-to-date information on Lojban and Lojbanists around the world.

== Dictionary. Introduction ==
{{:L17-B}}

L17-01

2016-06-21T17:11:03Z

Durka42: /* sei: comments to the text */ modify sei+be example to actually use {be}

<div align="left" style="font-size:150%;color:#cc8800;text-align:left;">Instruction on how to use this course: 1. read it 2. collect your feedback and suggestions and 3. send them to [mailto:gleki.is.my.name@gmail.com gleki.is.my.name@gmail.com.] For checking the grammar of your sentences use [http://lojban.github.io/ilmentufa/camxes.html this unofficial parser.]</div>
<center>
{|
|| <div align="right" style="font-size:110%"> ''The La Gleki's''</div>
|-
|| <div align="right" style="font-size:180%">Crash Course in Lojban</div>
|}
<div style="font-size:110%">The guide to the speakable logical language</div>

<div>Published 2017</div>
</center>

This simplified course covers the most important aspects of Lojban, a logical language.

''<div style="font-size:130%">Why was this book born?</div>''

When I first saw the description of Lojban I was confused. A language where verbs and nouns don't differ. How is that possible? And then I saw those pronounceable smileys... but wait! It is a logical language. Where do emotions come from in the world of logic? These oddities were making me crazy.

If this language can combine those things it must be the most powerful human language in the world. And although I didn't have much free time for such hobbies I decided to look into it deeper. Why?
*I wanted to try new ways of thinking.
*I wanted a beautiful language.
*And I wanted something easy to grasp.
I heard others saying that Lojban is extremely hard to learn but what I discovered later was an amazing simplicity of its structure.

Go on reading and you'll get evidence for that.

I also learnt that Lojban allows saying things shorter without unnecessary distracting details. For example, one doesn't have to always think of what tense (past, present or future) to use in a verb when it's already clear from context: when you need details you add them. But unlike other languages Lojban doesn't force you to do so.

But why did I decide to write my own course?

When I first opened textbooks on Lojban ... darn, they were written not for humans for sure. An awkward and boring style making it impossible to learn the language fast. A lot of distracting not necessary details, no solutions for real situations and bulky, bulky, bulky.

And I said "Enough! If you can't explain it yourself then I'll do that, in simpler words, with better examples and as concise as possible."

''<div style="font-size:130%">Using this course.</div>''
Lojban is likely to be very different to the kinds of languages you are familiar with — which certainly include English. Learning it is much more than just learning its words and grammar: it is more about understanding it. It will make you think about the ways you express ideas in words. Something that you learned and used every day but never tried to understand how it works.

Learning may be easy or hard, depending on how well you understand the ideas behind it. There are not many words and rules that you need to learn to get into a basic level. You will get there rather quickly if you put a systemic effort. On the other hand, if you fail to understand some basic point, memorizing things will not help you much. In such cases don't hesitate to move on, and come back to it later. Likewise, some of the exercises are trickier than others (particularly the translation exercises at the end of sections). If you can't work out the answer to a particular question, feel free to skip it — but do look at the answer to the question.

''<div style="font-size:130%">Conventions used in this book.</div>''
*Lojbanic text is in '''bold'''.
*Translations are in ''italic''.
*<tt>Explanations of the structure of text in Lojban are in such "fixed width" letters.</tt>
*Brackets are used to clarify the grammatical structure of Lojban in examples. <nowiki>[These brackets are used only for clarifying stuff]</nowiki>.
{{mupli|Examples are marked by a line on the left. This is an example of a case study sentence.}}
{{vajni|Examples of common colloquial phrases are marked by a double line.}}
{{notci|Side notes and tips are in boxes. This is an example of a note.}}
For more information on Lojban, please contact the Logical Language Group:
*e-mail: [mailto:bangu@lojban.org bangu@lojban.org]
*web-site: [http://lojban.org lojban.org]
----
This course is created by the author La Gleki with the help of the Lojban community throughout years 2013-2015. This book teaches a simplified and optimized style in Lojban and explains latest trends in Lojban language.

== Lesson 1. The language at a glance ==

=== Alphabet ===

The basic thing you need to know about Lojban is obviously the alphabet.

Lojban uses the Latin alphabet (vowels are colored):

:'''a b c d e f g i j k l m n o p r s t u v x y z ' .'''

Letters are pronounced exactly as they are written.

There are six vowels in Lojban:
{|class="wikitable"
|'''<center>a</center>'''
| as in ''bath'' (not as in ''face'')
|-
|'''<center>e</center>'''
| as in ''get''
|-
|'''<center>i</center>'''
| as in ''machine'' (not as in ''hit'')
|-
|'''<center>o</center>'''
| as in ''choice'', ''not'' or ''ough'' in ''thought'' (not as in ''so'', '''o''' should be a "pure" sound).
|-
|'''<center>u</center>'''
| as in ''cool'' (not as in ''but'')
|-
|'''<center>y</center>'''
| as in ''comma'' (not as in ''misty'' or ''cycle'')
|}

'''a''', '''e''', '''i''', '''o''', '''u''' are pretty much the same as vowels in Italian or Spanish.

The sixth vowel, '''y''' sounds like ''a'' in the word ''comma''. So it's kind of ''er'' or, in American English, ''uh''. y is the sound that comes out when the mouth is completely relaxed (this sound is also called ''schwa'' in the language trade).

The following combinations '''au''', '''ai''', '''ei''', '''oi''' are considered additional vowels and pronounced in a special way:
{|class="wikitable"
|'''<center>au</center>'''
| as in ''now''
|-
|'''<center>ai</center>'''
| as in ''eye'', ''sky'', ''nice''
|-
|'''<center>ei</center>'''
| as in ''eight'', ''they'', ''day''
|-
|'''<center>oi</center>'''
| as in ''voice'', ''joy''
|}
As for consonants they are pronounced like in English or Latin, but there are a few differences:
{|class="wikitable"
|'''c'''
|is pronounced as ''c'' in ''ocean'', as ''sh'' in ''shop''.
|-
|'''g'''
|always ''g'' as in ''gum'' (never ''g'' as in ''gem'').
|-
|'''j'''
|like ''s'' in ''pleasure'' or ''treasure'', like ''j'' in French ''bonjour''.
|-
|'''x'''
|like ''ch'' in Scottish ''loch'' or as in German ''Bach'', Spanish ''Jose'' or Arabic ''Khaled''. Try pronouncing ''ksss'' while keeping your tongue down and you get this sound.
|-
|''' ' '''
|like English ''h''. So the apostrophe is regarded as a proper letter of Lojban and pronounced like a ''h''. It can be found only between vowels. For example, '''u'i''' is pronounced as ''oo-hee'' (whereas '''ui''' is pronounced as ''wee'').
|-
|'''.'''
|a full stop (period, word break) is also regarded as a letter in Lojban. It's a short pause in speech to stop words running into each other. Actually any word starting with a vowel has a full stop placed in front of it. This helps prevent undesirable merging of two sequential words into one.
|-
|'''i''' before vowels: '''ia''', '''ie'''...
|is considered a consonant and pronounced shorter, for example:
*'''ia''' is pronounced as ''ya'' in ''yard''
*'''ie''' is pronounced as ''ye'' in ''yes''
|-
|'''u''' before vowels: '''ua''', '''ue'''...
|is considered a consonant and pronounced shorter, for example:
*'''ua''' is pronounced as ''wo'' in ''wow''
*'''ue''' is pronounced as ''whe'' in ''when''
|}

Stress is put on the last but one vowel or shown explicitly using symbol '''`''' before the stressed vowel in order to break this rule. For example, '''dansu''' (which means ''to dance'') can be also written as '''d`ansu''' to explicitly show the stress. If a word has only one vowel you just don't stress it.

'''r''' can be pronounced like the ''r'' in English, Scottish, French, Russian, thus there is a range of acceptable pronunciation for it.

Non-Lojban vowels like short ''i'' and ''u'' in Standard British English ''hit'' and ''but'' are used by some people to separate consonants. So if you have problems spitting out two consonant one after another, e.g. the '''ml''' in '''mlatu''' (which means ''cat''), then you can say ''mɪlatu'' — where the ''ɪ'' is very short, but other vowels: '''a''', '''u''' have to be long.

=== The simplest sentence ===
{{pixra|Image:Mona_ciciak.jpg|'''lo mlatu''' ''a cat / cats''}}
{{pixra|Image:Peoria - Fifi (Just Found) Drinking Milk (1974).png|'''pinxe''' ''drinks, to drink''}}
{{pixra|Image:Milk_glass1.jpg|'''lo ladru''' ''milk''}}
{{pixra|Image:Red_Apple.jpg|'''lo plise''' ''an apple / apples''}}
{{pixra|Image:Drawn_love_hearts.svg|'''prami''' ''loves''}}
{{pixra|Image:Jenson_Button_2009_Turkey_2.jpg|'''karce''' ''… is a car''}}
{{pixra|Image:PSM_V04_D543_Primeval_rain.jpg|'''carvi''' ''… is rain''}}
Now let's turn to constructing our first sentences in Lojban.
{{mu|lo mlatu cu pinxe lo ladru|Cats drink milk.}}
One of your first thoughts might be "Where are nouns and verbs in Lojban?"

Here are three verbs:
:'''pinxe''' means ''drinks, to drink''.
:'''mlatu''' means ''is a cat, are cats, to be a cat''.
:'''ladru''' means ''is some milk''.
To turn a verb into a noun we put a short word '''lo''' in front of it: '''lo mlatu''', '''lo ladru'''.

It might sound strange how ''cat'' and ''milk'' can be verbs but in fact this makes Lojban very simple:
<tab class=wikitable head=top>
verb noun
'''pinxe''' - ''to drink'' '''lo pinxe''' - ''drinkers''
'''mlatu''' - ''are cats, is a cat'' '''lo mlatu''' - ''cats''
'''ladru''' - ''is some milk'' '''lo ladru''' - ''milk''
</tab>
We can also say that '''lo''' creates a noun from a verb with roughly the meaning of ''those who do…'' (''drink'' - ''drinkers''), ''those who are…'' (''are cats'' - ''cats'') or ''one which is…'' (''is some milk'' - ''milk).

The most basic sentence in Lojban consists of one phrase otherwise called ''clause''. Clause has the following parts from the left to the right:
*the head of the clause: one or more nouns. The noun '''lo mlatu''' in this case.
*the head separator '''cu''' (remember that '''c''' is pronounced as ''sh'')
*the tail of the clause: the main verb ('''pinxe''') with possibly one or more nouns after it: the noun '''lo ladru''' in this case.

One more example:
{{mu|lo plise cu kukte|Apples are tasty.}}

Here, '''lo plise''' means ''apples'', '''kukte''' means ''to be tasty''.

A simpler clause in Lojban would contain only one main verb:
{{mu|karce|Car!}}
You could say this when you see a car coming. Here the context would be clear enough that there is a car somewhere around and probably it's dangerous.

'''karce''' itself is a verb meaning ''is a car, to be a car''.

Similarly, you can say
{{mu|carvi|It is raining.}}
where
{{gl|carvi|is rain, to be raining}}
or
{{mu|pluka|It's pleasant}}
where
{{gl|pluka|to be pleasant}}
Notice that in Lojban there is no need in the word ''it'' in such sense. You just use the verb you need.

{{mu|prami|Someone loves.}}
where '''prami''' - ''to love (someone)''
{{mu|bajra|Someone runs.}}
where '''bajra''' - ''to run''.

Again context would probably tell who loves whom and who runs.

{{notci|Lojban does not require any punctuation, separate words are used instead. Punctuation marks like ''! ? “ ”'' can be used for stylistic purposes or to make the text look smarter. They don't add or change the meaning.

Note that the symbol '''.''' (dot) can be used as we use dot in English (i.e. as a punctuation mark) but its main purpose in Lojban is that it is a proper letter that denotes a pause.}}

=== Pronouns: ''I'' - '''mi''', ''you'' - '''do''' ===
{{pixra|File:xractu-mi-cropped.png|}}
{{pixra|File:xractu-do-cropped.png|}}
{{pixra|File:xractu-ti-cropped.png|}}
{{pixra|File:xractu-ta-cropped.png|}}
{{pixra|File:xractu-tu-cropped.png|}}
{{gl|mi|I}}
{{gl|do|you}}

{{gl|ti|this one (near me, the speaker)}}
{{gl|ta|that one(near you, the listener)}}
{{gl|tu|that one (not near you or me)}}

Like their English name hints, pronouns work like nouns by default. And they don't require '''lo''' in front of them.
{{mu|mi pinxe|I drink.}}

{{mu|do pinxe|You drink.}}

{{mu|ti ladru|This is some milk.}}

{{mu|tu mlatu|That is a cat.}}

{{mu|do citka lo plise|You eat apples.}}
{{gl|citka|to eat (something)}}

{{mu|mi prami do|I love you.}}
After pronouns '''cu''' is often omitted, thus '''mi cu prami''' is rarely said, a concise '''mi prami''' is said instead.

Unlike in English we don't have to add the verb "is/are/to be" to the sentence. It is already there: '''mlatu''' means ''to be a cat''.
===== Task =====

Close the right part of the table. Translate from Lojban the sentences on the left.
{|class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
|style="width: 50%;"|'''do citka'''
|style="width: 50%;"|''You eat.''
|-
|'''mi pinxe lo ladru'''
|''I drink milk.''
|-
|'''mi citka lo plise'''
|''I eat apples.''
|}
Close the right part of the table. Translate to Lojban the sentences on the left.
{|class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
|style="width: 50%;"|''That is an apple.''
|style="width: 50%;"|'''tu plise'''
|-
|''Milk is tasty.''
|'''lo ladru cu kukte'''
|-
|''You love me.''
|'''do prami mi'''
|-
|''That one eats apples.''
|'''tu citka lo plise'''
|}

=== '''.i''' separates sentences ===
The most precise way of uttering or writing sentences in Lojban would be placing a short word '''.i''' in the beginning of each of them:
{{mu|.i mi viska lo mlatu .i lo mlatu cu pinxe lo ladru|I see cats. Cats drink milk.}}
{{gl|viska|to see (something)}}
'''.i''' separates sentences like the full stop (period) at the end of sentences in English texts.

When saying one sentence after another in English we make a pause (it may be short) between them. But pause has many different meanings in English. In Lojban we have a better way of understanding where one sentence ends and another begins.

Also note that sometimes when pronouncing words quickly you can't figure out where one sentence ends and the word of the next sentence begins. Therefore it's advised to use the word '''.i''' before starting a new sentence.

=== Numbers: ''1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0'' = '''pa re ci vo mu xa ze bi so no''' ===
'''lo''' simply turns a verb into a noun but such noun has no number associated with it. The sentence
{{mu|lo mlatu cu pinxe lo ladru|Cats drink milk.}}
is a general statement. Now let's specify how many of them are relevant to our discussion.



Let's add a number after '''lo'''.
:{|class="wikitable"
|| '''pa'''
|| '''re'''
|| '''ci'''
|| '''vo'''
|| '''mu'''
|| '''xa'''
|| '''ze'''
|| '''bi'''
|| '''so'''
|| '''no'''
|-
|| 1
|| 2
|| 3
|| 4
|| 5
|| 6
|| 7
|| 8
|| 9
|| 0
|}
:{{gl|ro|each, all}}.
Now
{{mu|pa mlatu cu citka lo plise|One cat eats apples. There is one cat that eats apples.}}
We replace '''lo''' with a number and hence specify individual cats.

Note that we retain '''lo''' for apples since we talk not about specific apples but about eating any apples.

For numbers consisting of several digits we just string those digits together.
{{mu|re mu mlatu cu citka lo plise|There are 25 cats who eat apples.}}
Yes, it's that simple.

If we want to count we can separate numbers with '''.i''':
{{mu|mu .i vo .i ci .i re .i pa .i no|5 ... 4 ... 3 ... 2 ... 1 ... 0}}

'''ro''' is used to express the meaning of ''each, every, all'':
{{mu|ro mlatu cu pinxe lo ladru|Every cat drinks milk.}}

The number '''za'u''' means ''more than ...'' (''>'' in math), the number '''me'i''' means ''less than'' (''<'' in math):
{{mu|za'u mlatu cu pinxe|More of the cats drink.}}
{{mu|me'i mlatu cu pinxe|Fewer of the cats drink.}}
{{mu|za'u ci mlatu cu pinxe|More than three cats are drinking.}}
{{mu|me'i ci mlatu cu pinxe|Fewer than three cats are drinking.}}

To say just ''cats'' (plural number) as opposed to ''one cat'' we use '''za'u pa''', ''more than one''.
{{mu|za'u pa mlatu cu pinxe|There are cats that drink.}}
{{mu|pa mlatu cu pinxe|One cat drinks. There is one cat that is drinking.}}

Putting '''za'u''' before '''lo''' means ''more'', putting '''me'i''' means ''fewer'':

To put it in short:
{{gl|lo prenu|people (in general)}}
{{gl|pa prenu|there is one person}}
{{gl|za'u prenu|more of the people}}
{{gl|za'u pa prenu|people (two or more in number)}}

===== Task =====

Close the right part of the table. Translate from Lojban the sentences on the left.
{{gl|lo prenu|person, people}}
{{gl|stati|to be smart, to have a talent}}
{{gl|klama|to go (to some place)}}
{{gl|nelci|to like (something)}}
{{gl|lo zarci|market}}
{{gl|lo najnimre|an orange (fruit), oranges}}
{{gl|lo badna|a banana, bananas}}
{|class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
|style="width: 50%;"|'''mu prenu cu klama lo zarci'''
|style="width: 50%;"|''Five people go to markets. There are five people who go to markets.''
|-
|'''pa no prenu cu stati .i do stati'''
|''10 people are smart. You are smart.''
|-
|'''lo prenu cu nelci lo plise'''
|''People like apples.''
|-
|'''za'u prenu cu nelci lo najnimre .i me'i prenu cu nelci lo badna'''
|''More people like oranges. Fewer people like bananas.''
|-
|'''za'u re prenu cu stati'''
|''More than two people are smart.''
|}
Close the right part of the table. Translate to Lojban the sentences on the left.
{|class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
|style="width: 50%;"|''There are 256 cats who are smart.''
|style="width: 50%;"|'''re mu xa mlatu cu stati'''
|-
|''Fewer than 12 apples are tasty.''
|'''me'i pa re plise cu kukte'''
|-
|''Each of the people eats. Fewer people eat oranges.''
|'''ro prenu cu citka .i me'i prenu cu citka lo najnimre'''
|}

=== ''the'', ''he'' and ''she'' ===
{{mu|pa mlatu cu pinxe i le mlatu cu taske|There is a cat that is drinking. The cat is thirsty.}}
{{gl|taske|to be thirsty}}
When we start a noun with '''le''' (instead of '''lo''' or numbers) we refer to nouns that have just been mentioned. They are translated to English as ''he'', ''she'' or by using the article ''the''.
{{gl|lo fetsi|females}}
{{gl|lo nakni|males}}
{{gl|lo prenu|people}}
{{gl|le fetsi|she, the female}}
{{gl|le nakni|he, the male}}
{{gl|le prenu|he or she, the person (gender is not known or not important)}}

If several nouns can match then the last one is used:
{{mu|pa prenu cu viska pa fetsi i le fetsi cu melbi|One person sees a female. She (the female) is beautiful.}}
{{gl|melbi|to be beautiful}}
In this case '''le fetsi''' is applied to the female as it is the last female object mentioned. The person who sees her might be female too but it's a noun used earlier.

{{notci|In spoken language '''le''' can be applied to nouns not found in text but obvious from context. Consider the outer reality a part of the text.}}

=== Compound verbs ===
Compound verbs ('''lo tanru''' in Lojban) are several verb words one after another.
{{mu|tu melbi zdani|That one is a nice home.}}
{{gl|melbi|to be beautiful, nice}}
{{gl|zdani|to be a home or nest (to someone)}}
{{mu|do melbi dansu|You nicely dance.}}
{{gl|dansu|to dance}}
Here the verb '''melbi''' adds an additional meaning as it is to the left of another verb: '''zdani'''. The left part is usually translated using adjectives and adverbs.

Compound verbs are a powerful tool that can give us richer verbs. You just string two verbs together. And the left part of such compound verb adds a flavor to the right one.

We can put '''lo''' or a number to the left of such compound verb getting a compound noun:
{{gl|pa melbi zdani|a beautiful home.}}
Now you know why there was '''cu''' after nouns in our example
{{mu|pa mlatu cu pinxe lo ladru|A cat drinks milk.}}
Without '''cu''' it'd turn into '''pa mlatu pinxe''' … with the meaning ''a cat drinker'' whatever that could mean.
{{notci|Remember about placing '''cu''' before the main verb in a clause to prevent unintentional creating of compound verbs.}}
Compound verbs can contain more than two verbs. In this case the first verb modifies the second one, the second one modifies the third and so on:
{{gl|pa melbi cmalu verba|a pretty-small child, a child small in a pretty way}}
{{gl|verba|to be a child}}
{{gl|pa mutce melbi zdani|a very beautiful home}}
{{gl|mutce|to be very, to be much}}

===== Task =====
{{gl|sutra|to be quick}}
{{gl|barda|to be big}}
{{gl|cmalu|to be small}}
{{gl|bajra|to run}}
Close the right part of the table. Translate from Lojban the sentences on the left.
{|class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
|style="width: 50%;"|'''lo melbi fetsi'''
|style="width: 50%;"|''beautiful females''
|-
|'''do sutra klama'''
|''You quickly go. You go fast.''

|-
|'''tu barda zdani'''
|''That is a big home.''
|-
|'''pa sutra bajra mlatu'''
|''a quickly running cat''
|-
|'''pa sutra mlatu'''
|''a quick cat''
|-
|'''pa bajra mlatu'''

|''a running cat''
|}
Close the right part of the table. Translate to Lojban the sentences on the left.
{|class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
|style="width: 50%;"|''This is a small child.''
|style="width: 50%;"|'''ti cmalu verba'''
|-
|''tasty apples''
|'''lo kukte plise'''
|-
|''quick eaters''
|'''lo sutra citka'''
|-
|''You are a quickly going male.''
|'''do sutra klama nakni'''
|}

=== "''Yes/No''" questions ===
In English, we make a ''yes/no'' question by changing the order of the words (for example, "''You are …''" — "''Are you …?''") or putting some form of the verb ''to do'' at the beginning (for example, ''Do you know?'') In Lojban we can retain the order of words.

We turn any assertion into a ''yes/no'' question by simply putting the word '''xu''' somewhere in the sentence, for example in the beginning:
{{mu|xu do nelci lo gerku?|Do you like dogs?}}
{{gl|lo gerku|dog, dogs}}

{{notci|Remember that in Lojban punctuation like "?" (question mark) is totally optional and used mostly for stylistic purposes. After all, we use the question word '''xu''' that shows the question anyway.}}

Other examples:
{{mu|xu mi klama|Am I coming?}}
{{gl|klama|to come (to somewhere)}}
{{mu|xu pelxu|Is it yellow?}}
{{gl|pelxu|to be yellow}}

We can shift the meaning by placing '''xu''' after different parts of a clause. Some possible explanations of such shift in meaning are given in brackets:
{{mu|— xu do nelci lo gerku|— Do you like dogs?}}
{{mu|— do xu nelci lo gerku|— Do YOU like dogs? (I thought it was someone else who likes them).}}
{{mu|— do nelci xu lo gerku|— Do you LIKE dogs? (I thought you were just neutral towards them).}}
{{mu|— do nelci lo gerku xu|— Do you like DOGS? (I thought you liked cats).}}
So what is expressed using intonation in English is expressed by moving '''xu''' after the part we want to emphasize. Note, that the first sentence with '''xu''' in the beginning asks the most generic question without stressing any particular aspect.

'''xu''' is an interjection word. Here are the features of Lojban interjections:
*interjection modifies the construct before it. So when put after certain part of the clause like pronoun or a verb it modifies that verb: '''do xu nelci lo gerku''' - ''Do YOU like dogs?''
*being put in the beginning of a clause, interjection modifies the whole clause: '''xu do nelci lo gerku''' - ''Do you like dogs?''
*we can put an interjection after different parts of the same clause shifting the meaning.
Interjections don't break compound verbs, they can be used within them:
{{mu|— do nelci lo barda xu gerku|— Do you like BIG dogs?}}

Now how to reply to such 'yes/no' questions?
{{mu|— xu do nelci lo gerku|— Do you like dogs?}}
{{mu|— je'u|— Yes.|— True}}
or
{{mu|je'u nai|No.|Not true}}
Another way to answer ''yes'' is to repeat the main verb, for example
{{mu|— '''xu lo mlatu cu melbi''' — '''melbi'''|— ''Are cats pretty?'' — ''Pretty.''}}

'''je'u''' and '''je'u nai''' are also interjections. We can use them not only in questions:
{{mu|je'u do lazni|Truly you are lazy.}}
{{gl|lazni|to be lazy}}
{{mu|je'u nai mi nelci lo gerku|It is false that I like dogs.}}

The particle '''nai''' is a modifier of interjections, it creates the opposite meaning when put after them.

===== Task =====
Close the right part of the table. Translate from Lojban the sentences on the left.
{|class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
|style="width: 50%;"|'''xu le barda zdani cu melbi'''
|style="width: 50%;"|''Is the big home beautiful?''
|-
|'''— le nakni cu stati xu — je'u nai'''
|''— Are the men smart? — No.''

|-
|'''do klama lo zarci xu'''
|''Do you go to the market?'' (not having any specific market in mind)
|-
|'''xu le verba cu prami ci mlatu'''
|''Does the child love the three cats?''
|}
Close the right part of the table. Translate to Lojban the sentences on the left.
{|class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
|style="width: 50%;"|''Is the car fast?''
|style="width: 50%;"|'''xu le karce cu sutra'''
|-
|''— Is the orange tasty? — Yes, it is.''
|'''— xu le najnimre cu kukte — je'u'''
|-
|''Does the female love you?''
|'''xu le fetsi cu prami do'''
|}

=== Polite requests ===
The interjection '''.e'o''' in the beginning of a sentence turns it into a request:
{{mu|.e'o do lebna le cukta|Could you take the book, please?|Please take the book.}}
{{gl|.e'o|interjection: please (pronounced as ''eh-haw'' with a short pause or break before the word)}}
{{gl|lebna|to take (something)}}

In English to be polite one has to use ''could you'' + ''please'' + a question). In Lojban '''.e'o''' is enough to make a polite request.

===== Task =====
{{gl|lo tcati|tea}}
{{gl|lo ckafi|coffee}}
{{gl|catlu|to watch}}
{{gl|le skina|the film, the movie}}
Close the right part of the table. Translate from Lojban the sentences on the left.
{|class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
|style="width: 50%;"|'''.e'o do sutra bajra'''
|style="width: 50%;"|''Run quickly!''
|-
|'''.e'o do pinxe lo tcati'''
|''Please, drink tea!''
|-
|'''.e'o catlu le skina'''
|''Please, watch the film!''
|}
Close the right part of the table. Translate to Lojban the sentences on the left.
{|class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
|style="width: 50%;"|''Please, be smart!''
|style="width: 50%;"|'''.e'o stati'''
|-
|''Please, go home!''
|'''.e'o do klama le zdani'''
|-
|''Please, drink coffee!''
|'''.e'o do pinxe lo ckafi'''
|-
|''Please, take care of the child.''
|'''.e'o do kurji le verba'''
|}

=== "''And''" and "''or''" ===
{{mu|pa melbi je cmalu zdani cu zvati ti|A pretty and small home is here.}}
{{gl|zvati|to be present at ...}}
{{gl|ti|this thing, this place near me}}
'''je''' is a conjunction particle in Lojban, it means ''and'' in compound verbs.

Without '''je''' the sentence changes the meaning:
{{mu|pa melbi cmalu zdani cu zvati|A prettily small home is here.}}
Here '''melbi''' modifies '''cmalu''' and '''melbi cmalu''' modifies '''zdani''' according to how compound verbs work.

In '''pa melbi je cmalu zdani''' (''a pretty and small house'') both '''melbi''' and '''cmalu''' modify '''zdani''' directly.

For connecting nouns and pronouns we use a similar conjunction '''.e''':
{{mu|mi .e do nelci lo jisra|I like juice, and you like juice.}}
{{gl|lo jisra|juice}}

Using conjunctions it's possible to connect sentences as well:
{{mu|mi nelci lo plise .i je do nelci lo jisra|I like apples. And you like juice.}}

Other common conjunction particles:
{{mu|le verba cu fengu ja bilma|The child is angry or ill (or maybe both angry and ill)}}
{{mu|do .a mi ba vitke le laldo|You or I (or both of us) will visit the old one.}}

{{gl|ja|and/or}}
{{gl|.a|and/or}} when connecting nouns and pronouns.

{{gl|fengu|to be angry}}
{{gl|bilma|to be ill}}
{{gl|vitke|to visit}}
{{gl|laldo|to be old}}

{{mu|le karce cu blabi jo nai grusi|The car is either white or gray.}}
{{mu|do .o nai mi vitke le laldo|Either you or I visit the old one.}}
{{gl|jo nai|either … or … but not both}} (it consists of two words but it has one single meaning)
{{gl|.o nai|either … or … but not both}} when connecting nouns and pronouns
Note that it's better to remember '''jo nai''' as a single construct. The same for '''.o nai'''.

{{mu|mi prami do .i ju do fenki|I love you. Whether or not you are crazy.}}
{{mu|le verba cu nelci lo plise .u lo badna|The child likes apples whether or not (he likes) bananas.}}
{{gl|ju|whether or not…}}
{{gl|.u|whether or not…}} when connecting nouns and pronouns.
{{gl|fenki|to be crazy}}

=== '''jo'u''' is ''and'' for joint actions ===
When we need to show that nouns are considered together, instead of '''.e''' we use the particle '''jo'u''':
{{mu|pa nanla jo'u pa nixli cu klama pa panka|A boy with a girl go to a park.}}
{{gl|pa nanla|a boy}}
{{gl|pa nixli|a girl}}
{{gl|pa panka|a park}}
Another example:
{{mu|pa nanla jo'u pa nixli cu casnu pa karce|A boy and a girl discuss a car with each other.}}
{{gl|casnu|to discuss}}
The verb '''casnu''' requires using '''jo'u''' to specify a group of those who discuss between each other.
Compare:
{{mu|pa nanla .e pa nixli cu klama pa panka|A boy goes to a park, and a girl goes to a park.}}
This means that they don't necessarily go together.

Again notice that omitting '''lo''' or numbers starting nouns can cause weird results:
{{mu|pa nanla jo'u nixli cu casnu pa karce|Someone who is a boy and a girl (at the same time considered together!) discusses a car.}}
The correct sentence uses '''lo''' or a number before each noun:
{{mu|lo nanla jo'u lo nixli cu casnu pa karce|Boys and girls discuss a car.}}
{{mu|pa nanla jo'u pa nixli cu casnu pa karce|A boy and a girl discuss a car.}}

{{notci|The pronoun '''mi'o''' (''you and I together'') can actually be expressed as '''mi jo'u do''', which means exactly the same (it's just longer).

In Lojban people mostly use not a single word for ''we'' but more precise constructs like '''mi jo'u lo pendo''' (literally ''I and friends'').}}
===== Task =====
Close the right part of the table. Translate from Lojban the sentences on the left.
{|class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
|style="width: 50%;"|'''mi nelci lo badna .e lo plise'''
|style="width: 50%;"|''I like bananas, and I like apples.''
|-
|'''do sutra ja stati'''
|''You are quick or smart or both.''

|-
|'''za'u pa prenu cu casnu lo karce .u lo gerku'''
|''There are people who discuss cars whether or not (they discuss) dogs.''
|-
|'''mi citka lo najnimre .o nai lo badna'''
|''I eat either oranges or bananas.''
|}
Close the right part of the table. Translate to Lojban the sentences on the left.
{|class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
|style="width: 50%;"|''Females like rain, and males like rain.''
|style="width: 50%;"|'''lo fetsi .e lo nakni cu nelci lo carvi'''
|-
|''Either I or you go to the market.''
|'''mi .o nai do klama le zarci'''
|-
|''I see a big and beautiful car.''
|'''mi viska pa barda je melbi karce'''
|-
|''The child drinks milk and/or juice.''
|'''le verba cu pinxe lo ladru .a lo jisra'''
|-
|''A child and someone small discuss a car.''
|'''pa verba jo'u pa cmalu cu casnu pa karce''' (note the use of '''jo'u'''. ''someone small'' is just '''pa cmalu''').
|}

=== But … ===
{{mu|lo najnimre cu barda i ku'i je lo badna cu cmalu|Oranges are big. But bananas are small.}}
{{gl|ku'i|interjection: but, however}}
Actually ''but'' is the same as ''and'' + it adds a flavor of contrast.

In Lojban we just use the interjection '''ku'i''' and then add '''je''' (''and''). That will give us the necessary contrast.

=== Events: ''dancing and being together'' - '''lo nu dansu .e lo nu kansa''' ===
Any clause can be turned into a verb by putting '''nu''' in front of it:
{{mu|lo nicte cu nu mi viska le lunra|Night is when I see the Moon.|Night is the event when I see the Moon.}}
{{gl|nicte|(some event) is a nighttime}}
{{gl|lo nicte|night (in general sense), nighttimes}}
{{gl|viska|to see (something)}}
{{gl|le lunra|the Moon}}
Here '''lo nicte''' is a noun of the clause and '''nu mi viska le lunra''' is the main verb of the clause as it starts with '''nu'''. But inside this main verb we can see another clause ('''mi viska le lunra''') embedded!

The word '''nu''' actually transforms a clause into a verb that denotes an event or a process.

Adding '''lo''' in front of '''nu''' creates nouns that denote events:
{{gl|pinxe|to drink}}
{{gl|lo nu pinxe|drinking}}

{{gl|dansu|to dance}}
{{gl|lo nu dansu|dancing}}

{{gl|kansa|to be together with}}
{{gl|lo nu kansa|being together}}

{{gl|klama|to come}}
{{gl|lo nu klama|coming}}
{{gl|lo nu do klama|coming of you, you coming}}
'''lo nu''' often corresponds to English ''-ing'', ''-tion'', ''-sion''.

Some verbs require using events instead of ordinary nouns. For example:
{{mu|mi djica lo nu do klama ti|I want you to come here (to this place)}}
{{gl|djica|to want (some event)}}
Some nouns describe events by themselves so no '''lo nu''' is used:
{{mu|lo cabna cu nicte|Now it's night. At present it's night.}}
{{gl|lo cabna|present time, (an event) is at present.}}
Nouns made with '''lo nu''' can be used for verbs that describe events by themselves:
{{mu|lo nu pinxe lo ladru cu nabmi mi|Drinking milk is a problem to me.}}
{{gl|nabmi|(event) is a problem (to someone), (event) is problematic (to someone)}}
For known events we use '''le nu''' instead:
{{mu|mi gleki le nu do klama|I'm happy because you are coming.}}
{{gl|gleki|to be happy (of some event)}}
{{gl|lo gleki|a happy one, a happy person}}
{{notci|All Lojban words are divided into two groups:
* particles (called '''lo cmavo''' in Lojban). Examples: '''lo''', '''nu''', '''mi'''
* verbs (called '''lo selbrivla''' in Lojban). Examples: '''gleki''', '''verba'''. It is quite common to write several particles one after another without spaces between them. This is allowed by Lojban grammar. So don't be surprised to see '''lonu''' instead of '''lo nu''', '''je'unai''' instead of '''je'u nai''', '''jonai''' instead of '''jo nai''' and so on. This doesn't change the meaning. However, this is not applied to verbs: they are to be separated with spaces.}}

===== Task =====
{{gl|pilno|to use (something)}}
{{gl|lo skami|computer}}
Close the right part of the table. Translate from Lojban the sentences on the left.
{|class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
|style="width: 50%;"|'''mi nelci lo nu do dansu'''
|style="width: 50%;"|''I like you dancing.''
|-
|'''xu do gleki lo nu do pilno lo skami'''
|''Are you happy of using computers?''

|-
|'''do djica lo nu mi citka lo plise xu'''
|''Do you want me to eat an apple?''
|}
Close the right part of the table. Translate to Lojban the sentences on the left.
{|class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
|style="width: 50%;"|''Coming here is a problem.''
|style="width: 50%;"|'''lo nu klama ti cu nabmi'''
|-
|style="width: 50%;"|''I want you to be happy.''
|style="width: 50%;"|'''mi djica lo nu do gleki'''

|}

=== Prepositions and tenses: ''was'', ''is'', ''will be'' - '''pu''', '''ca''', '''ba''' ===
Prepositions in Lojban are grouped into series by their meaning to make them easier to remember and use.

Here is the series of "prepositions of tense" that tell when something happens:
{{mu|mi pinxe lo ladru ca lo nu do klama|I drink milk while you are coming.}}
{{mu|mi citka ba lo nu mi dansu|I eat after I dance.}}
*'''pu''' means ''before (some event)'' or denotes past tense.
*'''ca''' means ''at the same time as (some event)'' or denotes present tense.
*'''ba''' means ''after some event'' or denotes future tense.
Yes, we need '''lo nu''' to insert a whole clause after such prepositions.

Let's put a bare preposition just before the main verb:
{{mu|lo mlatu pu pinxe lo ladru|Cats drank milk.}}
{{mu|lo mlatu ca pinxe lo ladru|Cats drink milk (at present).}}
{{mu|lo mlatu ba pinxe lo ladru|Cats will drink milk.}}
Here '''pu''' denotes past tense, '''ca''' denotes present tense, '''ba''' denotes future tense.

As you can see we replaced '''cu''' with a preposition since prepositions also clearly separate the head from the main verb.

Tenses add information about time when something happens. English forces us to use certain tenses. One has to choose between
:''Cats drink milk''.
:''Cats drank milk''.
:''Cats will drink milk''.
and other similar choices.

But in Lojban prepositions of tense like all prepositions are optional, we can be as vague or as precise as we want.

The sentence
{{mu|lo mlatu cu pinxe lo ladru|Cats drink milk.}}
actually says nothing about when this happens. Context is clear enough in most cases and can help us. But if we need more precision we just add more words.

Similarly, '''ba''' means ''after (some event)'' so when we say '''mi ba citka''' we mean that we eat after the moment of speaking, that's why it means ''I will eat''.

We can combine tense words with and without clauses after them:
{{mu|mi pu citka lo plise ba le nu mi dansu|I ate apples after I danced.}}
Note, that '''pu''' (past tense) is put only in the main clause ('''mi pu citka'''). In Lojban it is assumed that the event "I danced" happens relatively to the event of eating.

We shouldn't put '''pu''' with '''dansu''' (unlike English) as '''mi dansu''' is viewed relative to '''mi pu citka''' so we already know that everything was in past.

More examples of prepositions of tense:
{{mu|le nicte cu pluka|The night is pleasant.}}
{{gl|pluka|to be pleasant}}
Tense words before nouns and pronouns turn into prepositions:
{{mu|ba le nicte cu pluka|After the night it is pleasant.}}
Here, the head of the clause is '''ba le nicte''', a preposition with its noun. Then after the separator '''cu''' the main verb of the clause '''pluka''' is followed ('''pluka''' alone means ''It is pleasant'').
Therefore, to say ''will be pleasant'' we should place the tense word before the main verb:
{{mu|le nicte ba pluka|The night will be pleasant.}}

{{notci|Note that '''ca''' can extend slightly into the past and the future, meaning ''just about now''. Thus, '''ca''' reflects a widely used around the world the notion of "present time".}}

=== Prepositions of aspect: '''co'a''', '''ca'o''', '''co'i''' ===
Another series of prepositions, ''prepositions of aspect'':
{{gl|co'a|preposition: the event is at its beginning}}
{{gl|ca'o|preposition: the event is in progress}}
{{gl|co'i|preposition: the event is viewed as a whole (has started and then finished)}}

Most verbs describe events without specifying the stage of those events. Prepositions of aspect allow us to be more precise:
{{mu|mi pu co'a cikna|I woke up.}}
{{gl|cikna|... is awake}}
{{gl|co'a cikna|... wakes up, becomes awake}}

To precisely express English Progressive tense we use '''ca'o''':
{{mu|mi pu ca'o pinxe|I was drinking.}}
{{mu|mi ca ca'o pinxe|I am drinking.}}
{{mu|mi ba ca'o pinxe|I will be drinking.}}

'''co'i''' usually corresponds to English Perfect tense:
{{mu|lo mlatu ca co'i pinxe lo ladru|Cats have drunk milk.}}
We could omit '''ca''' in these sentence since the context would be clear enough in most such cases.

Present Simple tense in English describes events that happen sometimes:
{{mu|lo mlatu ca ta'e pinxe lo ladru|Cats (habitually, sometimes) drink milk.}}
{{gl|ta'e|simple tense: the event happens habitually}}

We can use the same rules for describing the past using '''pu''' instead of '''ca''' or the future using '''ba''':
{{mu|lo mlatu pu co'i pinxe lo ladru|Cats had drunk milk.}}
{{mu|lo mlatu ba co'i pinxe lo ladru|Cats will have drunk milk.}}

{{notci|The relative order of tenses is important. In '''ca co'i''' we first say something happens in present ('''ca'''), then we state that in this present time the described event has been completed ('''co'i'''). Only when using this order we get Present Perfect tense.}}

=== Prepositions of interval: ''during'' - '''ze'a''' ===
Another series of prepositions emphasizes that events happened during an interval:
{{gl|ze'i|for a short time}}
{{gl|ze'a|through some time, for a while, during ...}}
{{gl|ze'u|for a long time}}
{{mu|mi pu ze'a sipna|I slept for a while.}}
{{mu|mi pu sipna ze'a pa nicte|I slept through the night. I slept all night.}}
{{mu|mi pu sipna ze'i pa nicte|I slept through the short night.}}
Compare '''ze'a''' with '''ca''':
{{mu|mi pu sipna ca pa nicte|I slept at night.}}
{{gl|sipna|to sleep}}
{{gl|pa nicte|a nighttime}}
When using '''ze'a''' we are talking about the whole interval of what we describe.

Don't forget that '''nicte''' is itself an event so we don't need '''nu''' here.
=== Other useful prepositions: ''because'' - '''ri'a''', ''towards'' - '''fa'a''', ''at (place)'' - '''bu'u''' ===
Preposition for ''because'':
{{mu|mi pinxe ri'a lo nu mi taske|I drink because I am thirsty.}}
{{mu|mi citka ri'a lo nu mi xagji|I eat because I am hungry.}}
{{gl|ri'a|because … (of some event)}}
{{gl|taske|to be thirsty}}
{{gl|xagji|to be hungry}}

Prepositions denoting place work the same way:
{{mu|mi klama fa'a do to'o pa mlatu|I go to you from a cat.}}
{{mu|mi cadzu bu'u le tcadu|I walk in the city.}}
{{gl|fa'a|towards …, in the direction of …}}
{{gl|to'o|from …, from the direction of …}}
{{gl|bu'u|at … (some place)}}


One thing is important. '''nu''' shows that a new clause in a sentence starts. Put '''vau''' after such clause to show its right border. Here is an example:
{{mu|pa mlatu cu plipe fa'a mi ca lo nu do ca'o klama|A cat jumps towards me when you are coming.}}
{{gl|plipe|to jump}}
but
{{mu|pa mlatu cu plipe ca lo (nu do ca'o klama vau) fa'a mi|A cat jumps (when you are coming) towards me.}}
(brackets are used here only to show the structure)

We use '''vau''' after the clause '''nu do ca'o klama''' to show that it ended and other parts of the sentence begin like '''cu''', a preposition, a noun or a pronoun.

Compare this sentence with the following:
{{mu|pa mlatu cu plipe ca lo (nu do ca'o klama fa'a mi)|A cat jumps (when you are coming towards me).}}
As you can see '''do klama fa'a mi''' is a clause inside the big one. So '''fa'a mi''' is now inside it.

Now you, not the cat, come towards me.

At the end of the sentence '''vau''' is never needed as it's already the right border.

One more example with a tense particle:
{{mu|mi pu citka lo plise ba le nu mi dansu|I ate apples after I danced.}}
{{mu|mi pu citka ba le nu mi dansu vau lo plise|I ate (after I danced) apples.}}
Thus we can move '''ba le nu mi dansu''' around the sentence provided that it's still put after '''pu'''.

===== Task =====
{{gl|le tsani|the sky}}
{{gl|zvati|to be present at (some place or event), to stay ... (at some place)}}
{{gl|lo canko|window}}
{{gl|lo fagri|a fire}}
{{gl|mi'o|You and I}}
Close the right part of the table. Translate from Lojban the sentences on the left.
{|class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
|style="width: 50%;"|'''mi ca gleki lo nu do viska le tsani'''
|style="width: 50%;"|''I am happy that you see the sky.''
|-
|'''xu le mlatu pu ca'o zvati lo zdani'''
|''Were the cats staying at home?''
|-
|'''do pu citka pa plise ba lo nu mi pinxe lo ladru'''
|''You ate an apple after I drank milk.''
|-
|style="width: 50%;"|'''ko catlu fa'a le canko'''
|style="width: 50%;"|''Look towards the window.''
|-
|'''xu do gleki ca lo nu do ca'o cadzu bu'u le purdi'''
|''Are you happy when you are walking in the garden?''
|-
|'''ca lo nu mi klama lo zdani vau do pinxe lo tcati ri'a lo nu do taske'''
|''When I go home you drink tea because you are thirsty.''
|}
Close the right part of the table. Translate to Lojban the sentences on the left.
{|class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
|style="width: 50%;"|''You will see the sun.''
|style="width: 50%;"|'''do ba viska le solri''' ('''lo solri''' is also fine since usually there is only one sun possible)
|-
|''You understand that it will rain.''
|'''do ca jimpe lo nu ba carvi'''
|-
|style="width: 50%;"|''Quickly run away from the fire!''
|style="width: 50%;"|'''ko sutra bajra to'o le fagri'''
|-
|''You and I were staying together at home when it was raining.''
|'''mi'o pu ca'o zvati lo zdani ca lo nu carvi'''
|}

=== Negation ===
The preposition '''na''' makes everything to its right within the clause negative in meaning:
{{mu|mi na nelci do|I don't like you.}}
{{gl|na|preposition: it is not true that ...}}

Its opposite, the preposition '''ja'a''' affirms the meaning:

{{mu|mi ja'a nelci do|I do like you.}}
{{gl|ja'a|preposition: it is true that ...}}

=== Names. Choosing a name ===
'''lo cmevla''', or ''name word'' is a special kind of verb used to build personal names. It's easy to recognize lo cmevla in a flow of text as only lo cmevla end in a consonant.

Besides, they are wrapped by one dot from each side.

Examples of lo cmevla are: '''.paris.''', '''.robin.'''

If one's name is Bob then we can create a cmevla ourselves that would sound as close as possible to this name, for example '''.bob.'''

The most simple example of using a name would be
{{mu|la .bob. cu tcidu|Bob reads/is reading.}}
{{gl|tcidu|to read}}

'''la''' is similar to '''lo''' but it converts a verb not to a simple noun but to a name.

In English we start a word with a capital letter to show that it's a name. In Lojban we use the prefix word '''la'''.

{{notci|Always use '''la''' when producing names!}}

A name can consist of several cmevla one after another:
{{mu|la .bob.djonson. cu tcidu|Bob Johnson reads/is reading.}}
Here, we separated the two cmevla with just one dot, which is also a common style.

{{notci|It's common to omit dots in front of and at the end of lo cmevla to write texts faster, for example, when text chatting. After all, lo cmevla are still separated from neighboring words by spaces around them:

{{mu|la bob djonson cu tcidu}}

However, in spoken language it is still necessary to put a short pause before and after lo cmevla.}}

Bob's first name goes into Lojban without much changes. The same for the name ''Lojban''. It's a cmevla and is written as '''.lojban.''':
{{mu|la .lojban. cu bangu mi|I speak Lojban.|Lojban is a language of me. Lojban is a language I use.}}
{{gl|bangu|is a language (used by someone)}}
However, Lojban letters directly correspond to sounds. Therefore, there are some rules for adapting names to how they are written in Lojban. This may sound strange — after all, a name is a name — but in fact all languages do this to some extent. For example, English speakers tend to pronounce ''Jose'' something like ''Hozay'', and ''Margaret'' in Chinese is ''Magelita''. Some sounds just don't exist in some languages, so you need to rewrite the name so that it only contains Lojban sounds, and is spelt according to letter-sound correspondence.

Example:
{{gl|la .djonson.|Johnson}}
{{gl|la .suzyn.|Susan}}
In the English name ''Susan'' the two letters ''s'' are pronounced differently. The second one is actually a ''z'', and the ''a'' is not really an ''a'' sound, it's the "schwa" explained in the beginning of this chapter. So ''Susan'' is written '''.suzyn.''' in Lojban.

{{notci|Pay attention to how the name is pronounced natively. Thus, the English and French names ''Robert'' come out differently in Lojban: the English name is rather '''.robyt.''' in UK English, or '''.rabyrt.''' in some American dialects, but the French is '''.rober.'''}}

Here are some names that we'll use throughout this book:
{|class="wikitable"
|'''la .alis.'''
|''Alice''
|rowspan = 6|
|'''la .meilis.'''
|''Mei Li''

|-
|'''la .bob.'''
|''Bob''
|'''la .abdul.'''
|''Abdul''

|-
|'''la .ian.'''
|''Yan'' or ''Ian''
|'''la .al.'''
|''Ali''

|-
|'''la .doris.'''
|''Doris''
|'''la .micel.'''
|''Michelle''
|-
|'''la .kevin.'''
|''Kevin''
|'''la .edvard.'''
|''Edward''

|-
|'''la .adam.'''
|''Adam''
|'''la .lukas.'''
|''Lucas''
|}

*Two extra full stops (periods) are necessary because if you didn't put those pauses in speech, you might not know where the name started and ended, or in other words where the previous word ended and the next word began.
*The last letter of a cmevla must be a consonant. And if a name doesn't end in a consonant we usually add use ''s'' to the end; so in Lojban, ''Mary'' becomes '''.meris.''', ''Joe'' becomes '''.djos.''' and so on. An alternative is to leave out the last vowel, so ''Mary'' would become '''.mer.''' or '''.meir.'''
*You can also put a full stop in between a person's first and last names (though it's not compulsory), so ''Jim Jones'' becomes '''.djim.djonz.'''

====Rules for making lo cmevla====
Here is a compact representation of Lojban sounds:
* vowels:
** '''a e i o u y au ai ei oi'''
* consonants
** '''b d g v z j''' (voiced)
** '''p t k f s c x''' (unvoiced)
** '''l m n r'''
** '''i u'''. They are considered consonants when put between two vowels or in the beginning of a word. '''.iaua''' - '''i''' and '''u''' are consonants here. '''.iai''' - here is the consonant '''i''' with an vowel '''ai''' after it.
** ''' ' ''' (apostrophe). It is put only between two vowels: '''.e'e''', '''.u'i'''
** '''.''' (dot, word break)

We first write a name with Lojban letters and then change them according to these rules:
# they start and end in consonants except ''' ' '''. Additionally they are wrapped by a dot from each side: '''.lojban.''' It's quite common to omit word breaks in informal texts.
# vowels can be put only between two consonants: '''.sam.''', '''.no'am.'''
# double consonants are merged into one: ''dd'' becomes '''d''', ''nn'' becomes '''n''' etc. Or a '''y''' is out between them: '''.nyn.'''
# if a voiced and a unvoiced consonants are next to each other then '''y''' is inserted inside: '''kv''' becomes '''kyv'''. Or you can remove one of the letters instead: '''pb''' can be turned into a single '''p''' or a single '''b'''.
# if one of '''c''', '''j''', '''s''', '''z''' are next to each other then '''y''' is inserted inside: '''jz''' becomes '''jyz'''. Or you can remove one of the letters instead: '''cs''' can be turned into a single '''c''' or a single '''s'''.
# if '''x''' is next to '''c''' or next to '''k''' then '''y''' is inserted inside: '''cx''' becomes '''cyx''', '''xk''' becomes '''xyk'''. Or you can remove one of the letters instead: '''kx''' can be turned into a single '''x'''.
# the substrings '''mz''', '''nts''', '''ntc''', '''ndz''', '''ndj''' are fixed by adding '''y''' inside or deleting one of the letters: '''nytc''' or '''nc''', '''.djeimyz.'''
#double '''ii''' between vowels is merged into a single '''i''': '''.eian.''' (but not '''.eiian.''')
#double '''uu''' between vowels is merged into a single '''u''': '''.auan.''' (but not '''.auuan.''')

==== Other verbs as names ====
You can use not only cmevla, but also other types of verbs to choose your nickname in Lojban. If you prefer, you can translate your name into Lojban (if you know what it means, of course) or adopt a completely new Lojban identity.

Here are a few examples of Lojbanic names:
<tab class=wikitable head=top>
Original name Meaning Word in Lojban Your name
Blake black '''lo xekri''' — ''black'' '''la xekri'''
Ethan solid, during '''lo sligu''' — ''solid'' '''la sligu'''
Mei Li ''beautiful'' in Mandarin Chinese '''lo melbi''' — ''beautiful'' '''la melbi'''
</tab>
==== '''le''' and names ====
{{notci|Lojban has a single term {{gln|lo sumti|"noun or pronoun or name"}}
Indeed, nouns, pronouns and names work grammatically exactly the same in Lojban. For brevity we'll be calling them all ''nouns''.}}

'''le''' can be used to refer to names mentioned earlier:

{{mu|la alis cu klama pa zarci i le fetsi cu xagji|Alice is going to a shop. She is hungry.}}
{{gl|xagji|to be hungry}}
{{mu|la alis cu viska la doris i le fetsi cu melbi|Alice can see Doris. She (Doris) is beautiful.}}
Here, '''le fetsi''' is applied to Doris, the last noun describing a female person.

In this example we assume that both Alice and Doris are females.

=== Introducing yourself. Vocatives ===
{{pixra|Image:Alishan_sunrise.JPG|'''cerni''' ''... is morning''}}
{{pixra|Image:Fanabe_beach_Day_6_Sunset_2_(400636804).jpg|'''vanci''' ''... is evening''}}
{{pixra|Image:The_Strand,_Ballinskelligs,_Kerry,_1990_(7787237516).jpg|'''donri''' ''... is daylight time''}}
{{pixra|Image:Stormy_night_skies_in_Glacier_(4455539994).jpg|'''nicte''' ''... is night''}}
''Vocatives'' in Lojban are words that function just like interjections ('''xu''' which we earlier discussed) but they attach the following noun after them:
{{mu|coi do|Hello, you!}}
{{gl|coi|vocative: Hello! Hi!}}
We use '''coi''' + a noun or pronoun to greet someone.
{{mu|co'o do|Goodbye to you.}}
{{gl|co'o|vocative: goodbye!}}
{{vajni|'''coi ro do''' {{=}} ''Hello each of you'' is how people usually start a conversation with several people. '''coi re do''' means ''Hello you two'' and can be useful when, for example, one starts a letter to their parents).}}
Since vocatives work like interjections we have nice types of greetings:
{{vajni|
'''cerni coi''' ''Good morning!'' <tt>It's morning — Hello! [literally]</tt>

'''vanci coi''' ''Good evening!''

'''donri coi''' ''Good day!''}}

{{mu|nicte coi|Nightly greetings!}}

Note that in English "Goodnight!" means "Goodbye!" or denotes wishing someone spending good night. By its meaning "Goodnight!" doesn't belong to the series of greetings above. Thus, we use a different wording in Lojban:
{{vajni|'''nicte co'o''' ''Goodnight!'' 
'''a'o pluka nicte''' ''Pleasant night!''}}
{{gl|a'o|interjection: I hope}}
{{gl|pluka|to be pleasant to … (someone)}}
Of course, we can be vague by just saying '''pluka nicte''' (just meaning ''pleasant night'' without any wishes explicitly said).

The vocative '''mi'e''' + a noun/pronoun is used to introduce yourself:
{{mu|mi'e la .doris.|I'm Doris. This is Doris speaking.}}
{{gl|mi'e|vocative: identifies speaker}}

The vocative '''doi''' is used to show who we're talking to:
{{mu|mi cliva doi la .robert.|I'm leaving, Robert.}}
{{gl|cliva|to leave (something or someone)}}
Without '''doi''' the name might become the first noun of the clause:
{{mu|mi cliva la .robert.|I'm leaving Robert.}}
'''doi''' is a like Old English ''O'' (as in ''O ye of little faith'') or the Latin vocative (as in ''Et tu, Brute''). Some languages don't distinguish between these contexts although as you can see Old English and Latin did.

Two more vocatives are are '''ki'e''' for saying thanks and '''je'e''' for accepting them:
{{mu|— ki'e do do pu sidju mi — je'e do|— Thank you, you helped me. — Not at all.}}
{{gl|sidju|to help (someone)}}
We can omit the noun after the vocative only if this is the ends of the sentence. For example we can just say
{{mu|— coi .i xu do kanro|— Hello. How do you do?|— Hello. Are you healthy?}}
{{gl|kanro|to be healthy}}

Here, a new sentence starts immediately after the vocative '''coi''' so we omitted the name. Or we can say:
{{mu|coi do mi djica lo nu do sidju mi|Hello. I want you to help me.|Hello you. I want that you help me.}}
Thus, in case you don't know the name of the listener you just place '''do''' after it if you want to continue the same sentence after the vocative.

If you use the vocative on its own (without a noun after it) and the sentence is not finished yet then you need to separate it from the rest, because the things likeliest to follow the vocative in a sentence could easily be misconstrued as describing your addressee. Use the word '''do''' for that. For example,

{{mu|coi do la .alis. la .doris. pu cliva|Hello! Alice left Doris.|Hello you! Alice left Doris}}
{{mu|coi la .alis. la .doris. pu cliva|Hello, Alice! Doris left.}}

And if you want to put both vocatives and interjections modifying the whole sentence please put interjections first:
{{mu|.ui coi do la .alis. la .doris. pu cliva|Yay, Hello! Alice left Doris.}}

Note that in the beginning of sentences usually interjections are put before vocatives because
:'''coi .ui do la .alis. la .doris. pu cliva'''
means
:''Hello (I'm happy about this greeting) you! Alice left Doris.''

So an interjection immediately after a vocative modifies that vocative.
Similarly, interjection modifies the vocative noun when being put after it:
{{mu|coi do .ui la .alis. la .doris. pu cliva|Hello you (I'm happy about you)! Alice left Doris.}}

===== Task =====
Close the right part of the table. Translate from Lojban the sentences on the left.
{{gl|nelci|to like (someone or something)}}
{{gl|lo mamta|a mother, mothers}}
{|class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
|style="width: 50%;"|'''cerni coi la .alis.'''
|style="width: 50%;"|''Good morning, Alice.''
|-
|'''— mi ba sipna — a'o pluka nicte'''
|''— I will sleep. — Good night.''

|-
|'''mi'e la .adam. i mi nelci lo nu mi ca'o tavla do'''
|''I am Adam. I like that I am talking to you.''
|}
Close the right part of the table. Translate to Lojban the sentences on the left.
{|class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
|style="width: 50%;"|''Mommy, I will eat an apple.''
|style="width: 50%;"|'''doi lo mamta mi ba citka pa plise'''
|-
|''You leave? Goodbye.''
|'''xu do cliva .i co'o do''' or just '''xu do cliva .i co'o'''
|}

== Lesson 2. More basic stuff ==
=== Order of arguments ===
Earlier we provided such definitions of verbs as:
{{gl|mlatu|is a cat, to be a cat}}
{{gl|citka|to eat}}
{{gl|prami|to love}}
{{gl|klama|to come}}
The dictionary in the end of this textbook presents all verbs with x1, x2 etc. symbols:
{{gl|mlatu|x1 is a cat ...}}
{{gl|citka|x1 eats x2 ...}}
{{gl|prami|x1 loves x2}}
{{gl|klama|x1 comes to x2 ...}}
These x1, x2 are quite simple. They are called places of arguments and more precisely represent the order in which we add nouns or pronouns. For example:
{{mu|mi prami do|I love you.}}
This also means that
*x1 denotes ''the one who loves'' and
*x2 denotes ''the one who is loved by''.
The advantage of such style of definitions is that all participants of a relation are in one definition.

We can also omit nouns making the sentence more vague:
{{mu|carvi|It is raining.|is rain, is raining}}
:(although tense here is determined by context, it can also mean ''It often rains'', ''It was raining'' etc.)
{{mu|prami do|Someone loves you.|loves you}}

All omitted places in a clause just mean '''zo'e''' = ''something/someone'' so it means the same as
{{mu|zo'e prami do|Someone loves you.}}
And
{{mu|prami}}
is the same as
{{mu|zo'e prami zo'e|Someone loves someone.}}

{{notci|Prepositions add new places to verbs but they don't remove existing places. In
{{mu|mi klama fa'a do|I come towards you.}}
the second place of '''klama''' is still omitted. For example:
{{mu|mi klama fa'a pa cmana do|I come (towards a mountain) to you.}}
And here the second place of '''klama''' is '''do'''. And the sentence means that the mountain is just a direction whereas the final point is you.

Similarly, in
{{mu|mi citka ba lo nu mi cadzu|I eat after I walk.}}
the second place of '''citka''' is still omitted. A new preposition '''ba''' with its phrase '''lo nu mi cadzu''' adds meaning to the sentence.}}

The order of arguments of compound verbs is the same as the of the last verb word in it:
{{mu|tu sutra bajra pendo mi|That is my quickly running friend.|That is a quickly running friend of me.}}
{{gl|pendo|to be a friend, is a friend (of someone)}}
So the order of arguments is the same as of '''pendo''' alone.

=== More than two places ===
There might be more than two places. For example:

{{mu|mi pinxe lo ladru pa kabri|I drink milk from a cup.}}
{{gl|pinxe|x1 drinks x2 from x3}}
{{mu|pa kabri|a cup}}

In this case there are three places and if you want to exclude the second place in the middle you have to use '''zo'e:'''

{{mu|mi pinxe zo'e pa kabri |I drink [something] from a cup.}}

If we omit '''zo'e''' we get something meaningless:
{{mu|mi pinxe pa kabri|I drink a cup.}}

Another example:
{{mu|mi dunda pa cukta do|I give a book to you.}}
{{gl|dunda|x1 gives, donates x2 to x3}}
{{gl|pa cukta|a book}}

=== General rules in the order of arguments ===
The order of places in verbs might be sometimes hard to remember. But let's not worry — like in English you don't need to remember all places of all verbs (do you remember the meaning of hundreds of thousands of words in English?)

You may study places when you find them useful or when people use them in a dialogue with you.

Most of verbs have one or two places. Usually you can guess the order using context and a few rules of thumb:
#The first place is often the person or thing who does something or is something:
#:'''klama''' = ''x1 goes ...''
#The object of some action is usually just after the first place:
#:'''punji''' = ''x1 puts x2 on x3'', '''dunda''' = ''x1 gives x2 (gift) to x3 (recipient)''
#And the next place will usually be filled with the recipient:
#:'''punji''' = ''x1 puts x2 on x3'', '''dunda''' = ''x1 gives x2 (gift) to x3 (recipient)''
#Destination (''to'') places nearly always come before origins (''from'') places:
#:'''klama''' = ''x1 goes to x2 from x3''
#Less-used places come towards the end. These tend to be things like ‘by standard’, ‘by means’ or ‘made of’.
The general idea is that first come the places which are most likely to be used.

{{notci|No need to fill all places all the time. Unfilled places just have values irrelevant or obvious to the speaker (they take the value of '''zo'e''' {{=}} ''something'').}}
=== Prepositions and places ===
Prepositions don't replace places:
{{mu|mi klama fa'a le cmana le zdani be mi|I go in the direction of the mountain to my home.}}
{{gl|le zdani be mi|home of me, my home}}
Here, the preposition '''fa'a''' (''in the direction of'') doesn't replace the second place of the verb '''klama''' (which is filled with '''le zdani be mi''' - ''my home''). The sentence means that my home is simply located in the direction of the mountain but it doesn't mean I want to reach that mountain.

=== Places for nouns ===
{{pixra|File:Alex friends.JPG|'''lo pendo''' ''friend / friends''}}
{{pixra|Image:Ezhednevnik.jpg|'''pa cukta''' ''a book''}}
{{pixra|File:Fetch volumes ok 2.jpg|'''mi dunda pa cukta''' ''I give a book.''}}
How do we say ''You are my friend'' ?
{{mu|do pendo mi|You are my friend.|You are a friend of me.}}

And now how do we say ''My friend is crazy.''?

{{mu|pa pendo be mi cu fenki|My friend is crazy.}}

So when we convert a verb into a noun ('''pendo''' — ''to be a friend'' into '''pa pendo''' — ''a friend'') we can still retain other places of that verb by placing '''be''' after it.

By default it attaches the second place (x2). We can attach more places by separating them with '''bei''':
{{mu|mi dunda le cukta do|I give the book to you.}}

{{mu|le dunda be le cukta bei mi|The grantor of a book to me}}

{{mu|le dunda be le cukta bei mi cu pendo mi|The giver of the book to me is my friend.|The one who gives the book to me is a friend of mine.}}

Another example:
{{mu|mi klama pa pendo be do|I come to a friend of yours.}}
We can't omit '''be''' because '''pa pendo do''' are two independent places:
{{mu|mi klama pa pendo do|I come to a friend from you.}}
{{gl|klama|x1 comes to x2 from x3 ...}}
Here, '''do''' took the third place of '''klama''' since it's not bound to ''pendo''' using ''be'''.

Neither could we use '''nu''' because '''pa nu pendo do''' is one event about a friend of yours. So '''pa pendo be do''' is the correct solution.

Another example:
{{mu|la .lojban. cu bangu mi|Lojban is my language.|Lojban is a language of me.}}
However,
{{mu|mi nelci lo bangu be mi|I like my language.}}

Using '''be''' for verbs not converted to nouns has no effect: '''mi nelci be do''' is the same as '''mi nelci do'''.

=== Relative clauses ===
{{mu|pa mlatu poi blabi cu pinxe lo ladru|A cat that is white is drinking milk.}}

{{mu|pa mlatu noi blabi cu pinxe lo ladru|A cat, which is white, is drinking milk.}}
{{gl|blabi|to be white}}

In the first sentence the word "''that''" is essential to identifying the cat in question, it clarifies which cat we are talking about. Out of probably many cats we choose only those who are white. Maybe there is only one cat around that is white like in this example.

As for "''which is white''" from the second sentence it just provides additional information about the cat. It doesn't help us to identify cats. For example, this might happen when all the cats are white.

'''poi blabi''' is a relative clause, a mini-clause attached to the right of the noun '''lo mlatu'''. It ends just before the next word '''cu''':
{{mu|pa mlatu (poi blabi) cu pinxe lo ladru|A cat (that is white) is drinking milk.}}

So in addition to '''pa mlatu cu pinxe lo ladru''' — ''a cat drinks milk'' we state that the cat is white.

In Lojban we use '''poi''' for relative clauses that identify entities (objects, people or events) and '''noi''' for incidental information.

{{mu|le nakni ba co'a speni pa ninmu poi pu xabju lo nurma|He will marry a girl who lived in the country.}}
{{gl|xabju|to live, to inhabit}}
{{gl|lo nurma|rural area}}

This sentence doesn't exclude him marrying someone else as well! Removing the relative clause with '''poi''' changes the meaning:
{{mu|le nakni ba co'a speni pa ninmu|He will marry a girl.}}

Another example:
{{mu|lo prenu poi gleki cu ze'u renvi|People (which ones?) who are happy live long.}}
{{gl|ze'u|preposition: for a long time}}
{{gl|renvi|to survive}}
Removing the relative clause with '''poi''' changes the meaning:
{{mu|lo prenu ze'u renvi|People live long.}}

On the other hand, relative clauses with '''noi''' contain just additional information about the noun to which they are attached. That noun is sufficiently defined by itself so that removing a relative clause with '''noi''' doesn't change its meaning:
{{mu|mi nelci la .doris. noi mi ta'e zgana bu'u pa panka|I like Doris, whom I habitually see in a park. I like Doris. What else can I say about her? I habitually see her in a park.}}
{{gl|zgana|to observe (using any senses)}}
Removing the relative clause with '''noi''' retains the meaning: ''I like Doris.''

In spoken English the distinction is often achieved using intonation or by guessing. Also relative clauses with '''noi''' are traditionally separated with commas in English, they use ''which'' or ''who'' and the word ''that'' is not used in them.

Let's have another example.
{{mu|mi klama pa tricu|I come to a tree.}}
{{mu|pa tricu cu barda|A tree is big.}}
{{gl|pa tricu|a tree}}
{{gl|barda|x1 is big/large}}
And now let's join those two sentences:
{{mu|pa tricu noi mi klama ke'a cu barda|A tree, to which I go, is big.}}
Note the word '''ke'a'''. We move the second sentence about the same tree into a relative clause and replace the noun '''lo tricu''' with '''ke'a''' in the relative clause. So the pronoun '''ke'a''' is like ''who'' and ''which'' in English. It points back to the noun to which the relative clause is attached.

So literally our Lojbanic sentence sounds like
:''A tree, such that I go to which, is big.''

'''ke'a''' can be dropped if we are to place it just after '''noi''' or '''poi'''. That's why the two following sentences mean the same:
{{mu|pa mlatu poi blabi cu pinxe lo ladru pa mlatu poi ke'a blabi cu pinxe lo ladru|A cat that is white is drinking milk.}}

'''ke'a''' goes to the first unfilled place:
{{mupli|'''le nakni ba co'a speni pa ninmu poi le nakni pu penmi bu'u pa zarci''' or '''le nakni ba co'a speni pa ninmu poi le nakni pu penmi ke'a bu'u pa zarci''' ''He will marry a girl whom he had met in a store.''}}
Here, '''le nakni''' fills the first place of '''penmi''', thus, '''ke'a''' is assumed for the next, second place.

Relative clauses like usual clauses can contain constructs with prepositions:
{{mu|pa tricu noi mi pu klama ke'a ca lo cabdei cu barda|A tree, to which I went today, is big.}}
{{gl|lo cabdei|the day of today}}
Note that '''ca lo cabdei''' belongs to the relative clause. Compare:
{{mu|pa tricu noi mi pu klama ke'a cu barda ca lo cabdei|A tree, to which I went, is big today.}}
The meaning has changed a lot.

Finally, '''voi''' is used to refer to clauses that have just been mentioned:
{{mu|mi zgana pa prenu poi ca'o kelci i mi zgana pa prenu poi ca'o citka i pa prenu voi kelci cu verba|I observe a person who is playing. I observe a person who is eating. One person (mentioned as playing) is a child.}}

{{mu|lo cabna cu pluka vanci i lo simsa ditcu voi vanci na cafne|Now it's a pleasant evening. Such times that is pleasant evenings does not happen often.}}
{{gl|lo cabna|event that is now, in present}}
{{gl|simsa|to be similar}}
{{gl|ditcu|x1 (clause) is a period, some time}}
{{gl|cafne|to happen often}}

'''voi''' parallels '''le''': '''le''' refers to nouns in context, '''voi''' refers to clauses in context. Despite its utility '''voi''' hasn't been used a lot by Lojban speakers.

=== Short relative clauses. "''About''". ===
Sometimes you might need to attach to a noun an additional noun or pronoun:
{{mu|mi djuno lo vajni pe do|I know something important about you.}}
{{gl|lo vajni|something important}}
'''pe''' and '''ne''' are similar to '''poi''' and '''noi''' but connect nouns (and pronouns) to nouns:
{{mupli|'''pa penbi pe mi cu xunre''' ''A pen that is mine is red.'' (''mine'' is essential to identifying the pen in question)}}
{{mupli|'''pa penbi ne mi cu xunre''' ''A pen, which is mine, is red.'' (additional information)}}
{{gl|ne|which is about, has relation to ... (a noun/pronoun follows)}}
{{gl|pe|that is about, has relation to ... (a noun/pronoun follows)}}

=== '''be''' and '''pe''' ===
Notice that relative clauses are attached to nouns whereas '''be''' connects to the verb that is transformed into a noun afterwards.

Actually, '''lo bangu pe mi''' is a better translation of ''my language'', since like in English, the two nouns are related to each other in a vague way.

However, you can say '''lo birka be mi''' as ''my arm''. Even if you saw off your arm, it'll still be yours. That's why '''birka''' has a place of the owner:
{{gl|birka|x1 is an arm of x2}}
Notice that '''be''' attaches to the verb word. But '''pe''', '''ne''', '''poi''' and '''noi''' attach to nouns. For example,
{{mu|pa melbi be mi cukta pe pa pendo be mi cu barda|A beautiful to me book of a friend of mine is big.}}
Here, '''be mi''' is applied only to the verb '''melbi''' = ''to be beautiful to … (someone)''. But '''pe pa pendo''' is applied to the whole noun '''pa melbi be mi cukta''' = ''a beautiful to me book''.

It can also happen that we need to attach '''be''' to a noun and then attach '''pe''' to the same noun:
{{mu|pa pendo be do be'o pe la paris cu stati|A friend of yours who is related to Paris is smart.}}
{{mu|lo pu dunda be pa cukta bei do be'o pe la paris cu stati|Who gave a book to you (and who is related to Paris) is smart.}}
'''be'o''' shows that the nouns attached with '''be''' and with '''bei''' (if they are used) end, and thus '''pe la paris''' is attached to the whole bigger noun '''pa pendo be do be'o''' and '''lo pu dunda be pa cukta bei do be'o'''.

Compare it to:
{{mu|pa pendo be do pe la paris cu stati|A friend of you (who is related to Paris) is smart.}}
{{mu|lo pu dunda be pa cukta bei do pe la paris cu stati|Who gave a book to you (who is related to Paris) is smart.}}
The difference in the meaning is huge. In the first two examples your friend has some relation to Paris (maybe, he/she is from Paris). In the second two examples, you have this relation.

=== "''She is a teacher''" and "''She is the teacher''" ===
In English the verb ''is, are, to be'' makes a noun work like a verb in English. In Lojban even such concepts as ''cat'' ('''mlatu'''), ''person'' ('''prenu'''), ''house'' ('''dinju'''), ''home'' ('''zdani''') work like verbs by default. Only pronouns work as nouns.

However, here are three cases:
{{mu|le nakni cu ctuca|He teaches.}}
{{mu|le nakni cu me lo ctuca|He is one of those who teach.}}
{{gl|me|to be among ..., to be one of ..., to be a member of ... (noun follows)}}

{{mu|le nakni ta'e ctuca|He habitually teaches.}}
{{gl|ta'e|preposition: the event happens habitually}}

{{mu|le nakni cu du le ctuca|He is the teacher.}}
{{gl|du|to be identical to ...}}
The particle '''me''' takes a noun after it and shows that there are probably other teachers, and he is one of them.

However, when using the verb '''du''' we mean that he is, for example, the teacher that we have been searching for or talking about.

Thus '''me''' and '''du''' can sometimes reflect what in English we use the verb ''to be/is/was'' for.
{{notci|In Lojban we first rely on the meaning of what we need to say, not necessarily on how it is literally said in English or other languages.}}

Other examples:
{{mu|mi me la bond|I am Bond.}}

{{mu|mi du la .kevin.|I am Kevin (the one you needed).}}

{{mu|ti du la .alis. noi mi ta'e zgana bu'u pa panka|This is Alice, whom I often see in a park.}}




'''noi du''' and '''poi du''' are used in Lojban to introduce alternate names for something. So they correspond to English ''namely, i.e.'':
{{mu|la .alis. cu penmi pa prenu noi du la .abdul.|Alice met a person, namely Abdul.}}

=== Prepositions inside nouns ===
We can place a tense not only before the main verb of a clause but at the end of it giving the same result:
{{mu|mi ca tcidu mi tcidu ca|I (now read).}}
{{gl|tcidu|to read (some text)}}
When using '''nu''' we create a clause. Notice, the difference between these two examples:
{{mu|le nu tcidu ca cu nandu|The current reading is complicated, difficult.}}
{{mu|le nu tcidu cu ca nandu|The reading is now complicated.}}

Other examples:
{{mu|mi klama pa cmana pu|I went to a mountain.|I go to a mountain (in past).}}
{{mu|lo nu mi klama pa cmana pu cu pluka|That I went to a mountain is pleasant.}}
When not using '''nu''' we don't have clauses. Nouns start with '''lo''' and end in its verb (like a single or a compound verb). Thus we can insert prepositions to nouns only before that verb:
{{mu|lo pu kunti tumla ca purdi|What was a desert is now a garden.}}
So '''pu''' belongs to '''lo kunti tumla''' and '''ca''' belongs to '''purdi''' (as '''lo pu kunti tumla''' can't add '''ca''' in the end).

This doesn't contradict with using '''be''' after the verb since with '''be''' you change the verb: '''bangu be mi''' is considered one verb.

Placing prepositions after nouns binds them to outer verbs:
{{mu|lo kunti tumla pu purdi|The desert was a garden.}}
=== New nouns from places of the same verb ===
{{mu|do dunda ti mi|You grant this to me.}}
{{mu|ti se dunda do mi|This is granted by you to me.}}
{{gl|dunda|x1 grants, gives x2 to x3}}

We can swap the first two places round in the verb using '''se''' and thus change the place structure.

'''do dunda ti mi''' means exactly the same as '''ti se dunda do mi'''. The difference is solely in style.

You may want to change things around for different emphasis, for example, to mention the more important things in a sentence first. So the following pairs mean the same thing:
{{mu|mi prami do|I love you.}}
{{mu|do se prami mi|You are loved by me.}}

{{mu|lo nu mi tadni la .lojban. cu xamgu mi|My study of Lojban is good for me.}}
{{gl|xamgu|to be good for (someone)}}
{{mu|mi se xamgu lo nu mi tadni la .lojban.|For me it's good to study Lojban.}}

The same can be dont with nouns:
{{gl|lo dunda|those who give, givers, donors, donators}}
{{gl|lo se dunda|something that is given, gifts}}

As we know, when we add '''lo''' in front of a verb it becomes a noun. So
*'''lo dunda''' means ''something(s) which could fit in the first place of '''dunda'''''
*'''lo se dunda''' means ''something(s) which could fit in the second place of '''dunda'''''
Thus, in Lojban we don't need a separate word for ''gift''. We reuse the same verb and save a lot of effort because of such clever design. Indeed, we can't imagine a gift without implying that someone gave it or will give it. When phenomena are interconnected Lojban reflects this.

For the ease of understanding and memorizing predicate words prefixed with '''se''' are put into the dictionary in entries for many verbs together with their definitions although you can figure out their meaning yourself.
=== Changing other places in main verbs ===
'''se''' is the first particle in the series '''se, te, ve, xe''' (they go in alphabetical order):
*'''se''' changes round the first and second places
*'''te''' changes round the first and third places
*'''ve''', the first and fourth, and
*'''xe''', the first and fifth.
{{mu|le nakni cu zbasu pa stizu lo mudri|He made a chair out of wood.}}
{{gl|zbasu|x1 builds, makes x2 out of x3}}
{{gl|pa stizu|a chair}}
{{gl|lo mudri|wood}}
{{mu|lo mudri cu te zbasu le stizu le nakni|Wood is the material the chair is made of by him.}}
The '''le nakni''' has now moved to the third place in the sentence, and can now be dropped out without being missed if we are too lazy to specify who made the chair or we just don't know who made it:
{{mu|lo mudri cu te zbasu le stizu|Wood is the material of the chair.}}

Similarly to our example with '''lo se dunda''' (''gift'') we can use '''te''', '''ve''', '''xe''' to get more words from other places of verbs:
{{gl|klama|x1 goes to x2 from x3 via x4 by means x5}}
Thus, we can derive that
{{gl|lo klama|a goer/goers}}
{{gl|lo se klama|destination place}}
{{gl|lo te klama|place of origin of the movement}}
{{gl|lo ve klama|route}}
{{gl|lo xe klama|vehicle}}
'''lo xe klama''' and the fifth place of '''klama''' can denote any means of movement like a car or your feet.

{{notci|'''se''' is used a lot more than the other particles for swapping places.}}

=== Free word order. Prepositions for places ===
Usually we don't need all the places of a verb, so we can omit the unnecessary ones by replacing them with '''zo'e'''. However, we can use ''place tags'' - special prepositions to explicitly refer to a needed place.

{{mupli|'''mi prami do''' is the same as '''fa mi prami fe do''' ''I love you.''}}
*'''fa''' marks the first place of a verb (x1)
*'''fe''' - marks the second place (x2)
*'''fi''' - marks the third place (x3)
*'''fo''' - marks the fourth place (x4)
*'''fu''' - marks the fifth place (x5)

More examples:
{{mu|mi klama fi le tcadu|I go from the city.}}
'''fi''' marks '''le tcadu''' as the third place of '''klama''' (the origin of movement). Without '''fi''', the sentence would turn into '''mi klama le tcadu''' meaning ''I go to the city.''
{{mupli|'''mi pinxe fi pa kabri''' is the same as '''mi pinxe zo'e pa kabri''' I drink (something) from a cup.}}
{{gl|pinxe|x1 drinks x2 from x3}}

{{mupli|'''mi tugni zo'e lo nu vitke lo rirni''' '''mi tugni fi lo nu vitke lo rirni''' I agree (with someone) about visiting parents.}}
{{gl|tugni|x1 agrees with someone x2 about x3 (clause)}}

With place tags we can move places around:
{{mu|fe pa cukta pu dunda fi pa nanla|Someone gave a book to a boy.}}
{{gl|dunda|x1 gives the gift x2 to x3}}
Here
*'''pa cukta''' = ''a book'', we put it into the second place of '''dunda''', what is given
*'''pa nanla''' = ''boy'', we put it into the third place of '''dunda''', the recipient.
As we can see in the last example we can't even reflect the order of words in its English translation.

Extensive use of place tags can make our speech harder to perceive but they allow for more freedom.
{{notci|Unlike '''se''' series using place tags like '''fa''' doesn't change the place structure.}}
----
We can use place tags inside nouns by placing them after '''be''':
{{mu|lo dunda be fi lo nanla cu pendo mi|Who gives something to a boy is my friend.}}
----
Another option in placing nouns is that we can put all the nouns of one main verb in front of the verb (preserving their relative order). Because of this freedom we can say:
{{mupli|'''mi do prami''' which is the same as '''mi prami do''' ''I love you.''}}

{{mupli|'''ko kurji ko''' is the same as '''ko ko kurji''' ''Take care of yourself.''}}
The following clauses are also equal in meaning:
{{mu|mi dunda pa plise do|I give an apple to you.}}
{{mu|mi pa plise cu dunda do|I an apple give to you.}}
{{mu|mi pa plise do dunda|I an apple to you give.}}

=== Infinitives ===
Infinitives are verbs that are often prefixed with "to" in English. Examples include "I like to run" with "to run" being the infinitive.

{{mu|pa mlatu cu djica lo ka pinxe|A cat wants to drink.}}
The particle '''ka''' works much like '''nu''' but it indicates that the noun on the left does or would do the action following '''ka'''. It makes the first noun of the outer verb ('''djica''' in this case) also the first omitted noun of the embedded verb started by '''ka''' ('''pinxe''' in this case) so you don't have to repeat this noun the second time.

Thus we can rewrite the sentence as
{{mu|pa mlatu cu djica lo nu le mlatu cu pinxe||A cat wants that the cat drinks}}
The previous translation with '''ka''' sounds more natural and compact so using '''ka''' is preferred in such case.

Another example with a pronoun in the place of the first noun
{{mu|mi djica lo ka pinxe|I want to drink.}}
{{mu|mi djica lo nu mi pinxe||I want that I drink}}
Again the sentence with '''ka''' looks nicer.

Compare:
{{mu|mi djica lo nu do pinxe|I want you to drink.|I want that you drink}}
Here, the first pronoun of '''djica''' differs from the one from '''pinxe''' so we can't use '''ka'''.

It is also possible to use '''ka''' when we usually use the ending ''-ing'' in English:
{{mu|mi gleki lo ka jinga|I'm glad of winning.}}
which is the same as
{{mu|mi gleki lo nu mi jinga|I'm glad that I won.}}

Some verbs require only infinitives in some of their places. Definitions of such words mark such places with the term "property". For example,
{{gl|cinmo|x1 feels x2 (property of x1)}}
This means that the infinitive in the second place (x2) is applied to the first place (x1). Cases where infinitive is applied to other place are rare and are explained for corresponding verbs.

Note that only the first unfilled place of the embedded clause takes the meaning of the outer place:
{{mu|mi djica lo ka do nelci|I want that you like me.}}
{{gl|nelci|x1 likes x2}}
Here, the first unfilled place is the second place of '''nelci''' thus it takes the value '''mi''' (''I'').

It is also possible to explicitly mark a plce to refer to by using the pronoun '''ce'u''':
{{mu|mi djica lo ka do nelci ce'u|I want that you like me.}}
Another example:
{{mu|mi cinmo lo ka xebni ce'u mi cinmo lo ka se xebni|I feel like someone hates me. I feel being hated.}}

=== Nouns of existence ===

Nouns starting with '''lo''' don't imply any particular objects:
{{mu|xu do tavla lo na slabu be do|Do you talk to not familiar to you? (no particular person in mind is described).}}
{{mu|e'u mi jo'u do casnu bu'u lo drata|Let's discuss in another place (no particular place in mind)}}
Objects in general are finely described using nouns with '''lo'''.

As opposed to them nouns starting with numbers like '''pa mlatu''' and '''ci prenu''' refer to new entities every time they are used:
{{mu|ci mlatu cu citka re finpe|There are three cats, there are two fishes for each cat, and each cat eats two fishes.}}
Note that we apply nouns from left to the right: first we talk about the three cats and then we specify for each of the cats that it eats two fishes. So in fact there are 6 fishes.

==='''da''' - ''there is something ...''===
{{mu|da tavla da|Someone talk to themselves.}}
{{mu|da tavla da da|Someone talk to themselves about themselves.}}
The pronoun '''da''' is translated as ''there is something/someone ...'' But unlike nouns of existence like '''pa mlatu''' we've just looked at if we use '''da''' the second time in the same clause it always refers to the same thing as the first '''da''':

More examples:
{{mu|mi tavla|I talk.}}
{{mu|mi tavla da|There is someone I talk to.}}
{{gl|tavla|x1 talks to x2 about x3}}
{{gl|mi nitcu lo mikce|I need a doctor (implying "any doctor will do")}}
{{gl|mi nitcu da poi mikce|There is a doctor whom I need}}

Note the difference:
*'''da''' means ''there is something/someone'', '''da''' always refers to the same entity when used more than once in the same clause.
* noun like '''lo mlatu''' (starting with '''lo''') can refer to new entities every time it is used.
* noun like '''pa mlatu''' (with a bare number and without '''lo''') is similar to using '''pa da poi mlatu''' but it can refer to new entities every time it is used.

=== "''To have''" ===
The English verb ''to have'' has several meanings.
{{mu|pa da birka mi|I have an arm.|There is something that is an arm of me}}
{{gl|birka|x1 is an arm of x2}}

We use the same strategy for expressing family relationship:
{{mu|pa da bruna mi mi se bruna pa da|Someone is my brother. I have one brother.|There is someone who is a brother of me}}
{{mu|re bruna be mi cu clani|I have two brothers and they are tall.}}
{{gl|clani|x1 is long, tall}}

So we don't need the verb "to have" to denote such relationship. The same for other family members:
:'''da mamta mi''' or '''mi se mamta da''' = ''I have a mother.''
:'''da patfu mi''' or '''mi se patfu da''' = ''I have a father.''
:'''da mensi mi''' or '''mi se mensi da''' = ''I have a sister.''
:'''da panzi mi''' or '''mi se panzi da''' = ''I have a child (or children).''
{{gl|panzi|x1 is a child, offspring of x2}}
Note that using a number in front of '''da''' isn't necessary if context is enough.
----
Another meaning of ''to have'' is ''to keep'':
{{mu|mi ralte pa gerku|I have a dog.|I keep a dog}}
{{mu|mi ralte pa karce|I have a car.}}
{{gl|ralte|x1 keeps x2 in their possesion}}
----
If you own, possess something according to some law or documents you should use '''ponse''':
{{mu|mi ponse le karce|I own the car.}}
{{gl|ponse|x1 owns x2}}

== Lesson 3. Quoting. Questions. Interjections ==
=== '''sei''': comments to the text ===
The particle '''sei''' allows to insert into a clause a comment about our attitude about what is said in that clause:
{{mu|do jinga sei mi gleki|You won! (I'm happy about that!)}}
However:
{{mu|do jinga sei la .ian. cu gleki|You won! (And Yan is happy about that!)}}
{{notci|Like with nouns formed with '''lo''' the clause formed with '''sei''' must end in a verb.}}
{{mu|la .alis. cu prami sei la .bob. cu gleki la .kevin.}}
Let's add brackets to make it more easily readable.
{{mu|la .alis. cu prami (sei la .bob. cu gleki) la .kevin.|Alice loves (Bob is happy) Kevin. Alice loves Kevin (Bob is happy).}}

We can add more nouns to the verb with '''be''' and '''bei''' like we do for nouns:
{{mu|do jinga sei mi zausku be fo la fircku|You won! (I'll post congrats on Facebook))}}
{{gl|zausku|to praise}}

=== Quotation marks ===
For quoting text we place quotation particle '''lu''' before the quote and place '''li'u''' after it. The result is a noun representing a quoted text:
{{mu|mi cusku lu mi prami do li'u|I say "I love you."}}
{{gl|cusku|x1 expresses/says x2 (quote) to audience x3}}
{{notci|A nice feature of Lojban is that '''lu''' - «quote» and '''li'u''' - «unquote» marks are pronounceable. It is quite handy since in spoken Lojban you don't have to change intonation to show where a quoted text starts and ends.}}

However, in written text that quotes a conversation, the author often pays reader's attention to the content of quotations. In such cases '''sei''' is preferred.

We can also nest quotations, for example:
{{mu|la .ian. pu cusku lu la .djein. pu cusku lu coi li'u mi li'u|Yan said "Jane said ‘Hello’ to me."}}
which is similar to
{{mu|la .ian. pu cusku lu la .djein. pu rinsa mi li'u|Yan said "Jane greeted me."}}

Note that in Lojban we distinguish things and their names:
{{mu|lu le munje li'u cu cmalu|"The universe" is small.}}
{{mu|le munje na cmalu|The universe is not small.}}
{{gl|le munje|the universe, world}}
Here, the text ''"the universe"'' is small whereas the universe is not.
----
Interjections and vocatives work like '''sei''' constructs:
{{mu|je'u mi jinga sei le nakni cu cusku|Truly, "I won", he said.}}
As you can see '''je'u''' is not his words. It's your attitude to the clause. If you want to quote "'''je'u mi jinga'''" use quotation marks getting:
{{mu|lu je'u mi jinga li'u se cusku le nakni|"Truly, I won", he said.}}
See the difference between the two examples?

Several common verbs related to talking:
{{mu|le fetsi pu retsku lu do klama ma li'u|She asked "Where do you go?"}}
{{mu|mi pu spusku lu mi klama lo zdani li'u|I replied "I am going home."}}
{{mu|mi pu spuda lo se retsku be le fetsi lo ka spusku lu mi klama lo zdani li'u|I replied to her question by saying in reply "I am going home."}}
{{gl|spuda|x1 replies to x2 by doing x3 (property of x1)}}
The remaining three verbs have identical place structure:
{{gl|cusku|x1 expresses/says x2 (quote) to audience x3}}
{{gl|retsku|x1 asks x2 (quote) to audience x3}}
{{gl|spusku|x1 replies/says answer x2 (quote) to audience x3}}

=== '''zo''' — quoting one word ===
'''zo''' is a quotation marker, just like '''lu'''. However, '''zo''' quotes only one word immediately after it. This means it does not have an unquote word like '''li'u''': we already know where the quotation ends. Thus we save two syllables making our speech more concise.
{{vajni|'''zo robin cmene mi''' ''"Robin" is my name.'' ''My name is Robin''.}}
{{gl|cmene|x1 (quote) is a name of x2 ...}}
This is how you present yourself in Lojban using your Lojbanized name.If you have a name consisting of more than one verb word then use '''lu … li'u''':
{{mu|lu robin djonson li'u cmene mi|Robin Johnson is my name.}}
Another way is to use '''me'''.
{{mu|mi me la robin djonson|I'm Robin Johnson.}}

{{notci|Note that the first place of '''cmene''' is a quote, a text. Thus, we use not '''la''' (prefix for names) but '''lu ... li'u''' or '''zo''' to make a quote and fill the first place of '''cmene''' with it. Thus, '''mi me la robin''' but
{{mu|zo robin cmene mi||"Robin" (quotation) is a name of me}}}}

=== Content questions ===
{{pixra|Image:Miss_Rep_Dominicana_07_Ada_Aimee.jpg|'''lo ninmu''' ''a woman (female human)''}}
{{pixra|Image:Jens_Fink-Jensen.jpg|'''lo nanmu''' ''a man (male human)''}}
English also has a number of ''wh-'' questions — ''who'', ''what'' etc. In Lojban we use one word for all of these: '''ma'''. This is like an instruction to fill in the missing place. For example:
{{mu|— do klama ma — la .london.|— Where are you going? — London.}}

{{mu|— ma klama la .london. — la .kevin.|— Who's going to London? — Kevin.}}
{{mupli|— '''mi dunda ma do''' — '''lo cukta''' — ''I give what to you?'' (probably meaning ''What was it I was supposed to be giving you?'') — ''The book.''}}

It is quite common to use '''ma''' with relative clauses:
{{vajni|— do xabju ma noi gugde — lo gugde'usu — In what country do you live? — USA|— You inhabit what, which is a country? — USA}}
{{gl|xabju|to inhabit (some place)}}

'''mo''' is like '''ma''', but questions the main verb, not a noun — it's like English ''What does ''x'' do?'' or ''What is ''x''?'' (remember, Lojban doesn't force you to distinguish between being and doing!)

We can see '''mo''' as asking someone to describe the relationship between the nouns in the question.
{{vajni|— '''do mo''' — ''How do you do? What's up?'' — <code>You are what, you do what? (literally)</code>}}
This is the most common way of asking ''How do you do?'', ''Howdy?'' in Lojban. Some possible answers:
{{vajni|— '''mi gleki''' — ''I'm happy.'' 
— '''mi kanro''' — ''I'm healthy.''}}

Another way of asking ''How do you do?'':
{{vajni|— '''do cinmo lo ka mo''' — ''How do you feel (emotionally)? 
— '''gleki''' — ''Happy.'' 
— '''tatpi''' — ''Tired.''}}
{{gl|cinmo|x1 feels x2 (property of x1)}}

Other examples:
{{mu|ti mo|What is this?}}

{{mu|la .meilis. cu mo|Who is Mei Li? / What is Mei Li? / What is Mei Li doing?}}
Possible answers depending on context:
*'''ninmu''': ''She's a woman.''
*'''jungo''': ''She's Chinese.''
*'''pulji''': ''She's a police officer.''
*'''sanga''': ''She's a singer'' or ''She's singing.''

{{mu|do mo la .kevin.|What are you to Kevin?|You are what (you do what) to Kevin.}}
The answer depends on the context. Possible answers to this question are:
*'''nelci''': ''I like him.''
*'''pendo''': ''I am his friend''
*'''prami''': ''I adore/am in love with him.''
*'''xebni''': ''I hate him.''
*'''fengu''': ''I'm angry with him.''
*'''cinba''': ''I kissed him''
{{notci|Note once again that the time is not important here: just as '''cinba''' can mean ''kiss'', ''kissed'', ''will kiss'' and so on, '''mo''' does not ask a question about any particular time.}}

To differentiate between ''to do'' and ''to be someone or something'' we use additional verbs with '''ma''':
{{mu|la meilis cu zukte ma||Mei Li does what?}}
{{mu|la meilis cu zukte lo ka lumci|Mei Li is does cleaning.}}
{{gl|zukte|x1 does x2 (property of x1)}}
{{gl|lumci|to clean (something)}}

{{mu|do du ma||You are who?}}
{{mu|mi du lo ctuca|I am the teacher.}}

Combining prepositions or relative clauses with '''ma''' can give us other useful questions:
{|class="wikitable"
!word
!meaning
!<tt>[literally]</tt>
|-
|'''ca ma'''
|When?
|during what
|-
|'''bu'u ma'''
|Where?
|at what
|-
|'''ma noi prenu'''
|Who?
|what that is a person
|-
|'''ma noi dacti'''
|What? (about objects)
|what that is an object
|-
|'''ri'a ma'''
|Why?
|because of what
|-
|'''pe ma'''
|Whose? Which? About what?
|pertaining to what or whom
|-
|'''lo mlatu poi mo'''
|Which cat? Which kind of cat?
|
|}
'''pe ma''' is attached only to nouns:
{{mu|lo penbi pe ma cu zvati lo jubme|Whose pen is on the table?}}

=== Number questions ===
{{mu|lo xo mlatu cu pinxe lo ladru|How many cats drink milk?}}
{{mu|mu|Five.}}
The word '''xo''' means ''How many?'' and thus asks for a number.
The full answer will be:
{{mu|lo mu mlatu cu pinxe lo ladru|5 cats drink milk.}}
So the person being asked is supposed to put an appropriate value in place of '''xo'''.

A few more examples:
{{mu|lo xo botpi cu kunti|How many of the bottles are empty?}}

{{mu|lo xo prenu cu klama ti|How many people come here?}}

{{mu|do ralte lo xo gerku|How many dogs do you keep?}}

=== Verbs of facts ===
Consider the example:
{{mu|mi djuno lo du'u do stati|I know that you are smart.}}
{{gl|djuno|x1 knows x2 (proposition) about x3}}
{{mu|mi jimpe lo du'u do pu citka|I understand that you were eating.}}
{{gl|jimpe|x1 understands x2 (proposition) about x3}}

In places that describe facts the particle '''du'u''' is used (instead of '''nu''').

'''djuno''' (''to know'') and '''jimpe''' (''to understand'') describe facts. It'd be stupid to say ''I understand that you were eating but in fact you weren't.'' However, for verbs describing events usual '''nu''' is used:
{{mu|mi sruma lo nu do pu citka|I assume that you were eating.}}
And here, I assume one thing but it doesn't imply a true fact:
{{mu|mi sruma lo nu do pu citka i ku'i do pu na citka|I assume that you were eating. But you weren't eating.}}

Note that the clause started with '''du'u''' doesn't have to be true:
{{mu|lo du'u do mlatu cu jitfa|That you are a cat is false.}}
{{gl|jitfa|x1 (proposition) is false}}

{{notci|Where to use '''du'u''' and whereto use '''nu'''? You may look into the dictionary:
*The term ''(proposition)'' marks places where '''du'u''' is recommended.
*The term  ''(clause)'' marks places where '''nu''' is recommended.}}

If by mistake you use '''nu''' instead of '''du'u''' you will still be understood. But usually people speaking fluent Lojban distinguish these particles.

=== Indirect questions ===
{{mu|mi djuno lo du'u ma kau tadni la .lojban.|I know who is studying Lojban.}}
This is called an indirect question. The word ''who'' here is not a request for information, there's no question mark. The answer is presumed. In fact you yourself know the answer to the question ''Who is learning Lojban?''

'''kau''' is an interjection that we put after a question word telling that its an indirect question.

If I ask you the question '''ma tadni la .lojban.''', you know what value to fill in the '''ma''' slot with: '''la .kevin.''' So you could just say
{{mu|ma tadni la .lojban.|Who is studying Lojban?}}
{{mu|mi djuno lo du'u ma kau tadni la .lojban.|I know who is studying Lojban. I know the identity of the person studying Lojban.}}

{{mu|mi djica lo nu ma tadni la .lojban.|Who do I want to study Lojban?|I want who to study Lojban?}}
This can never be an indirect question: it is asking for an answer (even if you're doing it rhetorically).

You can put it after other question words:
{{mu|mi djuno lo du'u lo xo kau prenu cu tadni la .lojban.|I know how many people study Lojban.}}

=== Indirect quotations (reported speech) ===
A clause like ''Alice said "Michelle said “Hello” to me"'' can also be expressed in a rather more subtle way:
{{mu|la .alis. pu cusku zo'e pe lo nu la .micel. pu rinsa le fetsi|Alice said something about Michelle greeting her before.|Alice said something about the event of Michelle greeted her.}}
or a bit shorter:
{{mu|la .alis. pu cusku lo se du'u la .micel. pu rinsa le fetsi|Alice said that Michelle had greeted her.}}

The combination '''se du'u''' allows expressing indirect speech.

Here are the examples of verbs related to talking when using reported speech:
{{mu|le fetsi pu retsku lo se du'u mi klama makau|She asked where I was going.}}
{{mu|mi pu spusku lo se du'u mi klama lo zdani|I replied that I was going home.}}
{{mu|mi pu spuda lo se retsku be le fetsi lo ka spusku lo se du'u mi klama lo zdani|I replied to her question by saying in reply that I was going home.}}
Questions in reported speech:
{{mu|mi pu cusku lo se du'u ma tadni la .lojban.|Who did I say is studying Lojban?|I said who is studying Lojban?}}

Thus, Lojban has several words for ''that…'', depending on what sort of thing is meant.
*If ''that'' describes what can be seen, heard, what happens, use '''nu'''.
*If ''that'' describes what you think, some fact or information, use '''du'u'''.
*If ''that'' describes what you say, use '''se du'u'''.
**But if you need a literal quote use '''lu … li'u'''.

=== Emotional interjections ===
[[Image:Allieorange.jpg|thumb|While being photographed instead of "cheese" say '''.ui''' (sounds like English "we"). It means ''I'm happy'' in Lojban and produces better smile due to its special sounding.|link=]]
We know such interjection as '''a'o''' (''I hope''). There are interjections expressing other emotional states. They are similar to smileys like ;-) or :-( but in Lojban we can be more specific about our emotions still remaining concise in our speech.

Here are examples of widely used emotional interjections:
{{mu|do jinga ui|You won! (I'm happy about that!)}}
:'''ui''' (pronounced as English "we") expresses happiness
:Interjections work like '''sei''' with their clauses. '''ui''' means the same as '''sei mi gleki''' so we could as well say '''do jinga sei mi gleki''' meaning the same (although it's a bit more lengthy).
{{mu|ie tu mlatu|Yes, that is a cat.}}
{{mu|ie nai i tu na mlatu|No, I don't agree. That is not a cat.}}
:'''ie''' as in like ''yes'' = ''Yeah! Aye!'' (agreement)
:'''ie nai''' = disagreement

{{mu|.ai mi vitke do|I'm going to visit you.}}
:'''.ai''' as in ''high'' = ''I'm going to…'' (intent)
{{mu|.au do kanro|I wish you were healthy.}}
:'''.au''' (pronounced as in ''how'') = desire
{{mu|.a'o do clira klama|I hope you come early.}}
:'''.a'o''' = I hope.
{{mu|.ei mi ciska lo xatra|I should write a letter.}}
:'''.ei''' as in ''hey'' = ''I should …'' (obligation)
{{mu|i'e do pu gunka lo vajni|Very good! You did an important work.}}
:'''i'e''' = ''Fine!'' (approval)
{{mu|.o'u tu mlatu|Oh, that's only a cat.}}
:'''.o'u''' = ''Phew!'' (relaxation)
:In this case you probably thought that was something dangerous but it's only a cat so you are saying '''.o'u'''.
{{mu|.u'i ti zmiku|Ha-ha, this is a robot.}}
:'''.u'i''' = ''Ha-ha!'' (amusement)
{{notci|You can add or remove interjections to/from a sentence without the risk of breaking it.}}

{{notci|Any word that starts with a vowel is prefixed with a dot in Lojban. So the correct spelling is '''.a'o''' and so on. It's common to omit dots. We will do this later in this course for brevity. However, while speaking you should always show this dot by making a short pause before saying such word to prevent merging two neighboring words together into one.}}


Like with '''xu''' or '''sei'''-clauses we can add interjections after any noun, pronoun or verb thus expressing our attitude towards that part of the sentence.

=== Urging interjections ===
A special group of interjections (in English called "imperative/hortative" interjections) make instigations, commands, requests. among which we already know '''.e'o''':
{{mu|.e'a do klama lo nenri|You may come in.}}
:'''.e'a''' = ''I allow, you may …'' (permission)
{{gl|lo nenri|an interior, what is inside}}
{{mu|.e'e do zukte|C'mon, do it!}}
:'''.e'e''' = ''Come on!'' (encourgament, instigation, provokation)
{{mu|.e'o mi ciksi da poi mi cusku djica|Please, let me explain what I want to say.}}
:'''.e'o''' = ''Please …'' (request)
{{mu|.e'i do zutse doi lo verba|Sit down, child!}}
:'''.e'i''' = ''Do that!'' (command)
{{mu|.e'u do pinxe lo jisra|I suggest that you drink the juice. You'd better drink the juice.}}
:'''.e'u''' = ''Let's'' (suggestion)

=== '''ko''' for quicker urges ===
{{mu|do bajra|You run.}}
{{mu|bajra|Someone runs.}}
In English the verb itself is a command:
:''Run!''
In Lojban '''bajra''' as a sentence means ''Someone runs'' (or ''is running'' / ''was running'' and so on depending on context). '''bajra''' can also mean a command ''Do run!'' but sometimes context isn't enough to make you decide whether it's an urge to run or simply a statement of the fact that someone runs or is running.

The pronoun '''ko''' is used instead of '''do''' to make requests, suggestions, commands.

{{mu|ko bajra|Run! Do run! Do it so that you run!}}

'''ko''' is simply a more vague alternative to '''do .e'o''', '''do .e'u''', '''do .e'i'''.

It's perfectly fine to say a more precise
{{mu|do .e'o bajra|You, please run!}}
putting the emphasis in our politeness onto '''do''' (''you'').

Moving '''ko''' in a clause moves command/request to that part, for example:
{{mu|nelci ko|Make it so you are liked by someone!}}
{{gl|nelci|to like (something or someone)}}
As you can see we have to restructure this clause in English which still sounds weird, but you could use it in Lojban in the sense of ''Try to make a good impression.''

{{notci|Note that '''prami''' corresponds to English ''to love'' while '''nelci''' corresponds to English ''to like''.}}

We can even have several '''ko''' in one sentence:
{{mu|ko kurji ko|Take care of yourself.}}
{{gl|kurji|to take care (of someone)}}

===Discursive interjections===
{{mu|.i mi venfu do .e ji'a lo cmalu gerku pe do|I'll get you and your little dog, too!}}
{{gl|ji'a|additionally, also}}
'''ji'a''' means that there exist others who also are the same (''you'' in this case) or who do the same.
{{mu|mi si'a nelci do||I too like you}}
{{mu|— mi nelci lo mlatu — mi si'a nelci lo mlatu|— I like cats. — I like cats too (Me too).}}
{{gl|si'a|similarly, too}}
'''si'a''' denotes that something is similar while being different in other unmentioned aspects.
=== Structure of interjections: '''nai''', '''sai''', '''pei''', '''dai''' ===
Interjection can consist of
# the root like '''ui''' (''Yay!'')
# then suffixes like '''pei''', '''dai''', '''zo'o''':
#*{{gln|ui zo'o|Yay! (kidding, I'm not actually happy)}}
# both the root and each of the suffixes can be modified with scalar particles like '''nai''':
#*{{gln|ui nai|Alas!}}
#*{{gln|ui nai zo'o|Alas! (kidding, I'm not serious in this feeling)}}
#*{{gln|ui nai zo'o nai|Alas, I'm not kidding, I feel unhappy}}

Some examples of how scalar particles work.
#{{gln|ju'o|interjection: I'm sure (certaintty)}}
#{{gln|ju'o cu'i|interjection: maybe, perhaps (uncertainty)}}
#{{gln|ju'o nai|interjection: I have no idea!}}
*interjection with bare root:
**{{gln|ju'o le bruna co'i klama|I'm sure, the brother has come.}}
*scalar particle '''cu'i''' turns bare interjection into the middle attitude:
** {{gln|ju'o cu'i le bruna co'i klama|Maybe the brother has come, I'm not sure.}}
*scalar particle '''nai''' turns interjection into the opposite attitude:
** {{gln|ju'o nai le bruna co'i klama|Maybe the brother has come, maybe not, I have no idea}}
** Similarly, '''ui''' is ''Whee! Yay!'' while '''ui nai''' means ''Alas!''
:Precise meanings of interjections that are meaningful with their scalar particles '''cu'i''' and '''nai''' are given in the dictionary.
*scalar particle '''sai''' denotes strong intensity of interjection:
{{gl|.u'i sai|Ha-ha-ha!}}

Vocatives can also be modified with scalar particles:
{{gl|ki'e sai do|Thank you a lot!}}

Suffixes are added after the root of interjection (together with its scalar particles if we used them):
*interjection suffix '''pei''' turns interjection into a question.
**{{mun|— .au pei do e mi klama lo zarci — .au cu'i|— Do you want that you and I go to the store? — Meh, I don't have any preferences.}}
**{{mun|— ie pei lo ninmu cu melbi — ie|— The woman is pretty, isn't she? — Yeah.}}
*interjection suffix '''dai''' shows another's feelings, not feelings of the speaker:
**{{mun|ui nai dai do na co'i jinga|You must be sad, you haven't won.}}
**{{mun|.a'u|That's interesting!}}
**{{mun|.a'u dai|That must have been interesting for you!}}
**Bare interjections express the attitude of the speaker. '''ei do cliva''' means not ''You ought to leave'', but ''I feel the obligation for you to leave''. '''dai''' shows that the speaker is empathizing someone else's feelings.
***{{mun|.ei dai do cliva|You feel the obligation for yourself to leave.}}
{{notci|Note that interjections don't necessarily show attitude towards the speakers themselves. Instead, they express speakers' attitude towards other things.}}

*interjection suffix '''zo'o''' marks the attitude as expressed not seriously:
**{{mun|e'u zo'o do pinxe ti|I suggest that you drink it (kidding).}}
**'''zo'o''' is used just like the smiley-face in e-mail, to indicate that you're being humorous when saying something, and it's used for much the same reason. Although, simleys can be ambiguous, and '''zo'o''' has only one meaning, which is handy.

Suffixes can also be modified with scalar particles:
*{{mun|ie zo'o nai|I agree (not kidding).}}
:'''zo'o nai''' is used to show that the information is not a joke:

Suffixes can be used on its own:
*'''pei''' when used alone asks for any interjection that the listener would feel appropriate:
**{{mun|— pei lo lunra cu crino — .ie nai|— The moon is green (what is your feeling about it?) — I disagree.}}
*For other suffixes they mean that the root interjection '''ju'a''' (''I state'') was omitted:
**{{mun|zo'o do kusru ju'a zo'o do kusru|You are cruel (kidding).}}
::{{gln|ju'a|interjection: I state (don't confuse it with '''ju'o''' (I'm sure))}}

=== Just for reference: interjections in a table ===
Here is a bigger picture: emotional, urging and some other interjections in series.

<tab class="wikitable">
'''au''' '''ai''' '''ei''' '''oi'''
Wish ... I'm gonna It should be Ouch!
'''au cu'i''' '''ai cu'i''' '''ei cu'i''' '''oi cu'i'''
''meh'' (indifference) indecision    
'''au nai''' '''ai nai''' '''ei nai''' '''oi nai'''
''Nuh-uh!'' (disinclination, reluctance) unintentionally, accidentally freedom, how things might need not be pleasure
</tab>

{|class='wikitable' style='text-align:center;'
|-
!width="5%"|
!width="12%"|
!width="15%"|a
!width="15%"|e
!width="15%"|i
!width="15%"|o
!width="15%"|u
|-
! rowspan="3" | u
| rowspan="3" | Emotion
|'''ua''' "wah" as in "won", "once" ''Aha! Eureka!''
|'''ue''' "weh" as in "wet" ''What a surprise''
|'''ui''' "weeh" as "we" ''hooray!''
|'''uo''' "woh" as in "wombat", "what" ''voila!''
|'''uu''' "wooh" as "woo" ''oh poor thing''
|-
|'''ua cu'i'''  
|'''ue cu'i''' ''I'm not really surprised''
|'''ui cu'i'''  
|'''uo cu'i'''  
|'''uu cu'i'''  
|-
|'''ua nai''' ''Duh! I don't get it!'' (confusion)
|'''ue nai''' expectation, lack of surprise
|'''ui nai''' ''Alas!'' (unhappiness)
|'''uo nai''' incompleteness
|'''uu nai''' ''Mwa ha ha!'' (cruelty)
|-
! rowspan="3" | i
| rowspan="3" | Emotion
|'''ia''' "yah" as in "yard" ''I believe''
|'''ie''' "yeh" as in "yes" ''aye! agreed!''
|'''ii''' "yeeh" as in "hear ye" ''yikes!''
|'''io''' "yoh" as in "yogurt" ''respect''
|'''iu''' "yooh" as in "cute, dew" ''I love it''
|-
|'''ia cu'i'''  
|'''ie cu'i'''  
|'''ii cu'i'''  
|'''io cu'i'''  
|'''iu cu'i'''  
|-
|'''ia nai''' ''Pshaw!'' (disbelief)
|'''ie nai''' disagreement
|'''ii nai''' ''I feel safe''
|'''io nai''' disrespect
|'''iu nai''' hatred
|-
! rowspan="3" | .u'
| rowspan="3" | Emotion
|'''u'a''' "oohah" as in "two halves" ''gain''
|'''u'e''' "ooheh" as in "two heads" ''what a wonder!''
|'''u'i''' "ooheeh" as in "two heels" ''hahaha!''
|'''u'o''' "oohoh" as in "two hawks" ''courage''
|'''u'u''' "oohooh" as in "two hoods" ''sorry!''
|-
|'''u'a cu'i'''  
|'''u'e cu'i'''  
|'''u'i cu'i'''  
|'''u'o cu'i''' shyness
|'''u'u cu'i'''  
|-
|'''u'a nai''' loss
|'''u'e nai''' ''Pff!'' (commonplace)
|'''u'i nai''' ''Blah'' (weariness)
|'''u'o nai''' cowardice
|'''u'u nai'''  
|-
! rowspan="3" | .i'
| rowspan="3" | Attitude
|'''i'a''' "eehah" as in "teahouse" ''ok, I accept it''
|'''i'e''' "eeheh" as in "teahead" ''I approve!''
|'''i'i''' "eeheeh" as in "we heat" ''I'm with you in that''
|'''i'o''' "eehoh" as in "we haw" ''thanks to it''
|'''i'u''' "eehooh" as in "we hook" ''familiarity''!ɩ
|-
|'''i'a cu'i'''  
|'''i'e cu'i''' non-approval
|'''i'i cu'i'''  
|'''i'o cu'i'''  
|'''i'u cu'i'''  
|-
|'''i'a nai''' resistance
|'''i'e nai''' ''Boo!'' (disapproval)
|'''i'i nai''' antagonistically
|'''i'o nai''' envy
|'''i'u nai''' unfamiliarity, mystery
|-
! rowspan="3" | .a'
| rowspan="3" | Attachment to situation
|'''a'a''' "ahah" as "aha" ''I'm listening''
|'''a'e''' "aheh" ''alertness''
|'''a'i''' "aheeh" as in "Swahili" ''oomph! (effort)''
|'''a'o''' ''I hope''
|'''a'u''' ''hm, I wonder...''
|-
|'''a'a cu'i''' inattentiveness
|'''a'e cu'i'''  
|'''a'i cu'i''' no special effot
|'''a'o cu'i'''  
|'''a'u cu'i''' ''Ho-hum'' (disinterest)
|-
|'''a'a nai''' avoiding
|'''a'e nai''' ''I'm tired''
|'''a'i nai''' repose
|'''a'o nai''' ''Gah!'' (despair)
|'''a'u nai''' ''Eww! Yuck!'' (repulsion)
|-
! rowspan="3" | .e'
| rowspan="3" | Urging
|'''e'a''' "ehah" ''you may''
|'''e'e''' "eheh" ''come on, do it!''
|'''e'i''' "eheeh" ''do it!''
|'''e'o''' "ehoh" ''please, do it''
|'''e'u''' "ehooh" ''I suggest''
|-
|'''e'a cu'i'''  
|'''e'e cu'i'''  
|'''e'i cu'i'''  
|'''e'o cu'i'''  
|'''e'u cu'i'''  
|-
|'''e'a nai''' prohibiting
|'''e'e nai''' discouragement, demoralization
|'''e'i nai'''  
|'''e'o nai''' offer, grant
|'''e'u nai''' warning, disadvise
|-
! rowspan="3" | .o'
| rowspan="3" | Emotion
|'''o'a''' "ohah" ''pride''
|'''o'e''' "oheh" ''I feel it at hand''
|'''o'i''' "oheeh" ''danger!''
|'''o'o''' "ohoh" as in "sawhorse" ''patience''
|'''o'u''' "ohooh" ''relaxation''
|-
|'''o'a cu'i''' modesty, humility
|'''o'e cu'i'''  
|'''o'i cu'i'''  
|'''o'o cu'i''' mere tolerance
|'''o'u cu'i''' composure, balance
|-
|'''o'a nai''' ''How embarrassing. It makes me ashamed.''
|'''o'e nai''' distance
|'''o'i nai''' rashness, recklessness
|'''o'o nai''' impatience, intolerance
|'''o'u nai''' stress, anxiety
|}

Note how an emotion changes to its opposite with '''nai''' and to the middle emotion using '''cu'i'''.

Why are some cells of interjections with '''cu'i''' and '''nai''' empty? Because English lacks concise ways of expressing such emotions.

What is more, most of such interjections are used quite seldom.

These tables might help you understand their design.

=== Combining interjections ===
{{mu|iu ui nai|I am unhappily in love.}}
{{mu|ue ui do jinga|Oh, you won! I'm so happy!}}
{{gl|jinga|to win.}}
:In this case the victory was unprobable, I'm surprised and happy at the same time.
Interjections (unlike scalar particles and interjection suffixes) don't modify each other:
{{mu|ue ui do jinga ui ue do jinga|Oh, you won! I'm so happy!}}
Here two interjections modify the same construct (the whole sentence) but they don't modify each other so their order is not important.

{{mu|pei .u'i lo mlatu cu sutra plipe|(What do you feel?) Heh, the cat is quickly jumping.}}
:Here '''pei''' is used alone and doesn't modify '''.u'i''' which is put after it.

=== Forgot to put an interjection at the beginning? ===
{{mu|do pu sidju mi .ui|You help me (yay!)}}
'''.ui''' modifies only the pronoun '''mi''' putting the attitude only to ''me''.

{{mu|ui do pu sidju mi|Yay, you helped me.}}
What if we forgot to add '''.ui''' at the beginning of this clause?

We can start a new sentence with '''i bo''' and then put the interjection:
{{mu|do pu sidju mi i bo ui|You helped me, yay!}}

== Lesson 4. Practice ==
Now we know most crucial parts of the grammar and can start accumulating new words through situations.
===Colloquial expressions===
Here are some common structures used by fluent speakers of Lojban + examples illustrating their usage.

They may help you get used to colloquial Lojban faster.

{{gl|i ku'i|But...}}
{{mu|mi djuno i ku'i mi na djica|I know. But I don't want.}}

{{gl|mi djica lo nu|I want that ...}}
{{mu|mi djica lo nu mi sipna|I want to sleep.|I want that I sleep.}}

{{gl|mi djuno lo du'u ma kau|I know what/who ...}}
{{mu|mi djuno lo du'u ma kau smuni zo coi|I know what is the meaning of '''coi'''.}}

{{mu|mi na djuno|I don't know.}}

{{gl|jinvi lo du'u|have an opinion that ...}}
{{mu|mi jinvi lo du'u la .lojban. cu zabna|I think that Lojban is cool.}}

{{mu|coi ro do|Hello, everyone!}}

{{mu|co'o ro do|Bye, everyone!}}

{{gl|ai mi|I'm going to ...}}
{{mu|ai mi cliva i co'o|I'm going to leave. Bye!}}
{{gl|ei mi|I should ...}}
{{mu|ei mi citka i co'o|I should eat. Bye!}}

{{gl|ca lo nu|when ...}}
{{mu|mi pu bebna ca lo nu mi citno|I was stupid whne I was young.}}

{{gl|va'o lo nu|provided that ...}}
{{mu|va'o lo nu do djica vau mi ka'e ciksi|If you want I can explain.}}

{{gl|simlu lo ka|seem to be}}
{{mu|simlu lo ka zabna|It seems to be cool.}}

{{gl|ca lo cabdei|today}}
{{mu|ca lo cabdei mi surla|Today I rest.}}

{{gl|mi nelci|I like}}
{{mu|mi nelci lo mlatu|I like cats.}}

{{gl|lo nu pilno|using ...}}
{{mu|lo nu pilno lo vlaste na nandu|Using dictionaries isn't hard.}}

{{gl|kakne lo ka|capable of ...}}
{{mu|xu do kakne lo ka sutra tavla|Are you able to talk quickly?}}

{{gl|tavla fi|talk about ...}}
{{mu|.e'e tavla fi lo skami|Let's talk about computers!}}

{{gl|mutce lo ka|very ...}}
{{mu|mi mutce lo ka se cinri|I am very interested.}}

{{gl|troci lo ka|try to ...}}
{{mu|mi troci lo ka tavla bau la .lojban.|I am trying to talk in Lojban.}}
{{gl|rinka lo nu|(event) leads to ...}}
{{mu|lo nu mi tadni la lojban cu rinka lo nu mi jimpe fi do|That I study Lojban makes me understand you.}}
{{gl|gasnu lo nu|(agent) causes ...}}
{{mu|mi pu gasnu lo nu lo skami pe mi co'a spofu|I made it so that my computer got broken.}}
{{gl|xusra lo du'u|assert that ...}}
{{mu|xu do xusra lo du'u mi na drani|Do you state that I am not right?}}

{{mu|mi na birti|I am not sure.}}

=== A simple dialogue ===
{|class='wikitable'
|- valign="top"
|'''coi la .alis.'''
|''Hi, Alice!''
|
|- valign="top"
|'''coi la .doris.'''
|''Hi, Doris!''
|
|- valign="top"
|'''do mo?'''
|''How are you?''
|The question mark is used here for stylistic purposes.
|- valign="top"
|'''mi kanro .i mi ca tadni la .lojban. .i mi troci lo ka tavla do'''
|''I'm healthy. I now study Lojban. I'm trying to talk to you.''
|{{gl|kanro|to be healthy}}
{{gl|tadni|to study ... (something)}}
{{gl|troci|to try ... (to do something)}}
{{gl|tavla|to talk [to someone]}}
|- valign="top"
|'''zabna .i ma tcima ca lo bavlamdei?'''
|''Good. What will be the weather tomorrow?''
|{{gl|zabna|to be nice, cool}}
{{gl|tcima|is the weather}}
{{gl|ca|at (some time)}}
{{gl|lo bavlamdei|tomorrow day}}
|- valign="top"
|'''mi na djuno .i lo solri sei mi pacna'''
|''I don't know. It'll be sunny, I hope.''
|{{gl|djuno|to know (fact)}}
{{gl|lo solri|the sun}}
:Note that '''lo solri cu tcima''' (literally ''the sun is the weather'') is the usual way of how '''tcima''' is used in Lojban.
{{gl|sei|comment starts}}
{{gl|pacna|to hope (for some event)}}
|- valign="top"
|'''mi jimpe'''
|''I understand.''
|
|- valign="top"
|'''co'o'''
|''Goodbye.''
|
|}

=== Human senses ===
Verbs related perception will be explained after the dialogue.
{|class='wikitable'
|-valign="top"
|style='text-align:right;'|'''ju'i la .alis.'''
|''Hey, Alice!''
|{{gl|ju'i|vocative that draws attention: "Hey! Psst! Ahem! Attention!"}}
|-valign="top"
|style='text-align:right;'|'''re'i'''
|''Listening.''
|{{gl|re'i|vocative: "I'm ready to receive information"}}
|-valign="top"
|style='text-align:right;'|'''xu do viska lo se skari be ta'''
|''Do you see the color of that thing near you?''
|In English we say ''Сan you see'', in Lojban we say just '''xu do viska''' - ''You see?''
|-valign="top"
|style='text-align:right;'|'''je'u i plise i le plise cu xunre i skari lo xunre'''
|''Yes. It is an apple. The apple is red. It's colored red.''
|{{gl|plise|... is apple}}
|-valign="top"
|style='text-align:right;'|'''xu do viska lo tarmi be le plise'''
|''Can you see the form of the apple?''
|
|-valign="top"
|style='text-align:right;'|'''je'u i le plise cu barda'''
|''Yes. The apple is big.''
|
|-valign="top"
|style='text-align:right;'|'''xu do jinvi lo du'u le plise ca makcu'''
|''Do you think that the apple is ripe?''
|{{gl|makcu|... is ripe}}
|-valign="top"
|style='text-align:right;'|'''au mi palpi lo sefta be le plise i ua xutla i mi pacna lo nu makcu ie'''
|''I'd like to palpate it. Oh, it is smooth. I hope that it is ripe, yeah.''
|
|-valign="top"
|style='text-align:right;'|'''panci pei i e'o do sumne le plise'''
|''What about the smell? Please, smell it.''
|
|-valign="top"
|style='text-align:right;'|'''lo flora cu panci i au mi smaka le plise i oi nai lo kukte cu tasta i oi'''
|''It smells of flowers. I'd like to taste the apple. Yum, it tastes sweet. Oh-no.''
|{{gl|lo flora|flower(s)}}
|-valign="top"
|style='text-align:right;'|'''ma pu fasnu'''
|''What happened?''
|
|-valign="top"
|style='text-align:right;'|'''mi pu farlu fi lo ve'i cmana'''
|''I fell down from the hill.''
|
|-valign="top"
|style='text-align:right;'|'''xu do cortu'''
|''Do you feel pain?''
|
|-valign="top"
|style='text-align:right;'|'''je'u i mi cortu lo cidni i na ckape i ca ti mi gasne lo nu da vi zvati'''
|''Yes, I feel pain in the knee. It's not dangerous. And now I can sense a presence of someone here.''
|
|-valign="top"
|style='text-align:right;'|'''doi la alis do cliva e'o sai'''
|''Alice, please, return immediately!''
|
|-valign="top"
|style='text-align:right;'|'''ko denpa i mi ca tirna lo sance'''
|''Wait, I can hear some sound.''
|
|-valign="top"
|style='text-align:right;'|'''lo sance be ma'''
|''A sound of what?''
|
|-valign="top"
|style='text-align:right;'|'''mi pu tirna lo nu lo prenu cu tavla i ca ti mi ganse lo lenku'''
|''I heard a person talking. Now I feel cold.''
|
|-valign="top"
|style='text-align:right;'|'''ju'i la alis'''
|''Hey, Alice!..''
|
|}

In this dialogue most important verbs for human senses have been used. Here are their place structures together with more verbs and more examples.

====Vision====
{{gl|viska|x1 sees x2 (object, form, color)}}
{{gl|skari|x1 is an object with the color x2}}
{{gl|tarmi|x1 is the form of x2}}
{{mu|mi viska lo plise|I see an apple.}}
{{mu|mi viska lo tarmi be lo plise i le plise cu se tarmi lo cukla|I see the form of an apple. The apple is round.}}
{{mu|mi viska lo se skari be lo plise i le plise cu skari lo xunre|I see the color of the apple. The apple is colored red.}}
Notice that we can both say ''see the form of an apple'' and ''see an apple''.
====Hearing====
{{gl|tirna|x1 hears x2 (object or sound)}}
{{mu|mi tirna pa palta|I hear a plate}}
{{mu|mi tirna lo sance be pa palta poi ca'o porpi i le palta cu se sance lo cladu|I hear the sound of a plate that is falling. It sounds loud.}}
{{gl|pa palta|a plate}}
{{gl|cladu|x1 is loud}}
{{gl|tolycladu|x1 is quite in sound}}
{{gl|tonga|x1 is a tone of x2}}
We can use '''cladu''' and similar words directly:
{{mu|mi tirna lo cladu|I hear something loud.}}
{{mu|mi tirna lo tolycladu|I hear something quite in sound.}}
{{gl|mi tirna lo tonga be pa palta poi farlu|I hear the tone of the plate falling down.}}

Similarly to vision, we can say ''hear a sound'' and ''hear something producing the sound'':
{{mu|— do tirna ma noi sance — lo zgike|— What sound do you hear? — A music.}}
{{mu|— do tirna lo sance be ma — lo plise poi farlu|— You hear a sound of what? — An apple that has fallen down.}}

====Sense of smell====
{{gl|sumne|x1 smells x2 (odor)}}
{{gl|panci|x1 is an odor of x2 (object)}}
{{mu|mi sumne le flora|I smell the flower.}}
{{mu|mi sumne lo panci be lo za'u pa flora|I smell the odor of flowers.}}
{{mu|mi sumne lo panci be pa plise i le plise cu se panci lo za'u flora|I smell the odor of the apple. The apple smells of flowers.}}
Note that English confuses smelling an odor and smelling an object that produces that odor. We say ''to smell an apple'', ''the apple smells of flowers (has the scent of flowers)''. This two-fold distinction is important because an apple produces aromatic particles that are distinct from the apple itself. The same for a falling plate and its sound — we may not want to mix them.

In Lojban we can easily separate between those cases like shown in the examples above.
====Sense of taste====
{{gl|smaka|x1 smacks, tastes x2 (taste)}}
{{gl|tasta|x1 is a taste of x2}}
{{mu|mi smaka lo plise|I taste the apple.}}
{{mu|mi smaka lo tasta be lo plise i le plise cu se tasta lo kukte|I taste the taste of the apple. The apple tastes sweet.}}

====Sense of touch====
{{gl|palpi|x1 palpates, touch-feels x2 (surface)}}
{{gl|sefta|x1 is a surface of x2}}
{{mu|mi palpi lo plise|I palpate, touch-feel the apple.}}
{{mu|mi palpi lo sefta be lo plise i le plise cu se sefta lo xutla|I touch feel the surface of the apple. The apple has a smooth surface.}}
====Pain====
{{mu|mi cortu lo birka be mi|I feel pain in my arm. My arm hurts.}}
{{mu|mi cortu lo cidni|I feel pain in my knee, my knee hurts.}}
{{gl|cortu|x1 feels pain in x2 (organ, part of x1's body)}}
{{gl|cidni|x1 is a knee of x2}}
====Perception in general====
We can also use the vague '''ganse''' - ''to sense''.
{{gl|ganse|x1 senses x2 (object, event) by means x3}}
{{gl|ganse lo glare|to feel the heat}}
{{gl|ganse lo lenku|to feel the cold}}
{{mu|mi ganse lo plise|I sense an apple.}}
{{mu|mi ganse lo tarmi be lo plise i le plise cu se tarmi lo cukla|I sense the form of an apple. The apple is round.}}

Some words can be used with different sensory verbs. For example, we can
{{gl|viska lo sefta|to see the surface}}
{{gl|palpi lo sefta|to palpate the surface}}

=== Colors ===
Different language use different sets of words to denote colors. Some languages just use compare the color of objects with colors of other "prototype" objects. In Lojban we use all the options:
{{mu|ti xunre|This is red.}}
{{gl|xunre|x1 is red}}
{{mu|ti skari lo xunre|This is red. This has the color or red things.}}
{{mu|ti skari lo ciblu|This has the color of blood.}}
{{gl|lo ciblu|blood}}
Below are some examples with colors that follow those of English language. Other verbs for colors can be used, they would reflect how people speaking other languages are used to classify things.

{| class='wikitable'
|style='text-align:right;'|'''lo tsani cu xunre ca lo cerni'''
| ''The sky is red in the morning.''
|{{gln|lo tsani|the sky}}
|-
|style='text-align:right;'|'''i lo solri cu simlu lo ka narju'''
| ''The sun seems to be orange.''
|{{gln|lo solri|the Sun}}

{{gln|simlu|x1 looks like x2 (clause)}}
|-
|style='text-align:right;'|'''i lo pelxu flora cu se farna lo solri'''
| ''Yellow flowers are oriented towards the Sun.''
|{{gln|se farna|x1 is oriented towards x2}}

{{gln|farna|x1 is the direction of x2}}
|-
|style='text-align:right;'|'''i lo pezli be lo tricu cu crino'''
| ''Leaves of trees are green.''
|{{gln|pezli|x1 is a leaf of x2}}

{{gln|lo tricu|tree}}
|-
|style='text-align:right;'|'''i mi zvati lo korbi be lo blanu xamsi'''
| ''I am at the border of a blue sea.''
|{{gln|zvati|to be present at ...}}

{{gln|korbi|x1 is the border of x2}}

{{gln|lo xamsi|sea}}
|-
|style='text-align:right;'|'''i mi catlu lo ninmu noi dasni lo zirpu taxfu'''
| ''I look at a woman who wears a violet dress.''
|{{gln|dasni|to wear ... (something)}}
|}

{{gl|xunre|x1 is red}}
{{gl|narju|x1 is orange}}
{{gl|pelxu|x1 is yellow}}
{{gl|crino|x1 is green}}
{{gl|blanu|x1 is blue}}
{{gl|zirpu|x1 is violet}}

Other useful verbs:
{{mu|lo gusni be lo manku pagbu pu na carmi|The light illuminating dark areas was not intense.}}
{{mu|lo gusni be fi lo solri pu carmi|The light from the Sun was intense.}}
{{gl|gusni|x1 is a light illuminating x2 from the light source x3}}
{{gl|carmi|x1 is intense, bright}}
{{gl|manku|x1 is dark}}

=== Emotions: '''cmila''' - ''to laugh''. '''cisma''' - ''to smile'' ===
{| class='wikitable'
| style="text-align:right"|'''coi i ma nuzba i do simlu lo ka badri'''
| ''Hi. What are the news? You seem to be sad.''
|{{gln|badri|x1 is sad about x2}}
|-
| style="text-align:right"|'''mi steba lo nu lo bruna be mi co'a speni lo nixli'''
| ''I am frustrated that my brother gets married a girl.''
|{{gln|steba|x1 feels frustration about x2}}
|-
| style="text-align:right"|'''mi se cfipu i xu do na gleki lo nu le bruna co'a speni'''
| ''I am confused. You are not happy that the gets married?''
|{{gln|se cfipu|x1 is confused about x2}}

{{gln|gleki|x1 is happy about x2}}

|-
| style="text-align:right"|'''ie i le nixli cu pindi i le nixli cu nitcu lo jdini i mi na kakne lo ka ciksi'''
| ''Yeah. The girl is poor. She needs money. I am not able to explain.''
|{{gln|nitcu|x1 needs x2}}

{{gln|kakne|x1 is capable of x2}}

|-
| style="text-align:right"|'''ua i la'a do kanpe lo nu le nixli na prami le bruna'''
| ''Ah! Probably, you expect that she doesn't like the brother.''
|{{gln|la'a|interjection: probably, it's likely}}

{{gln|kanpe|x1 expects some event x2 ...}}
|-
| style="text-align:right"|'''mi terpa lo nu le nixli ba tarti lo xlali i ku'i le bruna cu cisma ca ro ka tavla le nixli i ri ta'e cmila'''
| ''I am afraid that she will behave bad. But the brother smiles every time he talks to her. And she usually laughs.''
|{{gln|terpa|x1 fears x2}}

{{gln|cisma|x1 smiles}}

{{gln|cmila|x1 laughs}}
|-
| style="text-align:right"|'''mi kucli lo nu le nixli cu prami le bruna'''
| ''I wonder whether the girl likes the brother.''
|{{gln|kucli|x1 is curious of x2}}
|-
| style="text-align:right"|'''mi na birti'''
| ''I am not sure.''
|{{gln|birti|x1 is sure that x2 (clause) happens}}
|-
| style="text-align:right"|'''ko surla'''
| ''Relax!''
|{{gln|surla|x1 relaxes (by doing x2)}}
|}

{{gl|cinmo|x1 feels emotion x2 (property of x1)}}
{{gl|nelci|x1 likes x2}}
{{gl|manci|x1 feels awe or wonder about x2}}
{{gl|fengu|x1 is angry about x2}}
{{gl|xajmi|x1 thinks x2 is funny}}
{{gl|se zdile|x1 is amused by x2}}
{{gl|zdile|x1 is amusing}}
{{gl|djica|x1 desires x2}}
{{gl|pacna|x1 hopes that x2 is true}}
=== Health ===
{| class='wikitable'
|style='text-align:right;'|'''ca glare'''
| ''It's hot now.''
|
|-
|style='text-align:right;'|'''i ku'i mi ganse lo nu lenku'''
| ''But I feel cold.''
|{{gln|ku'i|interjection: but, however}}
|-
|style='text-align:right;'|'''xu do bilma'''
| ''Are you ill?''
|
|-
|style='text-align:right;'|'''je'u'''
| ''Yes.''
|
|-
|style='text-align:right;'|'''xu do bilma fi lo influ'enza i e'u do klama lo mikce'''
| ''Do you have a flu? I suggest you go to a doctor.''
|{{gln|lo influ'enza|influenza, flu}}

{{gln|lo mikce|doctor}}
|-
|style='text-align:right;'|'''mi bilma lo ka cortu lo galxe''' '''i mi sruma lo nu mi bilma fi la zukam'''
| ''My symptoms is that my throat aches.'' ''I assume that I have a cold.''
|{{gln|cortu|x1 has pain in x2 (organ, part of x1's body)}}

{{gln|la zukam|common cold (disease)}}
|-
|style='text-align:right;'|'''ko kanro'''
| ''Get well!''
|{{gln|kanro|x1 is healthy}}
|-
|style='text-align:right;'|'''ki'e'''
| ''Thanks.''
|
|}

{{gl|bilma|x1 is ill or sick with symptoms x2 from disease x3}}
Note that the second place of '''bilma''' describes symptoms like '''lo ka cortu lo galxe''' = ''to have pain in the throat''

The third place is the name of the disease leading to those symptoms:
Obviously, you may fill any place of '''bilma'''.

=== Human body ===
{{mu|le nanmu cu se xadni lo clani|The man has a long body. The man is tall.}}
{{gl|se xadni|x1 has the body x2}}
{{gl|xadni|x1 is the body of x2}}
{{mu|mi pu darxi lo stedu e lo zunle xance i ca ti lo degji be le xance cu cortu i ku'i lo pritu xance na cortu|I hit the head and the left hand. Now a finger of the hand hurts. But the right hand doesn't hurt.}}
Most of words for parts of body have the same place structure as '''xadni''':
{{gl|stedu|x1 is a head of x2}}
However, some describe smaller parts:
{{gl|degji|x1 is a finger/toe on part x2 (hand, foot)}}
{{mu|lo degji be lo xance be le ninmu cu clani|The woman's fingers are long.|Digits of hand of the woman are long}}
{{mu|mi viska le jamfu i ku'i mi na viska lo degji be le jamfu|I can see the feet. But I don't see its toes.}}

{{gl|janco|x1 is a joint attaching limbs x2}}
{{gl|ctebi|x1 is a lip of mouth, orifice x2}}
{{gl|cidni|x1 is a knee or elbow of limb x2}}

[[File:xadni.png|500px]]

=== Kinship ===
{|class='wikitable'
|-
| style="text-align:right;vertical-align: text-top;" | '''coi do mi se cmene zo adam i ti du la Alis i ri speni mi'''
| | ''Hello to you. I am called "Adam". This is Alice. She is my wife.''
|-
| style="text-align:right;vertical-align: text-top;" | '''pluka fa lo ka penmi do i e'o do klama no nenri be le dinju'''
| | ''Pleasure to meet you. Please, come into the house.''
|-
| style="text-align:right;vertical-align: text-top;" | '''ki'e'''
| | ''Thanks.''
|-
| style="text-align:right;vertical-align: text-top;" | '''i au gau mi re do co'a slabu lo lanzu be mi i le re verba cu panzi mi i le tixnu cu se cmene zo flor i la karl cu du le bersa'''
| | ''I'd like you to get to know my family. The two children are my offspring. The daughter is callse "Flor". Karl is the son.''
|-
| style="text-align:right;vertical-align: text-top;" | '''la karl cu mutce citno'''
| | ''Karl is very young.''
|-
| style="text-align:right;vertical-align: text-top;" | '''ie'''
| | ''Yeah.''
|-
| style="text-align:right;vertical-align: text-top;" | '''i ji'a mi se tunba re da noi ca na zvati le dinju i sa'e mi se tunba pa bruna e pa mensi'''
| | ''Also I have two siblings who are now not in the house. To be precise, I have a brother and a sister.''
|-
| style="text-align:right;vertical-align: text-top;" | '''ue i lo lanzu be do cu barda'''
| | ''Wow! Your family is large.''
|-
| style="text-align:right;vertical-align: text-top;" | '''je'u pei'''
| | ''Really?''
|}

The verbs for names of family members have a similar place structure:
{{gl|speni|x1 is a husband/wife of x2}}
'''co'a speni''' means ''to get married'':
{{mu|mi co'a speni la .suzan.|I married Susan.}}

{{gl|lanzu|x1 is a family including x2}}
{{gl|panzi|x1 is a child of x2}}

{{gl|tixnu|x1 is a daughter of x2}}
{{gl|bersa|x1 is a son of x2}}

{{gl|tunba|x1 is a sibling (brother/sister) of x2}}
{{gl|bruna|x1 is a brother of x2}}
{{gl|mensi|x1 is a sister of x2}}

Note that '''panzi''' can be applied to grown-up children of someone
{{gl|verba|x1 is a child, immature person of age x2 (clause)}}
{{gl|panzi|x1 is a child, offspring of x2}}

'''verba''' doesn't necessarily talk of it as of a family member:
{{mu|pa bersa be pa pendo be mi cu verba lo nanca be li ci|The son of my friend is a child of three years old.}}
{{gl|citno|x1 is young}}
{{gl|laldo|x1 is old, aged}}

Pairs of traditional words (for humans only):
:'''lo ninmu''' = ''women'', '''lo nanmu''' = ''men''
:'''lo nixli''' = ''girls'', '''lo nanla''' = ''boys''
:'''lo remna''' = ''humans''

Note that '''lo prenu''' means ''people, persons''. In fairy tales and fantastic stories not only humans ('''lo remna''') but animals or alien beings from other planets can be persons.

These words can be used for describing both animals and humans:
:'''lo fetsi''' = ''female'', '''lo nakni''' = ''male''
{{gl|mamta|x1 is a mother of x2}}
{{gl|patfu|x1 is a father of x2}}
{{gl|rirni|x1 is a parent of x2}}

=== In the shop ===
{|class='wikitable'
|-
| style="text-align:right;vertical-align: text-top;"|'''ue do pu te vecnu lo laldo karce'''
|''Wow! You bought an old car.''
|-
| style="text-align:right;vertical-align: text-top;"|'''ie i ku'i mi na pu pleji lo so'i jdini'''
|''Yeah. But I didn't pay much money.''
|-
| style="text-align:right;vertical-align: text-top;"|'''ma pu jdima le karce'''
|''What was the price of the car?''
|-
| style="text-align:right;vertical-align: text-top;"|'''mi pu pleji lo rupnusudu be lo kilto lo kagni le karce'''
|''I paid a thousand dollars to the company for the car.''
|-
| style="text-align:right;vertical-align: text-top;"|'''mi pu vecnu lo laldo karce pe mi lo pendo be mi i le pendo pu pleji lo rupne'uru be li re ki'o mi le karce'''
|''I sold an old car of mine to my friend. The friend paid 2 000 euro for the car.''
|}

{{gl|vecnu|x1 sells x2 to x3}}
{{gl|te vecnu|x1 buys x2 from x3}}
{{gl|pleji|x1 pays x2 to x3 for x4}}
{{gl|jdima|x1 is the price of x2}}
{{gl|jdini|x1 is money}}
{{gl|rupnusudu|x1 costs x2 US dollars}}
{{gl|rupne'uru|x1 costs x2 euro}}

=== Shop, buildings ===
{|class='wikitable'
|-
|style='text-align:right;'|'''ma stuzi lo zdani be do'''
|style='text-align:right;'|''What is the location of your home?''
|-
|style='text-align:right;'|'''lo korbi be lo boske i mi se zdani lo nurma i lo zdani be mi cu barda dinju gi'e se kumfa ci da e lo vikmi kumfa e lo lumci kumfa'''
|style='text-align:right;'|''The edge of a forest. I live in the country. My home is a big house and has three rooms plus a toilet plus a bathroom.''
|-
|style='text-align:right;'|'''je'e i ku'i mi pu jbena lo tcadu i je ca ti mi se zdani lo jarbu be la paris i mi xabju ne'a lo zarci'''
|''I see. But I was born in a city, and now I live in the suburbs of Paris. I live near a shop.''
|}
{{gl|stuzi|x1 is a place}}
{{gl|dinju|x1 is a building, house}}
{{gl|zdani|x1 is a home of x2}}
{{gl|se zdani|x2 lives in x2, x1 inhabits x2}}
{{gl|tcadu|x1 is a city or town}}
{{gl|jarbu|x1 is a suburban are of city/town x2}}
{{gl|nurma|x1 is a rural area, x1 is in the country}}

{{gl|kumfa|x1 is a room}}
{{gl|vikmi kumfa|x1 is a toilet}}
{{gl|zarci|x1 is a shop}}

== Lesson 5. Prepositions, '''da''', their relative position ==


=== How prepositions refer to the clause?===
*Some prepositions like those that describe tense connect the current clause with the one in the noun after them:
{{mu|mi cadzu ca lo nu lo cipni cu vofli|I walk when birds fly.}}
{{gl|cadzu|... walks}}
{{gl|lo cipni|bird/birds}}
{{gl|vofli|... flies}}

{{mu|mi pu cadzu fa'a lo rirxe|I walked towards a river.}}
{{mu|mi pu cadzu se ka'a lo rirxe|I walked to a river.}}
{{gl|se ka'a|going to ...}}
{{gl|fa'a|directly towards ...}}

{{notci|Prepositions don't remove ordered places ('''fa''', '''fe''', '''fi''', '''fo''', '''fu''') from the verb:
{{mu|mi klama se ka'a lo rirxe lo dinju mi klama fe lo rirxe .e lo dinju|I go to a river, to a house.}}
Here, the first example uses '''se ka'a''' to connect '''lo rirxe''' and then the second place of '''klama''' follows being filled with '''lo dinju'''. It's the same as just filling the second place of '''klama''' two times, that is connecting them with '''.e''' - ''and''.

However, '''se ka'a''' is nice when applied to other verbs like '''cadzu''' in a previous example.
}}

*Some prepositions describe relations of the first place of the clause with the noun after the preposition:
{{mu|mi jinga se rai lo ka clani|I win being the tallest one.}}
{{gl|se rai|preposition from '''se traji''': being most in ...}}
:Here x1 of the clause corresponds to the most one in comparison specified after '''se rai'''.

*Finally, some prepositions describe relations of the first place of the clause and the clause itself with the noun after the preposition:
{{mu|lo fragari cu se nelci mi te rai lo jbari|Out of berries, I like strawberries most.}}
{{gl|te rai|preposition from '''te traji''': preferring out of ...}}
{{gl|lo fragari|strawberries}}
{{gl|lo jbari|berries}}
:x1 of the clause describes the most one in this comparison, the clause itself describes the comparison.
{{notci|The dictionary explains such tricky cases where the relation defined by the preposition might pose difficulty. In practice, the relation is often clear from the examples provided.}}

===Using '''ne''' + preposition. '''se mau''' - ''more than ...''===
{{mu|mi ne se mau do cu melbi|I am prettier than you.}}
{{gl|se mau|preposition from '''se zmadu''': more than; the clause itself describes the comparison}}
This example is similar to
{{mu|mi zmadu do lo ka melbi|I exceed you in prettiness.}}
In other words, the main verb '''melbi''' is similar to the third place of '''zmadu''', which specifies the comparison criteria.
Two more examples:
{{mu|mi prami do ne se mau la doris|I love you more than Doris.}}
{{mu|mi ne se mau la doris cu prami do|I love you more than Doris does. I love you more than Doris loves you.|I (more than Doris) love you.}}

More examples:
{{mu|mi nelci lo pesxu ne se mau lo ladru|I like jam more than milk.}}
{{gl|lo pesxu|jam}}
{{mu|lo pesxu cu zmadu lo ladru lo ka mi nelci|I like jam more than milk.|Jam exceeds milk in how much I like it.}}

And now an interesting sentence:
{{mu||Bob likes Betty more than Mary.}}
It can mean two different things in English!
#Bob likes Betty and he likes Mary less.
#Bob likes Betty but Mary likes Betty too, though not as much as Bob does!
Do we compare Betty with Mary in how Bob likes them?

Or instead we compare Bob with Mary in how they like Betty?

English is ambiguous in this regard.

However, '''se mau''' always compares the noun after it with the first place of the clause we know what we get:

{{mu|la bob ne se mau la maris cu nelci la betis la bob cu nelci la betis se mau la maris|Bob (compared to Mary) likes Betty more. Mary likes Betty less.}}

{{mu|la betis cu se nelci la bob se mau la maris|Betty is loved by Bob more than Mary. Bob likes Mary less.}}

=== Comparisons: "''equal''", "''the same''" ===
{{mu|mi dunli lo mensi be mi lo ka clani i ku'i mi na du le mensi|I am as long as my sister. But I'm not her.|I equal the sister of me in length. But i am not identical to the sister.}}
{{gl|dunli|x1 (any type) is equal to x2 (any type) in x3 (property of x1 and x2 with {kau})}}
{{gl|du|x1 (any type) is identical to x2 (any type)}}

'''dunli''' compares two places for a single property, while '''du''' compares for identity. My sister and I are the same height, but we are not the same person. Clark Kent and Superman have different admirers, but they are the same person.

The same goes for another two verbs:
{{mu|mi frica do lo ka nelci ma kau|We differ from each other in what we like.|I differ from you in liking what.}}
{{mu|lo drata be mi cu kakne lo ka sidju|Someone other than me is able to help.}}
{{gl|frica|x1 (any type) differs from x2 (any type) in x3 (property of x1 and x2 with {kau})}}
{{gl|drata|x1 (any type) is not the same as x2 (any type)}}

===Preposition '''tai''' - ''like ...''===
The preposition '''tai''' leads to different meanings whether it's applied to a clause or to a noun with '''ne''':

{{mu|le nanmu ne tai do cadzu|The man walks like you.}}
{{mu|le nanmu pu cadzu tai lo ka bevri lo tilju|The man walked as if he was carrying something heavy.}}
{{gl|bevri|x1 carries x2}}
The infinitive starting with '''lo ka''' always refers to the first place of the clause, '''le nanmu''' in this case.

=== The concept of ''only'' ===
{{mu|mi se steci lo ka nelci lo badna|I'm the only one who likes bananas.}}
A more precise one:
{{mu|mi se steci lo ka nelci lo badna vau lo pendo be mi|I'm the only one who likes bananas among my friends.}}
{{gl|se steci|x1 is the only one in x2 (property of x1) among x3}}
Note that this example implies that you are a friend of yourself :) Otherwise, please, use an even more precise statement:
{{mu|mi se steci lo ka nelci lo badna vau mi jo'u lo pendo be mi|I'm the only one who likes bananas among the group of me and my friends.}}

{{mu|na ku mi se steci lo ka nelci lo badna|It's not just me who likes bananas.}}

It's also possible to rephrase this using '''.e no drata be''' (''and nothing different from ...''):
{{mu|mi e no drata be mi cu nelci lo badna|I and no one else likes bananas.}}

One more interesting example:
{{mu|lo troci cu se steci lo ka snada|Only the one who tries succeeds.|Who tries is the only one who succeeds.}}
{{mu|lo zukte be lo ka troci e no drata be ri cu fliba|The only who only tries fails.|The one who does attempts and nothing but it fails.}}
{{gl|troci|x1 tries to do x2 (property of x1)}}
{{gl|snada|x1 succeeds in doing x2 (property of x1)}}
{{gl|fliba|x1 fails in doing x2 (property of x1)}}

And one more solution:
{{mu|ro snada pu troci|Everyone who succeeds tried.}}

As you can see, Lojban offers different methods of saying the same, some of which can significantly differ from English forms.

=== "''Most''", "''many''" and "''too much''" ===
Words like ''most'' and ''many'' are also numbers in Lojban:

{|class="wikitable"
|| '''ro'''
|| ''each''

|-
|| '''so'a'''
|| ''almost all''

|-
|| '''so'e'''
|| ''most''

|-
|| '''so'i'''
|| ''many'', ''a lot of''

|-
|| '''so'o'''
|| ''several''

|-
|| '''so'u'''
|| ''few''

|-
|| '''no'''
|| ''zero'', ''none''

|-
|| '''su'e'''
|| ''at most''

|-
|| '''su'o'''
|| ''at least''

|-
|| '''za'u'''
|| ''more than…''

|-
|| '''du'e'''
|| ''too many''
|}

Some examples:
{{mu|su'e re no prenu ba klama|No more than 20 people will come.}}
{{mu|su'o pa prenu cu prami do|At least one person loves you.}}

=== ''never'' - '''no roi''', ''always'' - '''ro roi''' ===
Prepositions specifying the number of times:
*'''no roi''' = ''never''
*'''pa roi''' = ''once''
*'''re roi''' = ''twice''
*'''ci roi''' = ''thrice''
:...
*'''so'i roi''' = ''many times''
*'''so'u roi''' = ''a few times''
*'''du'e roi''' = ''too many times''
*'''ro roi''' = ''always''

{{mu|mi du'e roi klama lo zarci|I go to the market too often.}}
{{gl|zarci|x1 is a market}}
{{mu|mi pu re roi klama lo zarci|I went to the market twice.}}
Without '''pu''' the construct '''re roi''' may mean that once I went to the market but the second time I will be there only in the future.
These particles can be used with a noun after them:
{{mu|mi klama ti pa roi ro jeftu|I come here one every week.}}

=== ''for the first time'' - '''pa re'u''', ''for the last time'' - '''ro re'u''' ===
*'''pa re'u''' = ''for the first time''
*'''re re'u''' = ''for the second time''
:...
*'''za'u re'u''' = ''again''
*'''ro re'u''' = ''for the last time''
The particle '''re'u''' works like '''roi''' but tells for which time this event happens.

Compare:
{{mu|mi pa roi vitke lo muzga|I visited the museum once.}}
{{mu|mi pa re'u vitke lo muzga|I visited the museum for the first time.}}

{{mu|mi za'u roi vitke lo muzga|I visited the museum more times.}}
{{mu|mi za'u re'u vitke lo muzga|I visited the museum again.}}

{{mu|mi za'u pa roi vitke lo muzga|I visited the museum more than once.}}
{{mu|mi za'u pa re'u vitke lo muzga|I visited the museum not for the first time (maybe for the second/third etc.))}}
{{gl|vitke|to visit (somebody or something)}}

Note the difference between:
{{gl|za'u re'u|again, more than the known from context number of times (e.g. more than expected or more that other already know)}}
{{gl|za'u pa re'u|not for the first time (the number of times is compared to number 1, hence no context is needed)}}
{{gl|re re'u|two times (same here, no context is needed, and even the exact number of times is given)}}

=== Prepositions: their location within a clause ===

{{mu|lo nu tcidu ca nandu|Reading is now difficult.}}
{{mu|ca ku lo nu tcidu cu nandu|Now reading is difficult.}}
Bare prepositions without arguments after them can be moved around the sentence by adding '''ku''' after them.

'''ku''' prevents the following nouns from attaching to such prepositions. '''ca lo nu tcidu''' would mean ''when reading''.

Here are several places where preposition can go.
*preposition modifies the clause to the right of it:
**'''ca ku mi citka''' - ''Now I eat.'' Adverb, i.e. preposition with a particle '''ku'''
**'''ca lo cabdei mi citka''' - ''Today I eat''. Preposition with a noun after it.
**'''mi ca citka''' - ''I now eat.'' Tense, i.e. preposition before the main verb and without a noun.
*Preposition is applied to the whole clause:
**'''mi citka ca''' - ''I eat now.'' Tense, preposition at the end of the clause.

=== Several prepositions in a clause (scope) ===
{{mu|mi speni|I am married, I have a wife or a husband.}}
{{mu|mi co'a speni|I get married.}}
{{mu|mi mo'u speni|I am widowed.}}
{{gl|mo'u|preposition: the event is finished}}
Compare:
{{mu|mi mo'u co'a speni|I am newlywed.|I finished becoming a married person.}}
{{mu|mi co'a mo'u speni|I get widowed.|I become finishing being married.}}

If there are several prepositions in one clause, the rule is that we read them from left to right, thinking it as a so called ''imaginary journey''. We begin at an implied point in time and space (the speaker's "now and here" if no noun follows), and then follow the prepositions one after another from left to right.

Let's take '''mi mo'u co'a speni'''.
:'''mo'u''' means that an event is complete. Which event? The event '''co'a speni''' - to become married. Hence, '''mi mo'u co'a speni''' means ''I finish the process of the becoming married'', i.e. ''I am newlywed.''
:We say in such case that '''co'a speni''' is within the "scope" of '''mo'u'''.

In '''mi co'a mo'u speni''' the order or event is different.
:First, it is said that an event started ('''co'a'''), then it is stated that it is an event of finishing being married. Hence, '''mi co'a mo'u speni''' means ''I get widowed''.
:We can say that here '''mo'u speni''' is within the "scope" of '''co'a'''.

Another example with the preposition '''so'i roi''':
{{mu|mi co'a so'i roi citka|I started eating many times.}}
{{mu|mi so'i roi co'a citka|Many times I started to eat.}}

Examples with tenses:
{{mu|mi pu ba klama lo cmana|It happened before I went to the mountain.|I in past: in future: go to the mountain.}}

{{mu|mi ba pu klama lo cmana|It will happen after I went to the mountain.|I in future: in past: go to the mountain.}}

The rule of reading prepositions from the left to the right can be overriden by connecting prepositions with the conjunction '''ce'e''':
{{mu|mi ba ce'e pu klama lo cmana|I went and will go to the mountain.|I in future and in past: go to the mountain.}}

{{mu|mi cadzu ba lo nu mi citka ce'e pu lo nu mi sipna|I walk after I eat and before I sleep.}}

==== Using prepositions together with '''da''' and nouns that start with numbers ====
Like with prepositions the position of '''da''' matters:
{{mu|mi ponse da|There is something I own.}}
{{mu|mi co'u ponse da|I lost all my property.}}
{{gl|ponse|x1 owns x2}}
{{gl|co'u|preposition: the event stops}}
This might look like a mind-breaking example. Here, a person was able to say "I own something." But then for every thing the person owned this situation ended.

Another example:
{{mu|ro da vi fenki|Everyone is crazy here.|Every one here crazy}}
{{mu|vi ku ro da fenki|Here everyone is crazy.|Here: every one crazy}}
Did you catch that?
#''Everyone is crazy here'' means that if someone is not crazy somewhere then they will become crazy in this place.
#''Here everyone is crazy'' simply describes those who are here (and they are crazy). We don't know anything about others in other places.

Another example with a noun started with a number:
{{mu|pa prenu ro roi jundi|There is one person who is always attentive.}}
::- it is the same person who is always attentive.
{{mu|ro roi ku pa prenu cu jundi|Always there is one person who is always attentive.}}
::- it is always that one person is attentive. People may change but there is one always attentive.

=== Connecting sentences with prepositions ===
{{mu|mi klama pa cmana ca lo nu pa mlatu cu pinxe lo ladru|I am coming to a mountain while a cat is drinking milk.}}
{{mu|mi klama pa cmana .i ca bo pa mlatu cu pinxe lo ladru|I am coming to a mountain, and at the same time a cat is drinking milk.}}
If two sentences are too long we can use '''.i''' to separate them. But we still can show that they express the same idea using prepositions. The second example differs from the first one in that it puts the assertion on both sentences.

So here we use '''.i''', then the preposition that we need and then '''bo'''.

Usually we split sentences into two and then bind them with '''bo''' when a sentence looks or sounds too bulky.

But another use of this is to move prepositions out of scope of other prepositions:
{{mu|mi na te vecnu ki'u lo nu kargu|It's not true that I buy because it's expensive.}}
So one might suppose that I only buy things if they are expensive. But no, I don't act thay way.

Here, '''na''' negates that ''I buy things because they are expensive''. '''na''' is applied to the whole clause, thus it "covers" '''ki'u'''.

{{mu|mi na te vecnu i ki'u bo kargu|I don't buy. It's because it's expensive.}}
Here, I don't buy things. Why? Because they are expensive. Maybe I prefer only cheap things.

Here, '''ki'u''' is placed to another sentence. Thus, '''na''' doesn't cover it.

Both sentences could be translated as ''I don't buy because it's expensive.'' However, they mean different things.

A special rule is for using '''i ba bo''' and '''i pu bo'''. Compare:
{{mu|mi cadzu pu lo nu mi citka|I walk before I eat.}}
{{mu|mi cadzu .i ba bo mi citka|I walk, and then I eat.}}
'''.i ba bo''' means ''afterwards, then''. The sentence after '''.i ba bo''' refers to something that took place later than what took place in the sentence before.

'''pu''' is changed into '''ba''', and vice versa. This special rule for Lojban was made by analogy of natural languages. So you just have to remember this special behavior of these two words.




=== Existing things, "''there are ...'' ===
There are actually three words in '''da''' series: '''da''', '''de''', '''di'''. We use them if you need to refer to different objects in one discourse:
{{mu|ci mlatu cu citka re finpe ci da poi mlatu cu citka re de poi finpe|There are three cats, there are two fishes for each cat, and each cat eats two fishes.}}
If you need more such words in one discourse add a suffix '''xi''' to them and then any number (which we can call an index).
Thus,
*'''da xi pa''' is the same as simple '''da''',
*'''da xi re''' is the same as '''de''',
*'''da xi ci''' is the same as '''di'''
*'''da xi vo''' is the fourth "something" and so on...

=== Topic and comment. '''zo'u''' ===
Sometimes it is useful to show the topic of a clause and then say a comment about it:
{{mu|lo finpe zo'u mi nelci lo salmone|As for fish I like salmon.}}
{{gl|salmone|... is a salmon}}
{{gl|zo'u|ends the topic and starts the comment of the clause}}

'''zo'u''' is more useful when a pronoun like '''da''' is defined in the topic and then used in the comment:
{{mu|da zo'u mi viska da|There is a thing such that I see it.}}
{{mu|da poi gerku zo'u mi nelci da|For each thing that is a dog: I like it. ''I like all dogs.}}
{{mu|da de zo'u da viska de|There is '''da''' and '''de''' such that '''da''' sees '''de'''.}}
The two pronouns '''da''' and '''de''' tell us that there are two things which stand in the relationship that one sees the other. It might be the case that the supposed two things are really just a single thing that loves itself: nothing in the sentence rules out that interpretation, which is why the colloquial translation does not say ''Somebody sees somebody else.'' The things referred to by different pronouns of '''da''' series may be different or the same.

It is perfectly okay for these pronouns to appear more than once in the main clause:
{{mu|da zo'u da prami da|There is '''da''' such that '''da''' loves '''da'''.'' ''There is someone who loves himself/herself.}}
It is not necessary for a pronoun to be the direct noun of the the main verb:
{{mu|da zo'u lo gerku pe da cu viska mi|There is '''da''' such that the dog of them sees me.'' ''Somebody's dog sees me.}}

=== Scope in '''da''' ===

{{mu|ci da poi mlatu cu citka re de poi finpe|There are three cats who eat two fishes each.}}

By using '''zo'u''' we can make our sentence more clear:
{{mu|ci da poi mlatu vau re de poi finpe zo'u da citka de|For three '''da''' which are cats, for two '''de''' which are fishes: '''da''' eats '''de'''.}}
Here we see that each of the cats is said to eat two fishes, and it might be different fishes each time; six fishes in total.

How then are we to express the other interpretation, in which just two men are involved? We cannot just reverse the order of variables in the prenex to
{{mupli|'''re de poi nanmu ci da poi gerku zo'u da batci de''' ''For two '''de''' which are men, for three '''da''' which are dogs, '''da''' bites '''de'''''}}
for although we have now limited the number of men to exactly two, we end up with an indeterminate number of dogs, from three to six. The distinction is called a “scope distinction”: in the first example '''ci da poi gerku''' is said to have wider scope than '''re de poi nanmu''', and therefore precedes it in the prenex. In the second example the reverse is true.

To make to scope equal we use a special connective '''ce'e''' connecting two nouns.
{{mu|ci da poi gerku ce'e re de poi nanmu cu batci ci gerku re nanmu cu batci|Three dogs [plus] two men, bite.}}
which picks out two groups, one of three dogs and the other of two men, and says that every one of the dogs bites each of the men. The second Lojban version uses forethought.

=== "''any''" and "''some''" in examples ===
The words "any" and "some" and their derivatives have many meanings in English. We should be careful to translate that intended meaning:
*Simple specific ''some'' is translated as '''da''':
:{{mu|da pu klama .i je ko smadi lo du'u da me ma kau|Somebody came. Guess who it was.}}
:{{mu|mi pu tirna da .i je mi fliba lo ka jimpe lo du'u da mo kau|I heard something, but I fail to understand what it was.}}
*''some'' in questions turns into "anything", "anybody":
{{mu|xu da pu klama|Did anybody come?}}
*''any'' can be used in inner clauses:
{{mu|mi rivbi lo ka jdice da|I avoided taking any decision.}}
:like in clauses of prepositions:
{{mu|ba lo nu do zgana da vau ko klama|After you notice anything, come!}}
*Scope: ''any'' is used in English when negating while Lojban uses '''na''' but then still '''da''':
{{mu|mi na viska su'o da poi prenu mi na viska su'o prenu|I don't see anybody.}}
*Scope: note that negation has to take appropriate clause like here:
{{mu|mi jinvi lo du'u na ku da jimpe|I don't think that anybody understands.}}
:This can be rephrased as:
{{mu|mi jinvi lo du'u no da jimpe|I think that nobody understands.}}
*''every'' is turned into ''any'' in comparisons and translated as '''ro da''':
{{mu|do zmadu ro da lo ka clani|You are taller than anybody.|You exceed everybody in tallness.}}
*''any'' is used when providing choice and translated as '''ro da''':
{{mu|ro da poi do nelci zo'u mi e'ande do lo ka citka da |You may eat anything you like.|For everything that you like I allow you to eat it.}}
{{gl|permite|x1 allows x2 to do x3 (property of x2}}

''some'' is translated using '''lo''' when using commands, request, suggestions:
{{mu|e'u mi'o pilno lo drata|Let's try other things.}}
{{mu|e'u mi'o troci bu'u lo drata|Let's try somewhere else.}}

Compare it to:
{{mu|pa drata zo'u e'u mi'o pilno ri|There is something else, let's use it.}}
{{mu|pa drata zo'u e'u mi'o troci bu'u ri|There is another place, let's try there.}}
''any'' is translated using '''lo'''
*in generic statements:
{{mu|lo gerku cu se tuple vo da|Any dog has four legs. Dogs have four legs.}}
*and when making no distinction among members we talk about:
{{mu|mi na djica lo ka tavla lo na slabu be mi|I don't want to talk to just anybody.}}
=== "''anyone, any two ...'' ===
{{mu|e'u mi'o troci bu'u lo drata|Let's try somewhere else.}}
Here, '''lo drata''' actually means ''any other thing or things, place or places''. The number of such places is not specified although any such place might fit.

What if we want to say "any place but only one place"? In this case we put a number after '''lo''':
{{mu|e'u mi'o troci bu'u lo pa drata|Let's try at another place.}}
Similarly,

{{mu|e'u mi'o troci bu'u lo pa drata|Let's try at any two other places.}}
and so on.

Note that when a noun starts with '''lo''' it still has the notion of ''any''. The difference can be important:

{{mu|lo pa bangu no roi banzu|One language (any language) is never enough.}}
{{mu|pa bangu no roi banzu|There is one language that is never enough.}}

Finally, nouns of existence imply ''each''. There are two rings on the logo of Lojban. So
{{mu|lo re djine cu sinxa la lojban|Two rings is a symbol of Lojban.}}
{{mu|na ku re djine cu sinxa la lojban|It's not true that for two rings each of the rings is a symbol of Lojban.}}
{{gl|djine|x1 is a ring}}

===Resume: which constructs does scope affect?===
Scope matters only for prepositions, '''da''', '''de''', '''di''' and nouns starting with numbers (like '''pa prenu''' - ''one of the persons''). Thus the relative order of such constructs changes the meaning:

{{mu|pa prenu ca ku zvati|There is one person who is now present.}}

{{mu|ca ku pa prenu ca zvati|Now there is one person.}}

Scope isn't relevant for verbs and nouns starting with '''lo''' (like '''lo prenu''' or '''lo re prenu'''). Both these sentences mean the same:
{{mu|lo prenu ca ku zvati ca ku lo prenu cu zvati|People are now present.}}
These two sentences also mean the same:
{{mu|lo pa bangu no roi banzu no roi ku lo pa bangu cu banzu|One language (any language) is never enough.}}

Scope ends in the end of the sentence.
Here, '''ki'u''' is under the scope of '''na''':
{{mu|na ku mi te vecnu ki'u lo nu kargu|It's not true that: I buy because it's expensive.}}
Here, '''ki'u''' is not under the scope of '''na'''. '''ki'u''' is applied to the whole previous sentence including '''na''':
{{mu|mi na te vecnu i ki'u bo kargu|I don't buy. It's because it's expensive.}}

==Lesson 6. Prepositions: time and space==

{{mu|mi citka lo cirla}}
Possible translations:
{{mu||I eat cheese. I ate cheese. I always eat cheese. In a moment, I will have just finished eating cheese.}}
Tenses in Lojban are optional, we don't have to think all the time what tense to use.

Context often resolves what is correct. We add tenses when we feel we need them.

Lojban tenses treat time and space the same. Saying that ''I worked a long time ago'' is not grammatically different than saying ''I work far away to the north''. English treats words like ''earlier'', past tense ending ''-ed'' and space prepositions like ''in'' or ''near'' in three different schemes, while in Lojban they follow the same principle.
==== Points in time and place ====
Preposition without a noun after it describes the event as relative to ''here'' and ''now'':
{{mu|mi pinxe ba|I will drink.}}
{{mu|mi pinxe bu'u|I drink at this place.}}
Preposition with a noun after it describes the event as relative to the event in that noun:
{{mu|mi pinxe ba lo nu mi cadzu|I drink after I walk.}}

==== Tenses: clauses inside clauses ====
In English we use the so called "sequence of tenses":
{{mu|la alis pu cusku lo se du'u vo'a pu penmi la doris za lo djedi be li ci|Alice told that she had seen Doris three days before.}}
Here, the event "had seen Doris" happens before the event "Alice said". However, in
{{mu|la alis pu cusku lo se du'u vo'a ca kansa la doris|Alice told that she was with Doris.}}
the two events (''told'' and ''was with Doris'') happen at the same time.

Thus in English
*the tense of the main clause is understood relative to whoever utters those sentences.
*the tense of the clause inside the main clause is also understood relative to whoever utters those sentences.

And in Lojban
*only the tense of the main clause is relative to who utters those sentences.
*and other tenses are relative to each other. This is why, in the first example the second '''pu''' is relative to the first '''pu'''. In the second example, we use '''ca''' (''at the same time'') which is relative to the outer clause ('''pu cusku''' - ''said'').

However, we can use the construct '''ca ti''' (''at this time or place''), which will give the same effect as how English works:

Here is an example in English style:
{{mu|la alis pu cusku lo se du'u vo'a ca ti pu kansa la .doris.|Alis said that she was with Doris.}}

==== Distance in time and space ====
{|class="wikitable" width="100%" width="100%" width=64% style="margin:0px 0px 0px 25px;"
|+Prepositions
|-
| style="text-align: center;" colspan="2" |'''fau''' = preposition. at the same time, place or situation as …
|-
|'''ca''' = ''at … (some time), at the same time as …''; present tense.
|'''bu'u''' = ''at … (some place)''; ''here'' (''at this place'').
|-
| colspan="2" |
|-
|'''zi''' = ''just'' (''short time afo'') or ''soon'' (''in a short time'')
|'''vi''' = ''near …''
|-
|'''za''' = ''a while ago'' or ''in a while'', ''in an unspecified time''
|'''va''' = ''not far from …''
|-
|'''zu''' = ''long time ago'' or ''in a long time''
|'''vu''' = ''far away from …''; ''far away''
|}
This is how we can use particles specifying how far we ago into the past or future:
*'''pu zu''' means ''a long time ago''
*'''pu za''' means ''a while ago''
*'''pu zi''' means ''just''
*'''ba zi''' means ''soon''
*'''ba za''' means ''in a while''
*'''ba zu''' means ''in a long time''

Notice the vowel order '''i''', '''a''' and '''u'''. This order appears again and again in Lojban, and might be worth to memorize. ''Short'' and ''long'' in are always context dependent, relative and subjective. Two hundred years is a short time for a species to evolve, but a long time to wait for the bus.

{{notci|'''zi''', '''za''' and '''zu''' modify the previous preposition like '''pu''' and '''ba''':
*'''pu zu''' is ''a long time ago''. '''pu''' shows that we begin in the past, '''zu''' then that it is a long time backwards.
*'''zu pu''' is ''far away in time there is a point after some event''. '''zu''' shows that we begin at some point far away in time from now, '''pu''' then, that we move backwards from that point.
Thus '''pu zu''' is always in the past. '''zu pu''' could be in the future.}}

Spatial distance is marked in a similar way by '''vi''', '''va''' and '''vu''' for short, unspecified (medium) and long distance in space.

We can use them as prepositions as well:
{{mu|ba za lo djedi be li ci mi zvati ti|In three days I will be here.}}

The space equivalent of '''ca''' is '''bu'u'''. And '''fau''' is more vague than two of them, it can mean time, space or situation.

{{mu|ba za vu ku mi gunka|Some time in the future, I will work a place long away.}}
{{gl|gunka|to work}}

{{mu|mi bu'u pu zu gunka|I used to work here a long time ago.|I here-past-long-time-distance work}}
{{mu|pu zu vu ku zasti fa lo ninmu .e lo nanmu|Long ago and far away lived a woman and a man.}}
The last sentence is how fairy tales often begin.



==== Duration in time and space ====
{|class="wikitable" width="100%" width="100%" width=64% style="margin:0px 0px 0px 25px;"
|+Prepositions
|| '''ze'i''' — for a short time
|| '''ve'i''' — over a small space
|-
|| '''ze'a''' — for some time
|| '''ve'a''' — over some space
|-
|| '''ze'u''' — for a long time
|| '''ve'u''' — over the long space
|}

Again it's easy to remember given the pattern '''i''', '''a''', '''u'''.
{{mu|mi ze'u bajra|I run for a long time.}}
{{mu|la .bob. ze'u pinxe lo birje|Bob drinks beer for a long time.}}
{{mu|mi bazize'a xabju la .djakartas.|Pretty soon I'm going to live in Jakarta for a while.}}
{{mu|lo jenmi pe la .romas. ba ze'u gunta la .kart.xadact.|The army of Romans will be attacking Carthage for a long time.}}
This does not mean that Romans are not attacking Carthage these days. In Lojban, if we say that something is true at a particular time, it doesn't mean that it is not true at any other time. You can say '''pu ba ze'u''' so that we know that this activity was in future when viewed from some point in past but in past when viewed from today.
{{mu|lo ve'u xamsi|ocean}}
{{mu|lo xamsi|sea/ocean}}

{{mu|lo ve'u cmana|hill}}
{{mu|lo cmana|mountain/hill}}

{{mu|do ve'u klama lo dotco gugde ze'u|You spend a long time traveling a long space to Germany.}}
{{mu|ti ve'u gerku|That's a big dog. This is a dog covering a large space.}}

==== Event contours ====
Here are several sets of prepositions that can help us add finer meanings when necessary.

With the ''event contours'' and unlike '''pu''', '''ca''' and '''ba''' we view each event as having shape with certain stages:
====='''pu'o''' - ''to be about'', '''ba'o''' - ''no longer''=====
{{mu|mi ba tavla lo mikce|I will speak to the doctor (and I might be speaking now too).}}
{{mu|mi pu pu'o tavla lo mikce|I was about to speak to the doctor (I was not speaking at that time, the event hadn't started by that time).}}

{{gl|pu'o|preposition: to be about to do something (the event has not yet happened)}}
{{gl|ba'o|preposition: to be no longer doing something, to have done something (the event has ended)}}

Other examples:
{{mu|lo sanmi ca pu'o bredi|The meal is not ready yet.}}
{{mu|mi pu ba'o tavla lo mikce|I had spoken to the doctor.}}
{{mu|mi ba ba'o tavla lo mikce|I will have spoken to the doctor.}}
{{mu|.a'o mi ba zi ba'o gunka|I hope soon I will have done the work.}}

====='''za'o''' - ''still'', '''xa'o''' - ''already''=====
{{mu|ri'a ma do za'o zvati vi|Why are you still here?}}
{{mu|la .kevin. xa'o zvati vi|Kevin is already here.}}
{{gl|za'o|still. The event is in process beyond its natural end}}
{{gl|xa'o|already, too early. The event already started and it is too early}}
=====Stages of event=====
{{mu|mi co'a tavla|I started talking.}}
{{mu|le fetsi ca'o ciska|She keeps writing.}}
{{mu|le nakni pu co'u vasxu|He stopped breathing (sudden unpredictable change).}}
{{gl|vasxu|x1 breathes x2}}
{{mu|mi pu mo'u citka le plise|I've eaten the apple up.}}
{{mu|la .maks. pu mo'u zbasu lo vi dinju|Max has built this house.}}
{{mu|le fetsi pu de'a vasxu|She ceased to breath (but may breath again later).}}
{{mu|mi pu di'a citka lo plise|I resumed eating apples.}}
{{gl|co'a|preposition: the event starts (the border of the event)}}
{{gl|ca'o|preposition: to be doing something (the event is in progress)}}
{{gl|co'u|preposition: the event stops}}
{{gl|mo'u|preposition: the event ends (the border of the event)}}
{{gl|de'a|the event pauses (the event can be expected to continue)}}
{{gl|di'a|the event resumes}}

{{vajni|{{gl|de'a ze'i jundi|BRB (I'll be right back)}}
{{gl|mi di'a jundi|I am back (being attentive)}}

{{gl|jundi|x1 pays attention to x2}}

These two expressions are common in text chats for saying that you stop paying attention or away, and then back online:
One could of course also say just '''de'a''' or '''di'a''' and hope the point gets across.}}

=====Continuous and Progressive=====
{{gl|ru'i|preposition: the event is continuous}}
{{mu|.i mi pu ru'i citka lo mango|I was eating apples one and on without stop.}}

{{notci|Note the difference:
*'''ru'i''' says that the event is continuous and never pauses.
*'''ca'o''' says that the event progresses. It may sometimes pause and then resume its progress.}}
==== Place contours ====
Event contours can be used to refer to space if we prefix them with '''fe'e''':
{{mu|lo rokci cu kuspe fe'e co'u lo canko|The rock reached and stopped by the window.}}
{{gl|kuspe|x1 extends, reaches across scope, range x2}}

==== Space: "''to the left''", "''to the right''" ====
{{mu|lo prenu cu sanli lo dertu bu'u lo pritu be mi|The person stands on the ground to the right of me.}}
{{mu|lo gerku cu vreta lo ckana bu'u lo zunle be lo verba|A dog is lying on the bed to the left of a child.}}

{{mu|ko jgari le panbi poi zunle|Take the pen on the left.}}
{{mu|pa mlatu cu plipe bu'u lo crane be do|A cat jumps in front of you.}}

{{mu|ko catlu lo dinju poi crane|Look at the house in the front.}}

{{mu|lo verba cu zutse lo stizu bu'u lo trixe be mi|The child sits on the chair behind me.}}
{{gl|zunle|x1 is to the left of x2}}
{{gl|pritu|x1 is to the right of x2}}
{{gl|crane|x1 is in front of x2 (x1 is between x2 and whoever watches)}}
{{gl|trixe|x1 is behind x2}}

{{gl|sanli|x1 stands on x2}}
{{gl|zutse|x1 sits on x2}}
{{gl|vreta|x1 lies on x2}}

{{gl|lo dertu|ground, dirt}}
{{gl|lo ckana|bed}}
{{gl|lo stizu|chair}}

To specify the reference point we additionally use the preposition '''ki'''. This is important when speaking about left and right:
{{mu|lo prenu cu sanli ki mi bu'u lo pritu be lo tricu|The person stands to the right of a tree from my viewpoint.}}
{{mu|lo dinju cu zunle lo rokci ki ti|The house is to the left of the rock if viewed from here.}}

=== Practice ===
==== Position ====

{|class=wikitable
|style='text-align:right;'|'''ma nabmi'''
| | ''What's the problem?''
|-
|style='text-align:right;'|'''ma'a nitcu lo cukta pe la alis'''
| | ''We need Alice's book.''
|-
|style='text-align:right;'|'''i la alis ca zvati ma'''
| | ''Where is Alice?''
|-
|style='text-align:right;'|'''a bu ca na zvati lo bu'u tcadu i mi pu mrilu zo'e ne le cukta fi abu i abu ca ca'o vofli la paris i ku'i mi pu zi te benji lo se mrilu be a bu i a bu pu e'ande ma'a lo ka lebna le cukta i e'o do bevri le cukta mi'''
| | Alice is now not in the city. I mailed about the book to her. Alice is now flying to Paris. But I just received a mail from her. She permitted us to take the book. Please, bring it to me.
|-
|style='text-align:right;'|'''i bu'u ma mi ka'e cpacu le cukta'''
| |Where can I get the book?
|-
|style='text-align:right;'|'''lo purdi i e'o do klama lo bartu'''
| |In the garden. Please, go outside.
|-
|style='text-align:right;'|'''mi ca zvati ne'a le vorme i ei mi ca klama ma'''
| |I am near the door. Now where should I go?
|-
|style='text-align:right;'|'''ko muvdu lo zunle be lo tricu i ba ku do viska pa jubme'''
| |Move to the left of the tree. Then you will see a table.
|-
|style='text-align:right;'|'''mi viska lo cipni noi vofli i ku'i mi ganse no jubme'''
| |I can see birds flying. But I sense no tables.
|-
|style='text-align:right;'|'''ko carna gi'e muvdu lo pritu i le jubme cu crane lo cmalu dinju i le cukta cu cpana le jubme i ji'a ko jgari lo penbi e lo pelji i le za'u dacti cu cpana si'a le jubme i ba ku ko bevri le ci dacti le zdani gi'e punji fi lo kumfa pe mi'''
| |Turn and move to the right. The table is in front of a small building. The book is on top of the table. Also, take a pencil and a paper. They are similarly on top of the table. Then bring the three things home and put them to my room.
|-
|style='text-align:right;'|'''vi'o'''
| |Will do.
|}



==== Vehicles ====
{|class='wikitable'
|-
|style='text-align:right;'|'''mi jo'u lo pendo be mi pu litru lo barda rirxe bu'u lo bloti'''
|''I and my friends were traveling on a big river in a boat.''
|-
|style='text-align:right;'|'''i ba bo mi'a klama lo vinji tcana'''
|''Then we went to an airport.''
|-
|style='text-align:right;'|'''i xu do jai zu'e se marce lo karce'''
|''Did you take a car?''
|-
|style='text-align:right;'|'''i je'u nai i mi'a pu pilno lo trene i ze'a lo cacra mi'a pu zvati bu'u lo carce'''
|''No. We used a train. For one hour we were in a wagon.''
|}

{{gl|marce|x1 is a vehicle carrying x2}}
{{gl|se marce|x1 is a passenger of x2}}
{{gl|jai zu'e se marce|x1 takes a vehicle x2 as a passenger}}
{{gl|karce|x1 is a car carrying x2}}
{{gl|bloti|x1 is a boat carrying x2}}
{{gl|vinji|x1 is an aircraft carrying x2}}
{{gl|trene|x1 is a train of cars x2}}

== Lesson 7. Letters and referring to clauses==
=== Names of letters in Lojban ===
Each letter has a name in Lojban.

The following table represents the basic Lojban alphabet and how to pronounce letters (below each letter):

{|class="wikitable"
|| '
|| '''a'''
|| b
|| c
|| d
|| '''e'''

|-
|| '''.y'y.'''
|| '''.abu'''
|| '''by.'''
|| '''cy.'''
|| '''dy.'''
|| '''.ebu'''

|-
| colspan="6" |

|-
|| f
|| g
|| '''i'''
|| j
|| k
|| l

|-
|| '''fy.'''
|| '''gy.'''
|| '''.ibu'''
|| '''jy.'''
|| '''ky.'''
|| '''ly.'''

|-
| colspan="6" |

|-
|| m
|| n
|| '''o'''
|| p
|| r
|| s

|-
|| '''my.'''
|| '''ny.'''
|| '''.obu'''
|| '''py.'''
|| '''ry.'''
|| '''sy.'''

|-
| colspan="6" |

|-
|| t
|| '''u'''
|| v
|| x
|| '''y'''
|| z

|-
|| '''ty.'''
|| '''.ubu'''
|| '''vy.'''
|| '''xy.'''
|| '''.ybu'''
|| '''zy.'''

|}

As you can see
*to get the name for a vowel, we add "bu"
*to get the name for a consonant, we add "y"
*the word for '''<nowiki>'</nowiki>''' (apostrophe) is '''.y'y'''.

We can spell word using these names. For example, CNN will be '''cy. ny. ny.'''

A capital letter alone has a special meaning. It denotes the name of that letter:
:'''A''' is the same as '''.abu''', '''B''' is the same as '''by.''' and so on. They means the same and even are read the same as normal '''.abu''', '''by.''' etc. So ''CNN'' can also be written as '''CNN''' in Lojban and it will be still pronounced and mean the same as '''cy. ny. ny.'''

=== Letters instead of "''he''" and "''she''" ===
Names of letters are pronouns. And we can use them for another method of referring to nouns and names earlier used in speech.
{{mu|la lukas cu viska lo mlatu i lo mlatu cu na viska la lukas la lukas cu viska lo mlatu i my. na viska ly.|Lucas sees a cat. The cat doesn't see Lucas.}}
As the first letter in '''lukas''' is '''l''' and the first letter in '''mlatu''' is '''m''' we can use names of letters to refer to nouns that we get from them. Both Lojban sentences mean the same.

So if you see a Lojban letter being used as a noun, you take it as referring to the last noun or name whose verb word ('''lukas''' and '''mlatu''' in this case) starts with that letter.

Clearly, this method is more powerful than ''he'' or ''she''. It also allows us to make the speech more concise in not forcing us to repeat possible long names or nouns over and over again.

But notice that it can happen that we'd like to refer back to, say, '''lo mlatu''', but then before we can do so, another noun or name that starts with '''m''' appeared in the meantime, so that '''my.''' can no longer refer to the cat. The quickest way out is to repeat the entire noun or name, i.e. say '''le mlatu''':
{{mu|lo mlatu cu viska la .micel. i my. na viska le mlatu|A cat sees Michelle. Michelle doesn't see the cat.}}

If a name consists of several cmevla you can use the first letters of them to refer to that name. The same is for compound verbs:
{{mu|la .djon.smit. cu citka lo finpe stasu i dy.sy. nelci fy.sy.|John Smith is eating fish soup. He likes it.}}
If you need to put several pronouns one after another separate them with the particle '''boi''':
{{mu|mi klama la paris la moskov|I go to Paris from Moscow.}}
{{mu|mi klama py. boi my.|I go to P from M.}}
The phrase '''mi klama py. my.''' would mean ''I go to PM'' which wouldn't mean what is needed here.

{{mu|la .tom.silver. pu zvati i je'u ty. sy. boi .ui pu sidju mi|Tom Silver was present. And actually TS (yay!) helped me.}}
If you put an interjection after such letters separate them with '''boi'''. Without '''boi''' interjections will refer to the last letter.

==='''ri''' instead of "''he''" and "''she''"===
{{mu|mi catlu pa nanmu i ri melbi|I look at a man. He is handsome.}}
{{pixra|Image:Gael_garcia_bernal.jpg|'''lo melbi''' ''beautiful, handsome, pretty''}}
{{pixra|Image:Lindo_Sol_em_Plataforma.jpg|'''lo se pluka''' ''nice, pleasant''}}
The particle '''ri''' refers to the last completed noun used in text or someone's speech.

{{notci|'''melbi''' means both ''handsome'' and ''beautiful'' no matter the person of what gender you describe.}}

Another example:
{{mu|la .alis. cu sipna bu'u lo kumfa pe la .alis.|Alice sleeps in Alice's room.|Alice sleeps-in the of-Alice room.}}
is turned into:
{{mu|la .alis. cu sipna bu'u lo kumfa pe ri|Alice sleeps in her room.|Alice sleeps in the room of [last noun].}}
The '''ri''' is equivalent to repeating the last noun or name, which is '''la .alis.''' here.

Note that '''ri''' refers to completed nouns. '''ri''' does not repeat '''lo kumfa pe ri''' (which is also a noun), because '''ri''' is inside that noun and therefore that noun is not yet complete when '''ri''' appears. This prevents '''ri''' from making it recursively refer to itself.

Nouns are counted from their beginnings. So in an example like
{{mu|lo du'u lo nanmu cu melbi cu se djuno ri}}
'''ri''' refers to '''lo nanmu''' and not '''lo du'u lo nanmu cu melbi''' although bot nouns are complete: '''lo nanmu''' starts last, after the start of '''lo du'u lo nanmu cu melbi'''.

Clause inside '''sei''' forms a parallel text. '''ri''' ignores nouns inside '''sei'''-clauses:
{{mu|mi viska la .lukas. sei la .doris. pu cusku i ri jibni la .micel.|I see Lucas, — Doris said. He is near Michelle.}}
In this example '''ri''' cannot refer to '''la .doris.''' We simply ignore the whole '''sei la .doris. pu cusku''' clause when deciding what '''ri''' should refer to.

Also note that most pronouns are ignored by '''ri'''. We just repeat them directly:
{{mu|mi lumci mi|I wash me.'' ''I wash myself.}}
{{gl|lumci|x1 washes x2 of contaminant x3}}
{{mu|mi prami mi|I love me.'' ''I love myself.}}

However,
#the particles '''ti''', '''ta''', '''tu''' are picked up by '''ri''', because you might have changed what you are pointing at, so repeating '''tu''' may not be effective.
#likewise, '''ri''' itself (or rather it's antecedent) can be repeated by a later '''ri'''; in fact, a string of '''ri''' particles with no other intervening nouns always repeat the same noun:

{{mu|.i la .alis. cu catlu pa nanmu .i ri melbi .i ri co'a zgana a bu|Alice notices a man. He is beautiful. He notices Alice.}}
{{gl|zgana|to observe}}
{{gl|co'a zgana|to start observing, to notice}}
Here the second '''ri''' has as antecedent the first '''ri''', which has as antecedent '''lo nanmu'''. All three refer to the same thing: the man.

{{notci|Only you decide what, where and when to use in speech: the method with '''le'''+verb words, the method with letter names or with '''ri'''.}}

=== "''Myself, themselves''" ===
{{karbi lo bangu|In Slavic languages people say literally ''I wash self''. In order to be closer to a Slavic style we can use '''lo nei'''.}}{{mu|mi nelci mi|I like myself.|I like me.}}
:It is the same in meaning as:
{{mu|mi nelci lo nei|I like myself.}}

{{mu|mi lumci mi mi lumci lo nei|I wash myself.}}

{{mu|la ian ca lumci lo nei la ian ca lumci ri|Yan washes himself.}}

'''lo nei''' links to the first noun of the current clause.

Remember that '''ri''' can't refer back to pronouns like '''mi''' so '''lo nei''' might be preferred in the last example. When changing the first noun '''lo nei''' doesn't change which is quite handy:
{{mu|mi lumci lo nei i do lumci lo nei i la ian cu lumci lo nei|I wash myself. You wash yourself. Yan washes himself.}}
{{mu|la .doris. cu pensi lo nei|Doris thinks about herself.}}
{{mu|pa gerku cu batci lo nei|A dog bites itself.}}

----
'''nei''' works well when a sentence only contains one clause. But when it has several embedded clauses we might need something different. In
{{mu|la .doris. cu djuno lo du'u la .alis. cu prami lo nei|Doris knows that Alice loves herself.}}
'''lo nei''' refers to '''la .alis.'''

What if we want to refer to Doris? Here is a solution:
{{mu|la .doris. cu djuno lo du'u la .alis. cu prami vo'a|Doris knows that Alice loves her.}}
So while '''lo nei''' refers to the first noun of the current clause, '''vo'a''' refers to the first noun of the current sentence.

When there are no embedded clauses those two words mean the same:
{{mupli|'''la .alis. cu prami vo'a''' is the same as '''la .alis. cu prami lo nei''' ''Alice loves herself.''}}
*'''vo'a''' refers to the first noun of the current sentence.
*'''vo'e''' refers to the second noun of the current sentence.
*'''vo'i''' refers to the third noun of the current sentence.
*'''vo'o''' refers to the 4th noun of the current sentence.
*'''vo'u''' refers to the 5th noun of the current sentence.
----
'''lo nei''' can give funny results when applied to mutual actions:
{{mu|la alis e la kevin cu cinba lo nei|Alice kisses herself, and Kevin kisses himself.}}

Here is the solution:
{{mu|la alis jo'u la kevin cu cinba zu'ai|Alice and Kevin kiss each other}}
It means the same as:
{{mu|la alis cu cinba la kevin i je la kevin cu cinba la alis|Alice kisses Kevin, and Kevin kisses Alice.}}
'''zu'ai''' is put into the second place of the verb. It shows the mutual action between the first place and the second place.
Members of this mutual action are put to the first and connected with the conjunction '''jo'u'''.

=== '''go'i''' for the previous clause ===
{{mu|la .alis. cu klama lo barja .i la .alis. cu viska lo nanmu}}
:is the same in meaning as:
{{mu|la .alis. cu klama lo barja .i lo go'i cu viska lo nanmu|Alice comes to a bar. She sees a man.}}
Whereas '''lo nei''' refers to the first noun of the current clause, '''lo go'i''' refers to the first noun of the previous clause.

'''go'i''' presents yet another way of referring back to a noun that we need.

*'''lo se go'i''' refers to the second noun of the previous clause
*'''lo te go'i''' to the third etc.:
{{mu|.i la .alis. cu zgana lo nanmu .i ri melbi|Alice watches a man. He is handsome.}}
:is the same as
{{mu|.i la .alis. cu zgana lo nanmu .i lo se go'i cu melbi|Alice watches a man. He is handsome.}}
That's because '''lo se go'i''' refers to the second place (x2) of the preceding clause, which is '''lo nanmu'''.

Consider another example:
{{mu||Bill saw Bob. He hit him.}}
English doesn't bother with precision here — ''he'' just means "''some male person mentioned earlier.''" Did Bill hit Bob, or did Bob hit Bill? We don't know. In Lojban we can use say like this:
{{mu|la bil pu viska la bob i lo se go'i cu darxi lo go'i|Bill saw Bob. Bob hit Bill.}}
Although, in most cases '''ri''' is used:
{{mu|la bil cu viska la bob i ri darxi la bil|Bill saw Bob. Bob hit Bill.}}

'''go'i''' itself is a verb, and it thus has a place structure:
{{mu|mi tatpi i do ji'a go'i|I'm tired. And you too.}}
When we say '''do go'i''', we repeat the previous clause but replace its first place with '''do'''. In other words, '''do ji'a go'i''' here is the same as saying '''do ji'a tatpi'''.

=== What does '''go'i''' copy? ===
Interjections like '''pei''' (when used alone), '''xu''', '''.ui''', '''.u'i''', '''je'u''' those formed with '''sei''' and the question interjection are not parts of clauses. Thus they are not copied by '''go'i'''.

But prepositions like '''na''', '''pu''', left negators like '''na'e''', '''no'e''', '''to'e''' are parts of clauses.

Thus, '''go'i''' copies the previous clause with those particles:
{{mupli|— '''la bob na prami la alis''' — '''go'i'''

— ''It is not true that Bob loves Alice.''

— ''He doesn't (love).''}}

{{mupli|— '''la bob na'e prami la alis''' — '''go'i'''

— ''Bob doesn't love Alice.''

— ''He doesn't (love).''}}

In order to say "No, he does love her" we use the needed verb directly:
{{mupli|'''la bob na prami la alis''' '''la bob ja'a prami la alis'''

''Bob doesn't love Alice.''

''Bob does love Alice.''}}


=== Time of day, dates and calendar ===
==== Time of day ====
{{vajni|— '''ma tcika ti''' {{=}} ''What's the time?'' — '''li cy pa pa''' {{=}} ''Eleven hours''}}
{{gl|tcika|x1 (hours, minutes, seconds) is the time of event x2}}
In Lojban times are always the times of something. So we ask what the time is of '''ti''', meaning ''this event/thing'', or, in other words ''now''.

*'''cy''' is a prefix signalling that the number of hours follows. 24-hour time is used almost always in Lojban.
*'''my''' is a prefix signalling that the number of minutes follows.
*'''sy''' is a prefix signalling that the number of seconds follows.
{{mu|li cy pa pa my pa no|11:10 (Ten minutes past eleven)}}
{{mu|li cy pa pa my pa no sy pa ci|11 hours, 10 minutes and 13 seconds.}}
{{mu|li cy pa no my mu no|10:50, ten to eleven}}

If we want to give the time of an event, rather than just tell the time, the second place is filled:
{{mu|li cy pa no tcika lo nu mi klama|Ten o'clock is the time that I come.}}

By using the preposition '''de'i''' we can get a more naturally sounding sentence:
{{mu|mi klama de'i li cy pa no|I am going at 10 o'clock.}}
{{gl|de'i|at ... (time), on ... (date)}}

And one useful example:
{{mu|ca tcika lo nu ei sipna|It's time to sleep.}}

==== Dates ====
{{vajni|— '''ma detri ti''' {{=}} ''What's the date today?'' — '''li ly ze dy pa''' {{=}} ''It's July, 1''}}
{{gl|detri|x1 (year, month, day) is the date/time of event x2}}
Another option:
{{vajni|— '''ma ca detri''' — ''What is the date now?''}}
*'''ny''' is a prefix signalling that the year follows.
*'''ly''' is a prefix signalling that the month follows.
*'''jy dy''' is a prefix signalling that the day of week follows.
*'''dy''' is a prefix signalling that the day follows.
Prefixes with numbers after them can be used in any order (let's use digits to show numbers):
{{mu|li dy 2 ca detri|It's the second day of the month now.}}
{{mu|li ly 4 dy 1 ca detri|It's April, the first now.}}
{{mu|li dy 5 ly 7 ny 2005 detri lo nu mi jbena|The fifth of July (seventh month), year 2005 is when I was born.}}

We can also use '''de'i''':
{{mu|mi ba klama de'i li ly pano|I will come in October.}}
Remember that particles in Lojban can be written without spaces in between like in this '''pano''', which is the same as '''pa no'''.

For days of week Monday is the first day:
{{mu|mi gunka de'i li jy dy pa|I work on Monday.}}
{{mu|mi gunka de'i ro li jy dy mu|I work every Tuesday.}}
{{mu|xu do pu zvati la paris de'i li jy dy ci|Were you in Paris on Wednesday?}}

==== Specifying time intervals ====
{{mu|mi nanca li re re|I am 22 years old.}}
{{gl|nanca|x1 is of duration of x2 (number) years}}

'''nanca''' specifies the duration, and in order too say ''two years long'' you fill the second place with a number prefixed with '''li'''.

{{mu|lo verba cu masti li re|The child is two months old.}}
{{gl|masti|x1 is x2 months long}}
{{mu|lo nu carvi cu djedi li ci|It's raining for three days.}}
{{gl|djedi|x1 is x2 full days long}}

===New verbs from one scale===
{{mu|mi na'e nelci do|I other than like you.}}
"Left scalar" particles (to which '''na'e''' belongs) are put to the left of constructs they affect and form a scale:
*{{gln|je'a|indeed (the affirmative position on the scale)}}. The word '''je'a''' confirms the meaning of a part of sentence. Usually it's just omitted.
**{{mun|mi je'a nelci do|I indeed like you.}}
*{{gln|na'e|non- (other than the affirmative position on the scale)}}
**{{mun|mi na'e nelci do|I other than like you.}}
*{{gln|no'e|not really (midpoint on the scale)}}. The word '''no'e''' makes a part of sentence middle in its meaning.
**{{mun|mi no'e nelci do|As for whether I love or hate you, I'm indifferent to you. I neither like nor hate you.}}
*{{gln|to'e|anti-, dis-, mis- etc. (opposite on the scale)}}. The word '''to'e''' makes a part of sentence opposite in its meaning. It's similar to English ''anti-''.
**{{mun|mi to'e nelci do|I hate you.|I anti-like you}}

'''na'e''' is more vague than '''no'e''' and '''to'e''', it can mean any of them when you don't care about the exact meaning.

==Lesson 8. Math and more prepositions ==
=== ''Possibly can'', ''have been'' and ''haven't yet been'' ===
{{mu|lo cipni ka'e vofli|Birds can fly.}}
{{mu|lo pendo be mi ca'a xendo prenu|My friend shows himself as a friendly person.}}
{{mu|lo pendo be mi ka'e litru bu'u ro da|A friend of mine can travel in any place.}}
{{mu|mi ca'a zvati la madrid|I am in Madrid.}}
{{mu|mi pu'i zvati la madrid|I have been to Madrid.}}
{{mu|mi nu'o zvati la madrid|I have never been to Madrid.}}
{{gl|ka'e|preposition of potential: possibly can}}
{{gl|ca'a|preposition of potential: actually is}}
{{gl|pu'i|preposition of potential: has already happened}}
{{gl|nu'o|preposition of potential: hasn't ever happened}}
This series of so called prepositions of potential describes possible situations.

Note that '''ka'e''' means that an event can happen whereas, for example,
{{mu|lo cipni cu kakne lo ka vofli|Birds are capable of flying.}}
describes abilities dependent on actions of participants.

=== ''Plus'' and ''minus'' ===
{{mu|li mu du li re su'i ci|5=2+3|Five equals two plus three.}}
Here '''li''' is similar to '''lo''' but it starts a mathematical expression (or just a number). So '''li mu''' means ''Number 5'' for use in formulae unlike simple '''mu''' which is used to denote 5 objects or events.

Note that '''re su'i ci''' (''2+3'') is one single expression considered as one noun.

'''du''' is a verb and means ''to be equal to''.
*'''su'i''' means ''plus''.
*'''vu'u''' means ''minus''.
*'''pi'i''' means ''times'' and is used for multiplication
*'''fe'i''' means ''divided by'' and is used for division.

The word '''pi''' is a decimal separator so '''no pi mu''' means ''0.5'', '''ci ze pi pa so''' means ''37.19''.

In some notations 0.35 can be written as .35 and in Lojban we can also drop zero saying '''pi mu'''.

Here are some other examples.
{{gl|li pare fe'i ci du li vo|12 : 3 {{=}} 4}}
{{gl|li re pi'i re du li vo|two times two is four}}
{{gl|li pano vu'u mu pi'i re du li no|10 — 5 ⋅ 2 {{=}} 0}}

Notice that you put '''li''' only once before the equation and once after it. Thus ''12 : 3'' is considered one number. Indeed, ''4'' is the same as ''12 : 3''. They are both numbers.


For asking for a number we use '''ma''':
{{mu|li ci su'i vo du ma|3 + 4 {{=}} ?}}
{{mu|li ze|7}}

=== "''First, second, last''" ===
Ordinal numbers such as "first, second, third" are used to put things in order. In Lojban they are formed with a number plus '''moi''' immediately after it:
{{gl|pa moi|x1 is first among ...}}
{{gl|re moi|x1 is second among ...}}
{{gl|ci moi|x1 is third among ...}}
:…
{{gl|ro moi|x1 is last among ...}}
It is also possible to use verbs instead of numbers:
{{gl|me mi moi|x1 is mine}}
{{gl|me do moi|x1 is yours}}
In this case we had to convert pronouns to verbs using '''me'''.
{{mu|le nakni cu pa moi lo se prami be mi|He is my first love.}}
{{mu|tu ro moi lo ratcu pe mi|That is my last rat.}}
{{mu|lo cerni tarci cu ro moi lo tarci poi cumki fa lo nu viska ke'a pu lo nu co'a donri|The morning star is the last star that's visible before the dawning of the day.}}
{{mu|tu me mi moi|That's mine.}}
{{mu|tu me mi moi lo stizu|That's my place.}}
{{mu|.i lo vi stizu cu me mi moi lo pa ci stizu poi sruri lo jubme|This place is mine among 13 places around the table.}}

Cardinal numbers are placed before ordinal numbers in a string and separated by '''boi''':
{{mu|lo ci boi pa moi be lo ckafi kabri|the first three cups of coffee}}

Without '''boi''' it would turn into '''ci pa moi''' – ''thirty-first''.

=== '''gau''' - make them do it ===
The preposition '''gau''' marks the agent of event:
{{mu|le canko cu kalri|The window is open.}}
{{mu|le canko gau do kalri|You open the window.|The window driven-by you is open}}
{{gl|gau|preposition: caused by ... (agent), driven by ... (someone, some object)}}
{{gl|kalri|x1 is open}}

Thus, such verbs as ''to open (something)'', ''to move'' can be rephrased as ''to make something open'', ''to make something move'' and therefore we don't need to learn extra verbs for every such meaning. Instead we add the preposition '''gau''' all the time.

There is also another method that retains the same order of words as in English:
{{mu|le canko gau ko kalri ko jai gau kalri fai le canko|Open the window!}}
Here we transform the verb '''kalri''' - ''to be open'' into a verb
{{gl|jai gau kalri|to open something}}
The first place of '''kalri''' can be shown by using a place tag '''fai'''.

Some more variations:
{{mu|le pa karce cu muvdu|The car moves.}}
{{mu|ko jai gau muvdu fai le karce le karce gau ko muvdu|Move the car! Make the car move!}}
{{mu|fa le karce cu muvdu fe ti|The car moves here.}}
{{mu|ko jai gau muvdu fai le karce fe ti|Move the car here!}}
'''muvdu''' - ''is moving'' is transformed into a new verb '''jai gau muvdu''' - ''to move''.
{{gl|muvdu|x1 moves to x2 from x3 via x4}}
{{gl|jai gau muvdu fai le karce|x1 moves the car to x2 from x3 via x4}}

{{mu|la alis cu klama|Alice comes.}}
{{mu|la alis gau ko klama|Make Alice come!}}

=== ''Why''? - '''ri'a''' and '''ni'i''' ===
{{mu|- ri'a ma carvi - lo nu lo dilnu cu klaku|- Why is it raining? - Because the clouds are crying.}}
{{gl|ri'a|because of ... (some event)}}
{{gl|ri'a ma|why?}}

Unlike '''gau''' the preposition '''ri'a''' expects not an agent, but an event like ''the clouds are crying'':

{{mu|lo dilnu cu klaku ri'a lo nu lo dargu cu cilmo|Skies are crying resulting in the road being wet.}}

''Therefore'' is the reverse word compared to ''because'':
{{mu|lo dilnu cu klaku i se ri'a bo lo dargu cu cilmo|Skies are crying. Therefore the road is wet.}}
*'''ri'a''' = ''because''
*'''se ri'a''' = ''therefore''

Another type of ''why'' is '''ni'i''':
{{mu|- ni'i ma nicte - lo nu lo solri na te gusni|- Why is it night? - Because the sun is not shining.}}
{{mu|lo solri na te gusni i se ni'i bo nicte|The sun is not shining. Therefore, it's night.}}
{{gl|ni'i|logically because of ...}}
{{gl|seni'i|with the logical consequence that ..., logically therefore}}

Here we can't use '''ri'a''' as we are talking not about a result but about logical implication. The fact that it is night just logically follows from the sun not shining.

==== Prepositions more precise than '''ri'a''' ====

{{mu|mi darxi la .kevin. mu'i lo nu ky. lacpu lo kerfa be mi|I hit Kevin because he pulled my hair.}}
{{gl|mu'i|because (of motive …)}}

In this example, what we have is not two events which are physically connected, like clouds and rain, but three events:
#Kevin pulls my hair.
#I decide, as a result of this, to hit Kevin.
#I hit Kevin.
English misses out the second event and says ''Sally hit Joey because he pulled her hair.'' However, this is not only vague but, some would say, psychologically dangerous. People do not generally react to stimuli automatically, but as a result of motivation, and confusing complex responses with simple physical causation may lead us to believe that we have no control over our emotions or even our actions. Thus, it is often useful to say not just general reactions ('''ri'a''') but emphasize responses which have a cognitive/emotional element ('''mu'i''').

{{mu|la .salis. cu te dunda lo tartcita lo ctuca ki'u lo nu sy. carmi gunka}}
{{gl|ki'u|because (due to explanation …)}}

The difference between motivation and justification is not always clear, but we can say that the latter involves some rule or standard while the former does not require this. Going back to the example of Sally and the teacher, it is possible to say
{{mu|la .salis. cu te dunda lo tartcita lo ctuca mu'i lo nu sy. carmi gunka||Sally is-given a star-label [by] the teacher with-motivation she much-try work.}}

However, this says only that Sally's hard work motivated the teacher to give her a star. It does not imply that it is the custom for teachers to give stars (or ‘star-labels’, as I have rather pedantically translated it) as a reward for good work. What we need here is '''ki'u''', the preposition from '''krinu'''.

{{notci|Note: Don't get '''ki'u''' mixed up with '''ku'i''' which means ''but, however''.}}
'''ki'u''' appeals to more general considerations than '''mu'i''', but it still deals with human standards, not logical laws. Only a very naive student would believe that if a student is given a star, it must logically imply that that student has worked hard.

In the case '''ni'i ma nicte''', however, the fact that the Sun isn't shining it is night logically entails that the Sun isn't shining. Here we can confidently use '''nibli''' or '''ni'i'''.

=== "''So … that''" ===
The expression ''so ... that'' is expressed in Lojban by splitting the sentence into two:
{{mu|mi tai galtu plipe .i se ri'a bo mi farlu|I jumped so high that I fell down.}}
{{gl|tai|preposition: in the manner of ...}}
Other examples:
{{mu|mi tai zukte|I act this way}}
{{mu|mi tai fengu|I am so angry.}}
{{gl|fengu|x1 is angry of x2 (clause)}}

=== "''If … then''" ===
{{mu|fau lo nu do fenki vau mi ba prami do|If you are crazy then I'll love you.}}
{{gl|fau|preposition: with the event of ..., under circumstances ... (clause follows)}}
'''fau''' is much like '''ca''' (''when'') or '''bu'u''' (''at (some place)'').

In many cases we can replace '''fau''' with '''ca''' getting almost the same meaning (sometimes more precise):
{{mu|mi ba prami do ca lo nu do fenki|I'll love you when you are crazy.}}
We can replace '''lo''' with '''ro''' after such prepositions getting a new meaning:
{{mu|mi ba prami do ca ro nu do fenki|I'll love you whenever you are crazy.}}

==== '''fau''' and '''da'i'''. ''What if ...'' ====
{{mu|da'i mi turni|I could be a king.}}
{{mu|da'i nai mi turni|I am a king.}}
*The interjection '''da'i''' marks the clause in which it is put as describing an imaginary event.
*The opposite interjection '''da'inai''' marks the clause as describing an actual, real event.
Constructs with '''da'i''' are usually translated to English with so called auxiliary verbs such as ''can/could, will/would, may/might, should'' and ''must''. Clauses with '''da'i''' in English are said to be in ''subjunctive mood''.

Omitting '''da'i''' or '''da'inai''' makes the sentence clear only from context which is usually quite transparent. That's why '''da'i''' or '''da'inai''' is not obligatory. We use it for clarity when needed.

Clauses with '''da'i''' often include '''fau''':
{{mu|da'i mi gleki fau lo nu mi ponse lo megdo be lo rupnu|I would/could be happy if I had one million dollars.}}

{{gl|fau|in the event/situation/world of …}}
{{gl|megdo|x1 is a million of x2}}
Here the event inside '''fau''' is equally imagined together with '''mi gleki'''. And here is the reverse example:
{{mu|da'inai mi gleki fau lo nu mi ponse lo megdo be lo rupnu|Having one million dollars I am happy.}}

A good example of '''mo''' and '''da'i''':
{{mu|mo da'i fau lo nu mi cusku zo nai|What if I say "no"?}}

==== Probabilities ====
Suppose you come home and hear someone scratching. You can say one of the following sentences:
{{mupli|'''fau da ti mlatu.''' ''This might be/possibly is a cat. It is possible that this is a cat.'' (You keep several animals at home. So it might be your cat scratching but you are not sure.)}}
{{mupli|'''fau ro da ti mlatu.''' ''this must be/certainly is the cat.'' (You have a cat and such noise can be produced by only one object, that cat.)}}
{{mupli|'''fau so'e da ti mlatu.''' ''This should be/probably is the cat.'' (If you have a dog then it can also produce such sounds but your dog usually doesn't do that so the cat is more likely.)}}
{{mu|fau so'u da ti mlatu.|It is not probable that this is the cat.}}
{{mu|fau no da ti mlatu|This can't be the cat. This mustn't be the cat. It is impossible that this is the cat.}}
Notice that we omitted '''da'i''' for brevity. But if we want to be explicitly clear about the events being imaginary '''da'i''' in these examples is to be put inside the '''fau''' clause:
#'''fau da'i da''' denotes that the event in this clause ''is possible, may/can possibly happen.''
#'''fau da'i ro da''' — the event ''would necessarily happen.''
#'''fau da'i so'e da''' — the event ''is probable, will probably happen, is likely to happen.''
#'''fau da'i so'o da''' — the event ''is remotely probable, could/might happen.''
#'''fau da'i so'u da''' — the event ''is not likely, probably don't happen.''
#'''fau da'i no da''' — the event ''is not possible.''
The difference between these is in the number of imaginary situations we take into account. We don't describe those situations, we just mark them as '''da''' (''something'') letting the context (or our listeners) decide what those situations are.

====Words with possibility implied in their places====
Some verbs have '''da'i''' implied in some of their places when you don't use '''da'i''' explicitly:
{{mu|mi pacna lo nu do ba pluka sipna|I hope you will have a pleasant sleep.}}
{{gl|pacna|x1 hopes for x2 (possible event) with likelihood x3 (number, by default '''li so'a''' i.e. close to 1)}}

{{mu|mi kanpe lo nu do tsuku|I expect you to arrive.}}
{{mu|mi kanpe lo nu do ba jinga vau li so'e|You'll probably win.|I expect with a high probability that you will win.}}
{{mu|mi kanpe lo nu mi cortu fau ro nu lo rokci cu farlu lo tuple be mi|I know for a fact that if a rock lands on my foot, it will hurt.}}
{{gl|kanpe|x1 expects x2 (possible event) with expected likelihood x3 (a number from 0 till 1, the default value is '''li so'a''', i.e. near 1)}}
Unlike '''pacna''' the verb '''kanpe''' doesn't necessarily implies hope or wish. It can describe impartial expectation, subjective evaluation of the probability of a situation.

{{mu|cumki fa lo nu do jinga|It is possible that you win.}}
{{mu|- xu ba carvi - cumki|- Will it rain? - Maybe.}}
{{gl|cumki|x1 (possible event) is possible, x1 may, might occur, x1 is a maybe.}}

{{mu|- xu ba carvi - lakne|- Will it rain? - Probably.}}
{{gl|lakne|x1 (possible event) is probable, likely}}

{{mu|mi djica lo nu do jinga|I want you to win.}}
{{mu|mi djica lo ka vitke fi la .paris.|I would rather visit Paris. I want to visit Paris.}}
{{gl|djica|x1 wants x2 (possible event)}}

{{mu|mi te mukti lo ka vitke fi la .paris.|I will visit Paris. I intend to/I'm gonna visit Paris.}}
{{mu|mi te mukti vitke fi la .paris.|I'm visiting Paris intentionally.}}
{{gl|te mukti|x1 is motivated to bring about goal x2 (possible event) by motive x3 (event)}}

{{mu|mi kakne lo ka limna|I am able to swim.}}
{{mu|mi pu kakne lo ka gunka|I could work. I was able to work.}}
{{gl|kakne|x1 can, is able to do x2 (property of x1)}}
x2 describes a possible event.

{{mu|mi te javni lo ka gunka|I should work.}}
{{gl|te javni|x1 should/ought to do x2 (property of x1) under rule x3 (proposition)}}
x2 describes a possible event.
{{mu|do na te javni lo ka tcidu|You don't have to read.}}
{{gl|na te javni|x1 doesn't have to, needn't to do x2 (property of x1) under rule x3 (proposition)}}
:x2 describes a possible event.

{{mu|mi nitcu lo ka sipna|I need to sleep.}}
{{gl|nitcu|x1 needs x2 (possible event)}}

{{mu|mi bilga lo ka gunka|I must work. I am obliged to work.}}
{{gl|bilga|x1 must, is obliged to do x2 (property of x1)}}

{{mu|mi curmi lo nu do citka ti|I allow you to eat this.}}
{{gl|curmi|x1 allows/permits x2 (possible event)}}

{{mu|mi tolcru lo nu do nerkla|I forbid you to enter.}}
{{gl|tolcru|x1 forbids/prohibits x2 (possible event)}}

{{mu|xu do stidi lo nu mi sipna|Do you suggest that I sleep?}}
{{gl|stidi|x1 makes a suggestion x2 (possible event}}

{{mu|mi na birti lo nu ra klama|I'm not sure if he comes.}}
{{gl|birti|x1 is sure that x2 (possible event) happens}}

{{mu|mi senpi lo nu ra kakne lo ka limna|I doubt that he can swim.}}
{{gl|senpi|x1 doubts that x2 (possible event) is true}}
:'''senpi''' is the same as '''na'e birti'''

{{mu|mi se xanri lo nu mi pavyseljirna|I imagine myself being a unicorn. I could be a unicorn.}}
{{mu|se xanri|x1 imagines x2 (possible event)}}
{{mu|xanri|x1 (possible event) is imagined by x2}}

== Lesson 9. Logical conjunctions ==
Basic logical conjunctions in Lojban are based on 4 primitive ones: '''.a''', '''.e''', '''.o''', '''.u'''. Here we'll cover them in detail.

=== Logical conjunctions for nouns ===
Here are the conjunctions combining two words: ''this'' and ''that''.
*'''ti .a ta''' = ''this and/or that''
**{{mun|mi ba vitke lo mamta .a lo tamne|I'll visit the mother or the cousin.}}
**Note that '''.a''' can also be translated as ''at least one of the two values'' and thus leaves open the possibility that I will get round to visiting both of them at some point.
*'''ti .e ta''' = ''this and that''
**{{mun|mi ralte pa gerku .e re mlatu|I've got a dog and two cats.|I keep one dog and two cat.}}
*'''ti .o ta''' = ''either this and that, or none''
**{{mun|mi ba vitke lo mamta .o lo tamne|I will visit either both the mother and the cousin, or none of them}}
*'''ti .u ta''' = ''this, and perhaps that'', ''this whether or not that''
**{{mun|mi ba vitke lo mamta .u lo tamne|I'll visit the mother whether or not I'll visit the cousin.}}
**'''.u''' just emphasizes that the second value does not affect the truth of the sentence.

Placing '''na''' before a conjunction negates what is to the left of it. Placing '''nai''' after a conjunction negates what is to the right of it:
*'''ti .e nai ta''' = ''this and not that''
**{{mun|mi nelci la bob .e nai la alis|I like Bob but not Alice.|I like Bob and not Alice}}
**We can also say '''ti .e nai ku'i ta''' (''this but not that'') adding a flavor of contrast for the second noun.
*'''ti na .e ta''' = ''not this but that''
**{{mun|mi nelci la alis na .e la Bob|I don't like Alice but I do like Bob.|I like Alice not and Bob}}
**This may sound a bit weird for English speakers ("<tt>I like Alice not…</tt>") so you might prefer to swap the nouns and use '''.e nai''' instead: '''mi nelci la bob .e nai la alis''' or even '''mi nelci la bob .i mi na nelci la alis''' will mean the same.
*'''ti na .e nai ta''' = ''neither this nor that (none)''
**{{mun|mi nelci la alis na .e nai la Bob|I don't like neither Alice nor Bob}}

Negating with other primitive conjunctions might not look intuitively usable, you can just learn them from examples:
*'''ti .a nai ta''' = ''this if that'', ''for this the exclusive condition to happen is that''
**{{mun|mi ba vitke lo mamta .a nai lo tamne|I will visit the mother but for that to happen I need to visit the cousin.}}
**Thus '''ti .a nai ta''' means that '''ta''' is necessary (but may not be the only condition) for '''ti''' to be applied.
*'''ti .o nai ta''' = ''either this or that''
**{{mun|mi ba vitke lo mamta .o nai lo tamne|I'll visit either the mother or the cousin.}}
**If I want to say that that I will visit either the mother or the cousin but not both, I need '''.o nai''' (''either/or''). It's unlike '''.a''' (''and/or'') where I can visit both of them.

*'''ti na .u ta''' = doesn't influence ''(not this, but perhaps that)''
*'''ti na .u nai ta''' = doesn't influence ''(not this, but perhaps that)''

*'''ti se .u ta''' = ''perhaps this, and that''
*'''ti se .u nai ta''' = ''perhaps this but not that''
'''se''' is used only for '''.u''' because in other cases it leads to no effect in meaning.

These are used for connecting nouns. For connecting parts of compound verbs we use similar conjunctions: '''ja''', '''je''', '''jo''', '''ju'''. So instead of the dot (pause) we use '''j''' here.

{{notci|It's common to use '''ja''', '''je''', '''jo''', '''ju''' for connecting nouns too.}}

=== Logical conjunctions for sentences ===
{{mu|mi ralte pa gerku .e re mlatu|I've got a dog and two cats.|I keep one dog and two cat.}}
This is actually a contracted way of saying:
{{mu|mi ralte pa gerku .i je mi ralte re mlatu|It is true that I have a dog. It is true that I have two cats.}}

'''.i je''' joins two sentences with a logical ''and'', showing that two sentences are part of one thought and that both sentences are true.

Here are examples for other conjunctions for sentences:
{{mu|la rome'os cu prami la djuliet .i je la djuliet cu prami la rome'os|Romeo loves Juliet'' and ''Juliet loves Romeo}}
::means that both statements are true, i.e. Romeo and Juliet love each other.

The same is applicable to other conjunctions:
{{mu|la rome'os cu prami la djuliet .i ja la djuliet cu prami la rome'os|Romeo loves Juliet and/or Juliet loves Romeo}}
::means that one of them loves the other, and perhaps both of them do.
{{mu|la rome'os cu prami la djuliet .i jo nai la djuliet cu prami la rome'os|Either Romeo loves Juliet or Juliet loves Romeo.}}
::Here either Romeo loves Juliet (but Juliet doesn't love him), or Juliet loves Romeo (but he doesn't love her).
{{mu|la rome'os cu prami la djuliet .i ja nai la djuliet cu prami la rome'os|For Romeo to love Juliet it's necessary that Juliet loves Romeo.}}
::means that if Juliet loves Romeo, he definitely loves her, but he may love her anyway (the only outcome which is impossible is that Juliet loves Romeo but he doesn't love her).
{{mu|la rome'os cu prami la djuliet .i jo la djuliet cu prami la rome'os|Either Romeo loves Juliet and Juliet loves Romeo, or none of the two events happens.}}
::means that if Juliet loves Romeo, he loves her, and if she doesn't love him, he doesn't love her.
{{mu|la rome'os cu prami la djuliet .i ju la djuliet cu prami la rome'os|Romeo loves Juliet whether or not Juliet loves Romeo.}}

Notice how we Lojbanize the name "Romeo": combination "eo" is impossible in Lojban so we used "e'o" and added a consonant in the end for his name.

Note that '''da''' refers to the same entity when several sentences are connected to each other using conjunctions or with prepositions with '''bo''' (like '''ba bo'''). So if I say '''da klama lo barja .i je da fenki''' you can assume I'm referring to the same person in both sentences.

=== Logical conjunctions for compound verbs ===
{{mu|lo melbi xunre cukta|beautifully red books}}
{{mu|lo melbi je xunre cukta|beautiful and red books}}
Other conjunctions also make sense:
{{mu|mi nelci ro lo xajmi ja melbi prenu|I likes all of funny or handsome (or both) persons.}}
{{mu|mi nelci ro lo xajmi jo nai melbi prenu|I likes all of either funny or beautiful persons.}}
::this might be explained if, for example, I find the qualities of humor and good looks incompatible, i.e. a mixture of the two would be just too much.
{{mu|mi nelci ro lo xajmi ju melbi nanmu|I likes all of funny (whether or not beautiful) persons.}}

And once again we shouldn't forget the difference between connecting nouns and connecting parts of compound verbs:
{{mu|mi ba vitke pa pendo e pa speni mi ba vitke pa pendo je pa speni|I will visit a friend and a spouse.}}
::The second Lojban sentence uses the common trend of using '''je''' for connecting nouns.
{{mu|mi ba vitke pa pendo je speni|I will visit a friend-and-spouse}}
The last Lojban sentence means that the friend is also a spouse.

=== Logical conjunctions for clause tails ===
{{mu|pu ku mi kelci la fudbol gi'e klama lo zdani gi'e pinxe lo ladru|I played football, went home, drank milk.}}
'''gi'e''' connects several clauses into one with some nouns shared. Look at this:
It expands into '''pu ku mi kelci la fudbol i je pu ku mi klama lo zdani''' ... which would be lengthier.

With '''gi'e''' we keep the head of the clause constant, and specify nouns after each of the verb ('''kelci la fudbol''', '''klama lo zdani''' ...)

Thus when using '''gi'e''' we have several main verbs in the tail, which means that it's actually several clauses (with a common head) joined together.

'''gi'e''' has the same final vowel as in '''je''' and thus means ''and''.

Other conjunctions for joining clause tails:
*'''gi'a''' for ''and/or''
*'''gi'o nai''' for ''either ... or''
*'''gi'u''' for ''whether or not'' etc.
So they have the same ending as conjunctions of '''.a''' series.
==== Prepositions in sentences with several tails ====
Note that prepositions in adverb form and in tense form make a difference when applied to sentences with several clauses:

*preposition in adverb form is applied to the clause to the right of it with all its tails:
**'''mi na ku citka lo finpe gi'e pinxe''' - ''I neither eat fish nor drink.'' Here, '''na''' is applied to '''citka lo finpe gi'e pinxe'''.
*preposition in tense form is applied to one clause tail only:
**'''mi na citka lo finpe gi'e pinxe''' - ''I don't eat fish but drink.'' Here, '''na''' is applied to '''citka lo finpe''' only.

=== Choice questions ===
Another type of English ''or'' can be found in questions:
{{mu|— xu do pinxe lo tcati .o nai lo ckafi? — je'u|— Will you drink tea or coffee? — Yes.}}
That's a weird but a perfectly reasonable answer: ''Yes, I will drink tea or coffee.''

Why this happens is because ''or'' has several meanings in English:
#''A or B'' can mean ''either A, or B but not both''. We use '''jonai''' here.
#''A or B'' can mean ''A or B or both''. We use '''ja''' here.
#''A or B?'' can be a question meaning ''select from A and B, which of them do you choose?'' We use '''ji''' here.
Thus in the last case we use a separate question conjunction '''ji''':
{{mu|— do pinxe lo tcati ji lo ckafi?|— Will you drink tea or coffee?}}
Possible answers:
{{mu|lo tcati .e lo ckafi|Tea and coffee.}}

{{mu|lo tcati|Tea.}}

{{mu|lo ckafi|Coffee.}}
It is also possible to use conjunctions when replying:
{{mupli|'''.e''' — ''Both'' (the first and the second item is chosen) 
'''.e nai''' — ''The first one (tea)'' (the first but not the second one is chosen) 
'''na .e''' — ''The second one (coffee)'' (not the first but the second one is chosen) 
'''na .e nai''' — ''Neither'' (not the first and not the second one is chosen)}}

You can ask questions in the same way about the other kinds of conjunctions we have looked at. The interrogative conjunction for clause tails is '''gi'i''', for compound verbs - '''je'i''', for sentences — '''.i je'i'''.
{{notci|It's common to use '''ji''' for compound verbs too and '''.i ji''' for sentences.}}
Indirect questions are achieved by using '''ji kau''':

Consider the waiter asks a visitor
{{mu|- lo lanme ji lo bakni|- lamb or beef?}}

Once the visitor answers, the waiter knows whether the visitor wants to eat lamb or beef:
{{mu|ba lo nu le vitke cu spusku vau lo bevri cu djuno lo du'u le vitke cu djica lo ka citka lo lanme ji kau lo bakni|After the visitor replies, the waiter knows whether the visitor wants to eat lamb or beef.}}

=== Forethought conjunctions ===
{{mu|ge do gi mi|both you and I}}
{{mu|ge nai do gi mi|Not you but I}}
{{mu|ge do gi nai mi|You but not I}}
{{mu|go nai do gi mi|Either you or I}}
Forethought conjunction '''ge''' means ''and'' but it's placed before the first noun. '''gi''' separates the two nouns.
The series is parallel to other conjunctions. It is '''ga''', '''ge''', '''go''', '''gu''' and also '''ge nai''', '''go nai''' etc. The separator '''gi''' is the same for all of them.

Using such conjunctions is a matter of convenience:
{{mu|mi citka ge nai lo bakni gi lo jipci|I eat not beef but chicken.}}
Here, like in English ''not'' is stated before the first noun.

'''ge''' and words in this series can still be used for connecting clauses too:
{{mu|ge mi dansu gi mi zgipli lo pipno|I both dance and play the piano.}}
{{gl|zgipli|x1 plays musical instrument x2}}
{{gl|lo pipno|piano}}
{{mu|.i ga nai pu zi carvi gi ca cilmo|If it has been raining recently, it's wet now.}}

== Lesson 10. Structuring text ==
==='''ju'a''' and assertions===
{{mu|le nakni cu fenki i ji'a je la alis cu jinvi lo du'u go'i|The man is crazy. And Alice thinks that too.}}
{{mu|la alis cu jinvi lo du'u le nakni cu fenki|Alice has an opinion that the man is crazy.}}
By default the main clause of sentence asserts some information. Clauses inside places or relative clauses may not be asserted.
In the last example that the man is crazy is not asserted by the speaker. It's only Alice's opinion.

The interjection '''ju'a''' makes the clause as asserted by the speaker.
The first sentence can be thus rephrased as:
{{mu|la alis cu jinvi lo du'u ju'a le nakni cu fenki|Alice has an opinion that the man is crazy, and it is so.}}
English often fails to translate this powerful '''ju'a''' concisely, thus the English translation doesn't follow the word order of the Lojban original.

One more example:
{{mu|mi nelci lo nu do dansu|I like when you dance.}}
{{mu|mi nelci lo nu ju'a do dansu|I like that you dance.}}
In the second case the speaker asserts "You dance".

=== '''pe'a''' for metaphors, '''za'e''' for nonce words, '''ba'e''' for emphasis ===
{{mu|le ninmu cu tarci pe'a i va'i ri misno|The woman is a "star". I other words, she is famous.}}
{{gl|pe'a|interjection: marks a construct as metaphorically used.}}
{{gl|tarci|x1 is a star}}

'''tarci''' denotes real stars, objects in the sky. The interjection '''pe'a'''

{{mu|i ba ku mi pu viska lo cizra stuzi poi lo fagri cu nenri i mi pu klama za'e le fagrystu|And then I saw a strange place with a fire inside. I came to that (how to say) "fire-place".}}
{{gl|za'e|left interjection: marks the following construct as used not in its usual meaning}}
Left interjections like their name suggests are put before a construct modified (whereas other interjections are put after it).

The left interjection '''za'e''' shows that the following construct, '''le fagrystu''' in this case, is made up or used not in its standard meaning, i.e. there wouldn't be need to look up in the dictionary or ask the speaker specifically about the meaning of this word since the word is used to further describe the story.

{{mu|ba'e la alis e nai la kevin pu darxi mi|Alice, not Kevin hit me!}}
{{mu|mi djuno lo du'u ma kau pu darxi ba'e mi i ku'i mi na djuno lo du'u ma kau pu darxi do|I know who hit me. But I don't know who hit you.}}
{{gl|ba'e|left interjection: puts an emphasis on the following construct}}
To emphasize a word we would use stress in spoken English, and underlining, italics or capital letters in written English.

In Lojban we use the left interjection '''ba'e'''.

=== Paragraphs and separating sentences ===
'''ni'o''' works exactly like '''.i''' but starts a new paragraph. Paragraphs are usually associated with new topics.

It is normal to use in speech only '''.i''' to separate sentence but you might want to use '''ni'o''' especially in a written text to structure it.

{|style="border:0px; line-height: 2.0em; border-left:solid 3px #1E90FF; border-radius: 0px; margin:0px 25px 0px 25px; padding-left:8px; padding-right:8px; width:auto;"
|ni'o
<div style='text-indent: 10px;'>i pa nintadni pu vitke lo ctuca bu'u lo galtu bu'u lo darno cmana</div>
<div style='text-indent: 10px;'>- i doi lo ctuca noi certu tavla fo la lojban vau, do skicu e'o fi mi fe lo nu fi ma kau fa la Lojban cu frica fe lo drata bangu</div>
<div style='text-indent: 10px;'>i le ctuca pu dunda fi le nintadni fe lo kabri be lo jinto djacu gi'e ba bo cusku di'e</div>
<div style='text-indent: 10px;'>- i ca ti ko catlu le djacu gi'e skicu ri</div>
<div style='text-indent: 10px;'>- i ku'i mi mo'u pinxe ri i mi na kakne lo ka catlu</div>
<div style='text-indent: 10px;'>- i ki'u ma do na kakne</div>
<div style='text-indent: 10px;'>- i le djacu ca pagbu lo mi xadni</div> 

ni'o
<div style='text-indent: 10px;'>i lo mudri co'a pagbu lo zdani be da</div>
<div style='text-indent: 10px;'>i lo bangu poi se tadni co'a pagbu lo menli be de</div>
<div style='text-indent: 10px;'>i lo dirgo be lo djacu co'a pagbu lo zmadu be fi lo ka banli</div> 
<div style='text-indent: 10px;font-style: italic;'>A newbie visited a Master far high in the mountains.</div>
<div style='text-indent: 10px;font-style: italic;'>- Master, you speak fluent Lojban. Please, tell me what is the difference between Lojban and other languages. 
<div style='text-indent: 10px;font-style: italic;'>The Master offered him a cup of spring water and then said:</div>
<div style='text-indent: 10px;font-style: italic;'>- Now look at the water and describe it.</div>
<div style='text-indent: 10px;font-style: italic;'>- But I drank it up. I can't look at it.</div>
<div style='text-indent: 10px;font-style: italic;'>- Why can't you?</div>
<div style='text-indent: 10px;font-style: italic;'>- Now it's a part of my body.</div> 

<div style='text-indent: 10px;font-style: italic;'>A piece of wood becomes a part of someone's house.</div>
<div style='text-indent: 10px;font-style: italic;'>A language learnt becomes a part of someone's mind.</div>
<div style='text-indent: 10px;font-style: italic;'>A drop of water becomes a part of something greater.</div>
|}

=== '''to … toi''' for parenthetical remarks ===
Comments that we place inside parentheses in English text are formed using the particle '''to''' instead of the left parenthesis and '''toi''' instead of the right parenthesis:
{{mu|ti poi to vi'onai do mi na djica lo drata toi plise cu fusra|This (no, I don't want another one!) apple is rotten.}}
{{gl|djica|to desire}}
{{gl|drata|to be different from …}}
{{gl|plise|x1 is an apple}}
{{gl|fusra|x1 rots or decays with agent x2}}

Such parenthetical remarks can go anywhere interjections can — meaning pretty much anywhere in a Lojban sentence. With parentheses, just like with quotes, you need to know where the parenthesis starts, and where it ends.

=== Fixing errors in speech ===
When screwing a sentence up, knowing how to correct yourself is a good idea. You can use two words to delete your previous words:
*'''si''' — deletion: Deletes last word only.
*'''sa''' — deletion: Deletes back until next cmavo spoken.
The function of them is obvious: they delete words as if they have never been spoken. They do not work inside certain quotes (all quotes except '''lu...li'u'''), though, as that would leave it impossible to quote these words. Several '''si''' in a row deletes several words.

When you make a mistake while speaking (factual or grammatical) in English you don't normally bother to correct it even if you realize you made a mistake in the first place. That's because English is fairly redundant (for this very reason!). In English if we catch ourselves making an error, we stumble out a correction that will do the trick, without going into details like how many words should be cancelled: context usually helps us. So if I say
:''I took and read an English dictionary. Er, Lojban dictionary.''
context and common sense dictate that ''Lojban dictionary'' is meant to replace ''English dictionary''. But what if it was meant to replace ''took and read an English dictionary''? We wouldn't normally care, in natural languages.

But Lojban allows you to be more precise about what words you are correcting.

'''si''' erases the immediately preceding word. If you want to erase two words in a row, you say '''si si''' after them. So the correction above would be in Lojban
:'''.i mi te benji je tadni lo glico valsi si si lojbo valsi'''
{{gl|valsi|x1 is a word with the meaning x2 in language x3}}
The problem with '''si''' is, you have to count words. This can get tedious, and you shouldn't have to keep a transcript of your words when you want to correct yourself.

The other correction word Lojban offers is somewhat more helpful: '''sa''' takes the word following it, which starts the clause to serve as the correction. It then goes back in the sentence, looking for the last time you used a clause starting with the same word or another word of the same class (selma'o). Once it finds the last such clause, it replaces all text from that clause up to '''sa''' with the clause following '''sa'''. For example:
:'''.i mi te benji gi'e tadni lo sa .i mi tadni lo lojbo valsi'''
The correction following '''sa''' is a sentence; you know that, because the first word after '''sa''' is the sentence marker, '''.i'''. So the sentence following '''sa''' replaces the current sentence up to and including '''sa'''. Or consider:
:'''.i mi mrilu fi do ca lo prulamdei sa ca lo reldei'''
The correction is '''ca lo reldei''' — ''on Tuesday''. So what it replaces is everything from the last clause beginning with '''ca''': '''ca lo prulamdei''' — ''yesterday''. The English version would be ''Yesterday I mailed you... actually, it was Tuesday.''

=== Dealing with misunderstanding ===
{{mupli|— '''.i mi pu zi te vecnu lo flokati''' — '''.i lo flokati ki'a''' — ''I just bought a flokati.'' — ''Flokati, huh?''}}
{{gl|ki'a|interjection inquiry: confusion about something said. "Huh? Whaat?? (confusion), pardon?"}}
When you don't understand what someone has just said — whether because you don't get what they were referring to, or you don't know the word, or the grammar confused you — you can repeat the word or clause you didn't get, and add '''ki'a''' as a plaintive request for clarification (so it's even better than ''Huh?'', because you can point out exactly what made you say ''Huh?'')

Here is a dialogue.
{{mupli|— '''mi nelci lo kalci''' — '''ki'a ?''' — ''I like shit''. — ''Whaat???''}}
:'''Note:''' Since '''zo''' quotes any word following it — any word — it turns out that '''zo ki'a''' doesn't mean ''zo? Huh?'' at all, but ''The word '''ki'a'''.'' To ask ''zo? Huh?'', you'll have to resort to '''zo zo ki'a'''.

=== Reverse '''mi''' and '''do''' using '''ra'o''' ===
{{mu|- mi prami do - go'i ra'o|- I love you. - I love you too.}}
{{gl|ra'o|interjection: updates meaning from the viewpoint of the current speaker}}

If someone says '''mi prami do''' and you reply '''go'i ra'o''', that reverses the pronouns '''mi''' and '''do''' so that they apply from your point of view. So every pronoun gets re-evaluated.

Compare:
{{mu|- mi prami do - go'i|- I love you. - You do.}}
A simple '''go'i''' still makes '''mi''' refer to who used it and '''do''' refer to the listener of who said it.

== Lesson 11. More about pronouns ==
=== Four meanings of "''you''" in English ===
We've already seen two personal pronouns, '''mi''' and '''do''', meaning ''I'' (or ''me'') and ''you''. However, ''you'' in English can mean four different things:

#The one person I'm talking to.
#A number of people I'm talking to.
#The person or people I'm talking to and some other person or people.
#Anyone (as in ''Money can't buy you love.'')

Lojban gets round the confusion between (1) and (2) by using numbers. The most common way to express (2) is '''ro do''' = ''all of you'' (or Southern U.S. ''y'all''). You can also use specific numbers: '''lo re do''' would mean ''you two'' (for example, once can start e-mails to their parents with '''coi lo re do'''). Notice that '''re do''' means ''two of you'' and '''re lo ci do''' means ''two of you three''.

You can also use numbers with '''ko''', for example, '''ro ko klama ti''' — ''All of you, get over here.''

Case (3) is expressed by the pronoun '''do'o''' — ''you and someone else''. Case (4) is completely different: it's normally expressed by '''ro da''' = ''all '''da''''' or '''ro lo prenu''' — ''all persons'', but often you can just miss it out altogether (or place '''zo'e''' in that place).

=== "''we''" — different ways of saying that ===
We've seen that the notion of ''we'' isn't popular in Lojban and '''mi jo'u lo pendo be mi''' or '''lo pendo be mi be'o jo'u mi''' are used instead.

However, there are several pronouns close in meaning to ''we''.

{{gl|mi'o|you and I}}
{{gl|mi'a|we without you}}
{{gl|ma'a|you and I and another/others}}
Some languages have such separate words for ''we''. Lojban provides us with both the English ''we'' and a richer set of more precise words.

And finally:
{{gl|mi|I or the speakers}}
'''mi''' can also mean ''we''! Lojban makes no distinction between singular and plural by default. So if several people are speaking all together, '''mi''' (which refers to the one or more speakers) is perfectly correct for ''we''. In practice, you'll usually get '''mi''' used like that when one person is presuming to speak (or more often, to write) on behalf of others.

Some examples:
{{mu|mi prami do|I love you.}}
{{mu|mi'a penmi do de'i li cy. ci|We'll meet you at three o'clock.}}
{{mu|ma'a remna|We are all human.}}
{{mu|mi djica lo nu do cliva|We want you to go away.}}

Finally, there is '''mi'ai''', an equivalent of English ''we'':
{{gl|mi'ai|I and at least one other person (corresponds to English "we")}}

{{mupli|'''mi'ai prami la .bob.''' ''We love Bob.'' (The sentence just states there are several people loving Bill including the speaker. It's not known if "we" includes the listener)}}
You are always free to revert back to '''mi'ai''', which might be more comfortable sometimes.

=== '''lo pa do''' = ''you one'' ===
We know that '''lo re mlatu''' means ''two any cats''. It's also possible to put numbers after '''lo''' and before pronouns.

The recommended method is turning pronouns into verbs first:

{{mu|lo re me do ko klama ti|You two, come here.}}

It's possible to omit '''me''' in this position and say '''lo re do ko klama ti''' but this can lead to confusion in beginners.

=== More about short relative clauses ===
Two constructs used in some styles:

1. Short relative clauses with a pronoun after them can be put just after '''lo''':
{{mu|lo pe mi gerku lo gerku pe mi|My dog}}

2. '''pe''' in such cases can even be omitted:
{{mu|lo mi gerku lo gerku pe mi|My dog}}
: Thus, "'''lo''' noun verb" is equivalent to "'''lo''' verb '''pe''' noun".

A few rules:
*if you want to use a noun converted from a verb (for example, with '''lo''') or a name then it's advisable to use '''pe''' and put it after the noun: '''lo gerku pe la .alis.''' (''the Alice's dog'').
*it's okay to omit '''pe''' only if you use pronouns without numbers in front of them: '''lo do gerku''' (''my dog'') but not '''lo pa do gerku''' (''you one is a dog'').
{{notci|It's much safer to use '''pe''' explicitly and put it after the noun to which it is attached: '''lo gerku pe la .alis.''' and '''lo gerku pe mi''' are most intuitive constructs.}}

==Lesson 12. Quotations ==
=== Quoting text in different languages ===
The particle '''zoi''' is a quotation mark for quoting non-Lojban text. Its syntax is '''zoi X. text .X''', where X is a Lojban word (called the delimiting word) which is separated from the quoted text by pauses, and which is not found in the written text or spoken phoneme stream inside that quotation. It is common, but not required, to use the name of some letter, which corresponds to the Lojban name of the language being quoted:
{{mu|zoi gy. John is a man .gy. cu glico jufra|“John is a man” is an English sentence.}}
where '''gy.''' stands for '''glico'''. Other popular choices of delimiting words are '''.kuot.''', a Lojban name which sounds like the English word''quote'', and the word ''zoi'' itself. Another possibility is a Lojban word suggesting the topic of the quotation.


Lojban strictly avoids any confusion between things and the names of things:
{{mu|zo .bob. cmene la bob.||The-word “Bob” is-the-name-of the-one-named Bob.}}
'''zo .bob.''' is the word, whereas '''la bob.''' is the thing named by the word. The particle '''la'e''' and '''lu'e''' convert back and forth between references and their referents:
{{mu|zo .bob. cmene la'e zo .bob.|The-word “Bob” is-the-name-of the-referent-of the-word “Bob”.}}
{{mu|lu'e la bob. cmene la bob.|A-symbol-for Bob is-the-name-of Bob.}}
Last two examples mean the same. But this is different:
{{mu|la bob. cu cmene la bob.|Bob is the name of Bob.}}
and says that Bob is both the name and the thing named, an unlikely situation. People are not names.

The particle '''la'o''' serves to mark non-Lojban names, for example the Linnaean binomial names (such as "Homo sapiens"), which are the internationally standardized names for species of animals and plants.

Internationally known names which can more easily be recognized by spelling rather than pronunciation, such as ''Goethe'', can also appear in Lojban text with '''la'o''':

{{mu|la'o dy. Goethe .dy. cu me la'o ly. Homo sapiens .ly.|Goethe is a Homo sapiens.}}
Using '''la'o''' for all names rather than adapting them to Lojban, however, can make for a cumbersome text.

Everything expressed in text should also be expressed in speech and vice versa. Therefore, there cannot be any punctuation which is not pronounced. This means that Lojban has a wide range of words to quote other words. All Lojban convert a text into a noun.

'''lu''' ... '''li'u''' quote only text that is grammatically correct. To quote any Lojban text we use '''lo'u''' ... '''le'u''' quote instead.
{{mu|xu lo'u je le'u lojbo sumtcita . i je'unai|Is "je" a preposition? No.}}
{{mu|ma xe fanva zoi gy.What's up?.gy. la .lojban.|How to translate "What's up?" to Lojban?}}

== Lesson 13. Enriching vocabulary ==
===New words using prepositions===
Many English words correspond to word combinations in Lojban:
{{gl|lo ve'i cmana|hill (literally "mountain/hill covering little space")}}
{{gl|lo ve'u xamsi|ocean (literally "sea/ocean covering large space")}}

{{gl|lo ba'o tricu|stump of a tree (literally "no longer tree")}}

=== '''loi''' and masses ===
'''loi''' makes a noun showing a mass:
{{gl|lo prenu|person, people}}
{{gl|loi prenu|crowd, a mass of people}}
{{mu|loi prenu pu smaji|The crowd was silent.}}

{{pixra|Image:2935770197 f39591ed59 o.jpg|'''loi prenu cu sruri lo jubme''' ''People surrounded the table.''}}
{{gl|jubme|x1 is a table}}
It's not an error to use '''lo''' here but by using '''loi''' we explicitly show that it's a mass of people that surrounded the table.
'''loi''' is a shortcut. The full form is:
{{mupli|'''lo gunma be lo prenu cu sruri lo jubme''' '''loi prenu cu sruri lo jubme''' ''The mass of people surrounded the building.''}}

=== Carrots alone and carrots together ===
{{pixra|Image:lo_kroto_noi_se_carnygau.svg|'''lo najgenja''' ''a carrot''}}
Consider a sentence:
:''Three carrots weigh 60 grams.''
Does it mean that each carrots weighs 60 grams or they weigh 60 grams if taken together?

In Lojban we can easily distinguish between these two cases:
{{mu|ro lo ci najgenja cu grake li 60|Each of three carrots weigh 60 grams.}}

{{mu|loi ci najgenja cu grake li 60|Three carrots weigh 60 grams in total.}}
:(so that every carrots weighs 20 grams on average)

{{gl|najgenja|x1 is a carrot}}
{{gl|grake|x1 weighs x2 grams}}

As you can see there is an important difference between describing one object of a mass or describing the mass as a whole.

As we already know
'''lo ci najgenja''' just means ''three carrots'':
{{mu|ko dunda lo ci najgenja|Give me three carrots.}}
And
{{mu|ko dunda pa lo ci najgenja|Give me one carrot out of those three.}}

=== Internal prepositions ===
Using '''be''' you can attach not only the default places of verbs but even prepositions:
{{mu|lo vi xatra be de'i li vo cu se mrilu de'i li ze|This letter, dated the 4th, was mailed on the 7th}}
A date tagged with '''de'i''' applies only to the '''xatra'''.
In '''lo vi xatra de'i li vo cu se mrilu de'i li ze''' it would apply to the whole clause, not to the letter. What we want to say is that the former date applies just to the letter, and the latter date applies to the mailing of the letter. This means that the 4th, as a date, applies only to the verb '''lo xatra''', and not to the entire clause.



=== Compound verbs in detail ===
The grouping of terms in Lojban grammar is particularly important when it comes to tanru (compound verbs). The way verbs group together in a tanru determines what that tanru means. For example,
:''bad music magazine''
has in English two interpretations: a bad magazine about music, or a magazine about bad music. In Lojban, its equivalent
:'''lo xlali zgike karni'''
has only the interpretation ''a bad-music magazine'', because the first two verbs (''xlali zgike'' — ''bad music'') group together first. So it is important to be able to modify the grouping of verbs, so that we can make sure the tanru means what we actually intend it to mean. For that reason, Lojban has a couple of mechanisms in place for making tanru group together properly.

In English we use brackets to structure the text. Likewise for tanru we use '''ke''' for the left bracket and '''ke'e'' for the right bracket.
:'''lo xlali ke zgike karni''' means ''a bad {music-magazine}''.
As you can see we separated '''xlali''' from the rest of the tanru and made it apply to the whole tanru. There is no need in '''ke'e''' in the end of the tanru since we already know that it ends here.
{{mu|.i mi pu zi te vecnu lo xlali ke zgike karni .i to'e zanru la'o gy.Eurythmics.gy.|I just bought a bad music-magazine. It dissed the Eurythmics.}}
That's one way of grouping together verbs in tanru. The other way is to use a particle '''bo''' in a new role. When '''bo''' appears between two verbs, it means that those verbs group together more tightly than anything else. So an alternative way of saying ''bad {music magazine}'' is
{{gl|lo xlali zgike bo karni|a bad music-magazine}}
'''bo''' here is similar to the hyphen in English translation. This means that '''zgike bo karni''' should count as a unit, to which '''xlali''' (''bad'') applies.

==== Tighter connections ====
So '''bo''' makes the connections tighter.
{{mu|la doris e la alis onaibo la bob|Doris and (either Alice or Bob)}}
'''ke''' can also be used with connectives (though not with sentences; they have their own kind of bracket, '''tu'e ... tu'u'''.) So we could also say
:'''la doris e ke la alis onai la bob'''
Remember that the right bracket '''ke'e''' can be left out in most cases without changing the meaning (like in this case).

Forethought conjunction are also used a lot since they can eliminate the need in right brackets:
:'''ge la doris gi go nai la alis gi la bob'''
:''Doris and either Alice or Bob''
and
:go nai ge la doris gi la alis gi la bob
:''Either Doris and Alice, or Bob''
We don't need '''bo''' or '''ke''' with forethought conjunctions.

=== '''co''' for changing the order in compound verbs ===
There is another way of restructuring compound verbs.
{{mupli|'''mi fanva se jibri''' ''I'm a professional translator}}
:'''jibri''' = ''x1 is a job of x2''
:'''dotybau''' = ''x1 is German used by x2 to say x3''
:'''glibau''' = ''x1 is English used by x2 to say x3''
If I wanted to say that I'm a professional translator from English to German, I could mess around with '''be''', '''bei''':
{{mu|mi fanva be lo dotybau bei lo glibau be'o se jibri|I'm a professional translator from English to German}}

The fact that it was a compound verb could quickly be lost in speech due to the complicated structure of the sentence. Here, we can use the word '''co''':
:'''co''' — inverts the compound verb, making the rightmost verb word modify the leftmost instead of the other way around. Any previous noun fills the modified, any following noun fills the modifier.
{{mupli|'''mi se jibri co fanva lo dotybau lo glibau'''}}
It is the same clause as the previous Lojban one, but much more easy to understand. Notice that any noun before the compound verb fills '''se jibri''', while any following it only fills the modifying verb: '''fanva'''.

The strength by which two verbs are bound together with '''co''' is very weak – even weaker than normal compound verb grouping without any grouping words. This makes sure that, in a co-construct, the leftmost verb word is always the verb being modified, and the rightmost always modifies, even if any of those parts are compound verbs. This makes a co-construct easy to understand:
{{mu|ti pelxu plise co kukte}}
is read as '''ti (pelxu plise) co kukte''', which is the same as '''ti kukte pelxu bo plise'''. This also means that a '''ke … ke'e''' cannot encompass a '''co'''.

However, '''gi'e''', '''gi'a''' etc. bind even looser than '''co'''. This is in order to totally avoid confusion about which verb word binds to which in a '''gi'e'''. The answer is simple: '''gi'e''' never emcompasses any verb groups.

How can you express "I am an important American buyer of computers" using a '''co'''?

Answer: '''mi skami te vecnu co vajni merko'''

If it's of any use, this is the list of different kind of verb word groupers ranked by strength:
#'''bo''' and '''ke … ke'e'''
#Logical connectives other than '''gi'e''' series
#not using grouping words
#'''co'''
#'''gi'e''' series (clause-tail afterthought connectives)

==Non-standard connective system==
Some people for connecting nouns instead of
*'''a''', '''e''', '''o''', '''u'''
use
*'''ja''', '''je''', '''jo''', '''ju'''
That is instead of
{{mu|mi e do nelci lo plise|I like apples, and you like apples.}}
they say
{{mu|mi je do nelci lo plise|I like apples, and you like apples.}}
This is a non-standard approach. People use this style because in it there are fewer conjunctions to remember.

But you should be careful not to forget '''lo''' or numbers to form nouns: '''mi nelci lo plise je jisra''' would mean ''I like something that is an apple (or apples) and is juice'' (?!)

The correct sentence uses '''lo''' to form every noun:
{{mu|mi nelci lo plise je lo jisra|I like apples and juice.}}
In standard approach the speaker uses a separate conjunction '''e''' when connecting nouns, and it's easier to see the difference and the correct meaning:
{{mu|mi nelci lo plise .e lo jisra|I like apples and juice.}}}}

== Lojban community ==
lojban.org website contains the main up-to-date information on Lojban and Lojbanists around the world.

== Dictionary. Introduction ==
{{:L17-B}}

Welcome!/en

2016-03-04T22:16:56Z

Durka42: /* Instant messaging (text chat) */

<div style="font-size: 1.5em; font-family: sans-serif">Lojban (pronounced [ˈloʒban]) is an experiment in human language – a constructed language based on formal logic.</div>{{clear}}
==What is Lojban?==
[[Image:yt-lightning talk.png|240x160px|a «lightning talk» introduction to Lojban by Timo Paulssen|link=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QdlGxgKt7nc|thumb]]
[[Image:yt-ro lo maha datka.png|240x160px|«ro lo ma'a datka» and other Lojban songs by [[la guskant]]|link=https://vimeo.com/album/3152276|thumb]]

Lojban is a carefully constructed spoken language. It has been built for over 50 years by dozens of workers and hundreds of supporters.

*Lojban's grammar is simpler than of most natural languages, but complex in its own unique way. Lojban is an experiment in thought, as well: its users aim to see how its unique language structures affect thought and understanding.
*Lojban allows the expression of tiny nuances in emotion, using words called [[attitudinals]], which are essentially spoken emoticons.
*Lojban allows you to communicate concisely without unnecessary or undesired details. For example, you don't have to always think of what tense (past, present or future) to use in a verb when it's already clear from context.
*Lojban is machine parsable, which allows potential new explorations in the fields of artificial intelligence and machine translation.

*Lojban has a live community of speakers expanding its vocabulary day by day.
*Lojban is designed aiming at being neutral between cultures.
===Lojban means different things to different people===
* a linguistic curiosity - a test-bed for language experimentation
* a challenging way to expand their minds or discipline their thoughts
* a new perspective on languages
* an entertaining medium to communicate with friends or create art
* a domain for exploring the intersection of human language and software

What will Lojban mean for you?
===[[Presenting Lojban|More basic information ...]]===
{{clear}}
== Learning Lojban ==
=== Unofficial and supplemental resources ===
[[Image:yt-lesson in lojban i.png|240x160px|«Lessons in Lojban» by Dustin Lacewell|link=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yZjSTUK3hFI|thumb]][[Image:yt-the perfect-lang.png|240x160px|«The Perfect Language», an introduction to Lojban by [https://twitter.com/WesleyWilson00 Wesley Wilson]|link=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DIpn0OEpT40|thumb]]
Different non-authoritative learning resources have been created. They are said to be more beginner-friendly.
* A set of [[pronunciation|pronunciation guides]]
* [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1Yrxt9gAtqA_oSDD76Toq8VLSZjjOxJ5rkKsxFs3Cw8E/pub?start=true&loop=false&delayms=5000 Lojban in simple phrases], an introduction (also available in [http://mw.lojban.org/images/d/d1/Lojban._How_to_quickly_create_sentences.pdf PDF])
* [[Lojban Wave Lessons|Wave Lessons]], a popular textbook
* [[The Crash Course (a draft)|"The Crash Course"]], a work-in-progress textbook
* [[la karda|la karda]], a rapid-fire overview of the grammar in small pieces

=== Official resources ===
* [http://mw.lojban.org/extensions/cll/ "The Complete Lojban Language", a reference grammar of Lojban]. This book will help those who already understand some Lojban. It's the most complete reference of Lojban language by far. It does not, however, teach vocabulary, style, or colloquial language. Please note that since the initial publication of the reference grammar, some language reforms such as [[How to use xorlo|xorlo]] have become widely adopted.

=== Dictionaries ===
* [http://jbovlaste.lojban.org/ la jbovlaste] is a prescriptive, editable, multilingual dictionary. It is considered by many to be the current de-facto standard dictionary of Lojban. Many other dictionaries and tools are based on it.
* [http://vlasisku.lojban.org/ la vlasisku] is an online English—Lojban dictionary, based on data of la jbovlaste; intended to be more user-friendly (note: it is only irregularily updated, la jbovlaste is more up-to-date).
* [https://lojban.herokuapp.com/ la sutysisku] is an online multilingual Lojban dictionary (including English) that also works offline. Updated at least once a month.
* [https://sites.google.com/site/slovlacukt/file-cabinet la slovlacukt], an alternative offline dictionary.
* [http://guskant.github.io/lojbo/stardict.html Stardict dictionaries in some languages] (usable with [http://goldendict.org/ GoldenDict], [https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/dictionary-universal/id312088272?mt=8 Dictionary Universal], etc.)
* [http://guskant.github.io/lojbo/gismu-cmavo.html Multilingual gismu (root word) and cmavo (particle) lists in tsv and html formats]
* [[Word frequency lists|Word lists ordered by frequency of use]]

==== Related things ====
* An unofficial [[Simple gismu|list of simple definitions of gismu]]
* Example sentences at [http://tatoeba.org Tatoeba.org]

=== Software tools ===
* [http://www.memrise.com/courses/english/lojban/ Memrise.com] offers on-line Lojban vocabulary flashcards. [http://ankisrs.net/ Anki] is a downloadable alternative.
* [http://lojban.github.io/ilmentufa/camxes.html la camxes] is an automatic grammar of Lojban. It can help you to understand the structure and correctness of sentences.
* [http://lojban.lilyx.net/zmifanva/ A Lojban-to-English translator]. It is not precise, it can sometimes fail to correctly translate from English to Lojban or vice versa. It can be used to get at least some understanding of how Lojban works.

=== [[Learning materials. Secondary links|Other learning materials ...]] ===

== Connect with the community ==
[[Image:yt-bripre jikca 9.png|240x160px|«bripre jikca», a community literary vlog|link=https://vimeo.com/112783041|thumb]]
[[Image:yt-baho.png|240x160px|«ba'o», a song by [https://djemynai.bandcamp.com La Djemynai]|link=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AG4jyHG-hv8|thumb]]

Lojban is spoken by a vibrant community, producing literature, music, and art, and discussing questions about language and thought. The web comic [https://www.xkcd.com/191/ xkcd] said that, if you spoke Lojban, you'd have to speak with Lojbanists. That may not be such a bad thing!

=== Instant messaging (text chat) ===
At any time of day, there are likely to be Lojbanists available on IRC (Internet Relay Chat) to answer questions or engage in real-time Lojban conversation. Join the chat in your browser with
* the [http://vrici.lojban.org:3001 Slack version of the chat],
* [{{Webchat url kiwi}} the KiwiIRC version],
* [{{Webchat url qwebirc}} QWebIRC] browser-based clients, or
* [[Lojban_IRC#Trickier_ways_of_connecting|connect with the IRC client of your choice]].
There are three main channels (chat rooms):
# #lojban for discussion about Lojban in any language
# #ckule for the teaching of Lojban and questions from beginners in any Language
# #jbosnu for discussions exclusively in Lojban

The channels sometimes move slowly, so don't lose hope if you don't get a response immediately -- wait around a bit and someone is likely to see your message. Here is an [[IRC cheat sheet|cheat sheet]] for those unfamiliar with IRC.

=== Mailing lists ===
{{Quote box
|title = Got a question about Lojban? Ask the the [mailto:lojban-beginners@googlegroups.com lojban-beginners mailing list]!
|qalign = center
|align = right
|width = 50%
|border = 1px
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}}

The [http://groups.google.com/group/lojban-beginners/topics lojban-beginners mailing list] is for questions about learning and understanding Lojban. You can subscribe to the list by sending a question to [mailto:lojban-beginners@googlegroups.com lojban-beginners@googlegroups.com].

The general-purpose [http://groups.google.com/group/lojban/topics lojban mailing list], which covers anything else related to Lojban, was founded in 1989, and has about 500 subscribers. You can subscribe to it by sending an email to [mailto:lojban@googlegroups.com lojban@googlegroups.com].

=== Social media ===
Lojban has a presence on many of the most popular web sites: [[Image:Facebook_Logo_Mini.svg|12px|link=http://facebook.com/groups/Lojban/]] [http://facebook.com/groups/Lojban/ Facebook], [[Image:Google plus icon.svg|12px|link=https://plus.google.com/communities/105661163321603750740]] [https://plus.google.com/communities/105661163321603750740 Google+], [[Image:reddit-12.png|12px|link=http://www.reddit.com/r/lojban/]] [http://www.reddit.com/r/lojban/ Reddit], [[Image:quora.png|12px|link=http://www.quora.com/Lojban]] [http://www.quora.com/Lojban Quora].

[http://jbotcan.org/ la jbotcan] is an informal bulletin board which hosts images and discussions in Lojban and English.

=== International Contacts ===

[[Image:yt higher logic.png|240x160px|an exposition by [[User:Guskant|la guskant]] in Japanese|link=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lzqhNYCWKLo|thumb]]

{| class="wikitable"
!   !! Languages spoken
|-
| [[User:Selpahi|la selpa'i]] [mailto:seladwa@gmx.de seladwa@gmx.de] || English, German
|-
| [[User:Gleki|la gleki]] [mailto:bangu@lojban.org bangu@lojban.org] || English, Russian
|-
| [[User:Ilmen|la ilmen]] [mailto:ilmen.pokebip@gmail.com ilmen.pokebip@gmail.com] || English, French
|-
| [[User:Tsani|la tsani]] [mailto:nictytan@gmail.com nictytan@gmail.com] || English, French
|-
| [[User:xorxes|la xorxes]] [mailto:jjllambias@gmail.com jjllambias@gmail.com] || English, Spanish
|-
| [[User:Guskant|la guskant]] [mailto:gusni.kantu@gmail.com gusni.kantu@gmail.com] || English, French, Chinese, Japanese, Esperanto
|-
| [[User:Remod|la remod]] [mailto:rdentato@gmail.com rdentato@gmail.com] || English, Italian
|}

=== [[Lojban around the world]] - other ways of communication ... ===

== What's next? ==
* Try reading Lojban [[te gerna la lojban|texts]]. Start with something shorter and easier such as "[[la .teris. po'u lo tirxu cu vitke zi'o le barda tcadu|Terry the Tiger]]" (audio is available) or "[[The Berenstain Bears and the Prize Pumpkin]]" ([http://guskant.github.io/gerna_cipra/maltufa-1.1.html a parser suitable to those two texts]). When you're ready, move on to "[[le cmalu noltru|The Little Prince]]" (suitable parser: [http://lojban.github.io/ilmentufa/camxes.html camxes]) and "[http://selpahi.de/oz.html The Wonderful Wizard of Oz]" (suitable parser: [[maftufa]]).

* Try your hand at translating into Lojban, or write your own original texts: Poetry, prose, blogs, tweets, etc.
* Continue learning vocabulary using [[Lojbanic Software|memorization software]].
* Help expand the [http://jbovlaste.lojban.org/ dictionary] by translating Lojban words into other languages, or coin new compound words and add them.

===[[What's next?|More info ...]]===

----
<div style="font-size:90%;">This web site is dedicated to documenting Lojban and the activities of the Lojban-using community, and also serves as the official web site of the [[Logical Language Group]] (LLG), a non-profit organization founded in 1987 to promote the scientific study of the relationships between language, thought and human culture.</div>

<noinclude>[[Category:tadni]][[Category:nu jikca]][[Category:jbopre]]</noinclude>__NOTOC__

Welcome!/en

2016-01-02T04:53:49Z

Durka42: /* Unofficial and supplemental resources */

<div style="font-size: 1.5em; font-family: sans-serif">Lojban (pronounced [ˈloʒban]) is an experiment in human language – a constructed language based on formal logic.</div>{{clear}}
==What is Lojban?==
[[Image:yt-lightning talk.png|240x160px|a «lightning talk» introduction to Lojban by Timo Paulssen|link=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QdlGxgKt7nc|thumb]]
[[Image:yt-ro lo maha datka.png|240x160px|«ro lo ma'a datka» and other Lojban songs by [[la guskant]]|link=https://vimeo.com/album/3152276|thumb]]

Lojban is a carefully constructed spoken language. It has been built for over 50 years by dozens of workers and hundreds of supporters.

*Lojban's grammar is simpler than of most natural languages, but complex in its own unique way. Lojban is an experiment in thought, as well: its users aim to see how its unique language structures affect thought and understanding.
*Lojban allows the expression of tiny nuances in emotion, using words called [[attitudinals]], which are essentially spoken emoticons.
*Lojban allows you to communicate concisely without unnecessary or undesired details. For example, you don't have to always think of what tense (past, present or future) to use in a verb when it's already clear from context.
*Lojban is machine parsable, which allows potential new explorations in the fields of artificial intelligence and machine translation.

*Lojban has a live community of speakers expanding its vocabulary day by day.
*Lojban is designed aiming at being neutral between cultures.
===Lojban means different things to different people===
* a linguistic curiosity - a test-bed for language experimentation
* a challenging way to expand their minds or discipline their thoughts
* a new perspective on languages
* an entertaining medium to communicate with friends or create art
* a domain for exploring the intersection of human language and software

What will Lojban mean for you?
===[[Presenting Lojban|More basic information ...]]===
{{clear}}
== Learning Lojban ==
=== Unofficial and supplemental resources ===
[[Image:yt-lesson in lojban i.png|240x160px|«Lessons in Lojban» by Dustin Lacewell|link=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yZjSTUK3hFI|thumb]][[Image:yt-the perfect-lang.png|240x160px|«The Perfect Language», an introduction to Lojban by [https://twitter.com/WesleyWilson00 Wesley Wilson]|link=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DIpn0OEpT40|thumb]]
Different non-authoritative learning resources have been created. They are said to be more beginner-friendly.
* A set of [[pronunciation|pronunciation guides]]
* [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1Yrxt9gAtqA_oSDD76Toq8VLSZjjOxJ5rkKsxFs3Cw8E/pub?start=true&loop=false&delayms=5000 Lojban in simple phrases], an introduction (also available in [http://mw.lojban.org/images/d/d1/Lojban._How_to_quickly_create_sentences.pdf PDF])
* [[Lojban Wave Lessons|Wave Lessons]], a popular textbook
* [[The Crash Course (a draft)|"The Crash Course"]], a work-in-progress textbook
* [[la karda|la karda]], a rapid-fire overview of the grammar in small pieces

=== Official resources ===
* [http://mw.lojban.org/extensions/cll/ "The Complete Lojban Language", a reference grammar of Lojban]. This book will help those who already understand some Lojban. It's the most complete reference of Lojban language by far. It does not, however, teach vocabulary, style, or colloquial language. Please note that since the initial publication of the reference grammar, some language reforms such as [[How to use xorlo|xorlo]] have become widely adopted.

=== Dictionaries ===
* [http://jbovlaste.lojban.org/ la jbovlaste] is a prescriptive, editable, multilingual dictionary. It is considered by many to be the current de-facto standard dictionary of Lojban. Many other dictionaries and tools are based on it.
* [http://vlasisku.lojban.org/ la vlasisku] is an online English—Lojban dictionary, based on data of la jbovlaste; intended to be more user-friendly (note: it is only irregularily updated, la jbovlaste is more up-to-date).
* [http://mw.lojban.org/extensions/ilmentufa/i/index.html la sutysisku] is an online multilingual Lojban dictionary (including English) that also works offline. Updated at least once a month.
* [https://sites.google.com/site/slovlacukt/file-cabinet la slovlacukt], an alternative offline dictionary.
* [http://guskant.github.io/lojbo/stardict.html Stardict dictionaries in some languages] (usable with [http://goldendict.org/ GoldenDict], [https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/dictionary-universal/id312088272?mt=8 Dictionary Universal], etc.)
* [http://guskant.github.io/lojbo/gismu-cmavo.html Multilingual gismu (root word) and cmavo (particle) lists in tsv and html formats]
* [[Word frequency lists|Word lists ordered by frequency of use]]

==== Related things ====
* An unofficial [[Simple gismu|list of simple definitions of gismu]]
* Example sentences at [http://tatoeba.org Tatoeba.org]

=== Software tools ===
* [http://www.memrise.com/courses/english/lojban/ Memrise.com] offers on-line Lojban vocabulary flashcards. [http://ankisrs.net/ Anki] is a downloadable alternative.
* [http://mw.lojban.org/extensions/ilmentufa/camxes.html la camxes] is an automatic grammar of Lojban. It can help you to understand the structure and correctness of sentences.
* [http://lojban.lilyx.net/zmifanva/ A Lojban-to-English translator]. It is not precise, it can sometimes fail to correctly translate from English to Lojban or vice versa. It can be used to get at least some understanding of how Lojban works.

=== [[Learning materials. Secondary links|Other learning materials ...]] ===

== Connect with the community ==
[[Image:yt-bripre jikca 9.png|240x160px|«bripre jikca», a community literary vlog|link=https://vimeo.com/112783041|thumb]]
[[Image:yt-baho.png|240x160px|«ba'o», a song by [https://djemynai.bandcamp.com La Djemynai]|link=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AG4jyHG-hv8|thumb]]

Lojban is spoken by a vibrant community, producing literature, music, and art, and discussing questions about language and thought. The web comic [https://www.xkcd.com/191/ xkcd] said that, if you spoke Lojban, you'd have to speak with Lojbanists. That may not be such a bad thing!

=== Instant messaging (text chat) ===
At any time of day, there are likely to be Lojbanists available on IRC (Internet Relay Chat) to answer questions or engage in real-time Lojban conversation. Join the chat in your browser with
* the [http://vrici.lojban.org:3001 Slack version of the chat],
* [{{Webchat url kiwi}} the KiwiIRC version],
* [{{Webchat url qwebirc}} QWebIRC] browser-based clients, or
* [[Lojban_IRC#Trickier_ways_of_connecting|connect with the IRC client of your choice]].
There are three main channels (chat rooms):
# #lojban for discussion about Lojban in any language
# #ckule for the teaching of Lojban and questions from beginners in any Language
# #jbosnu for discussions exclusively in Lojban

Here is an [[IRC cheat sheet|cheat sheet]] for those unfamiliar with IRC.

=== Mailing lists ===
{{Quote box
|title = Got a question about Lojban? Ask the the [mailto:lojban-beginners@googlegroups.com lojban-beginners mailing list]!
|qalign = center
|align = right
|width = 50%
|border = 1px
|bgcolor = #FAEFCF
}}

The [http://groups.google.com/group/lojban-beginners/topics lojban-beginners mailing list] is for questions about learning and understanding Lojban. You can subscribe to the list by sending a question to [mailto:lojban-beginners@googlegroups.com lojban-beginners@googlegroups.com].

The general-purpose [http://groups.google.com/group/lojban/topics lojban mailing list], which covers anything else related to Lojban, was founded in 1989, and has about 500 subscribers. You can subscribe to it by sending an email to [mailto:lojban@googlegroups.com lojban@googlegroups.com].

=== Social media ===
Lojban has a presence on many of the most popular web sites: [[Image:Facebook_Logo_Mini.svg|12px|link=http://facebook.com/groups/Lojban/]] [http://facebook.com/groups/Lojban/ Facebook], [[Image:Google plus icon.svg|12px|link=https://plus.google.com/communities/105661163321603750740]] [https://plus.google.com/communities/105661163321603750740 Google+], [[Image:reddit-12.png|12px|link=http://www.reddit.com/r/lojban/]] [http://www.reddit.com/r/lojban/ Reddit], [[Image:quora.png|12px|link=http://www.quora.com/Lojban]] [http://www.quora.com/Lojban Quora].

[http://jbotcan.org/ la jbotcan] is an informal bulletin board which hosts images and discussions in Lojban and English.

=== International Contacts ===

[[Image:yt higher logic.png|240x160px|an exposition by [[User:Guskant|la guskant]] in Japanese|link=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lzqhNYCWKLo|thumb]]

{| class="wikitable"
!   !! Languages spoken
|-
| [[User:Selpahi|la selpa'i]] [mailto:seladwa@gmx.de seladwa@gmx.de] || English, German
|-
| [[User:Gleki|la gleki]] [mailto:bangu@lojban.org bangu@lojban.org] || English, Russian
|-
| [[User:Ilmen|la ilmen]] [mailto:ilmen.pokebip@gmail.com ilmen.pokebip@gmail.com] || English, French
|-
| [[User:Tsani|la tsani]] [mailto:nictytan@gmail.com nictytan@gmail.com] || English, French
|-
| [[User:xorxes|la xorxes]] [mailto:jjllambias@gmail.com jjllambias@gmail.com] || English, Spanish
|-
| [[User:Guskant|la guskant]] [mailto:gusni.kantu@gmail.com gusni.kantu@gmail.com] || English, French, Chinese, Japanese, Esperanto
|-
| [[User:Remod|la remod]] [mailto:rdentato@gmail.com rdentato@gmail.com] || English, Italian
|}

=== [[Lojban around the world]] - other ways of communication ... ===

== What's next? ==
* Try reading Lojban [[te gerna la lojban|texts]]. Start with something shorter and easier such as "[[la .teris. po'u lo tirxu cu vitke zi'o le barda tcadu|Terry the Tiger]]" (audio is available) or "[[The Berenstain Bears and the Prize Pumpkin]]". When you're ready, move on to "[[le cmalu noltru|The Little Prince]]" and "[http://selpahi.de/oz.html The Wonderful Wizard of Oz]" with [[maftufa|a suitable parser]].

* Try your hand at translating into Lojban, or write your own original texts: Poetry, prose, blogs, tweets, etc.
* Continue learning vocabulary using [[Lojbanic Software|memorization software]].
* Help expand the [http://jbovlaste.lojban.org/ dictionary] by translating Lojban words into other languages, or coin new compound words and add them.

===[[What's next?|More info ...]]===

----
<div style="font-size:90%;">This web site is dedicated to documenting Lojban and the activities of the Lojban-using community, and also serves as the official web site of the [[Logical Language Group]] (LLG), a non-profit organization founded in 1987 to promote the scientific study of the relationships between language, thought and human culture.</div>

<noinclude>[[Category:tadni]][[Category:nu jikca]][[Category:jbopre]]</noinclude>__NOTOC__

Talk:LLG 2014 Annual Meeting Minutes

2015-12-23T18:57:12Z

Durka42: Created page with "These minutes have been approved by the LLG, so the "UNAPPROVED DRAFT" note should be removed. On 11/9, Bob called for objections until Friday 11/13, and nobody objected. One..."

These minutes have been approved by the LLG, so the "UNAPPROVED DRAFT" note should be removed. On 11/9, Bob called for objections until Friday 11/13, and nobody objected. One correction was promised, about the Chinese communities, which has not been implemented yet. Also I wonder if there should be a link to the approved BPFK charter which is up elsewhere on this wiki. [[User:Durka42|Durka42]] ([[User talk:Durka42|talk]])

Talk:The egocentrism of a Lojban community

2015-12-22T22:43:33Z

Durka42:

==lo drata==
i ji'a zoi gy.while their recognition of la zantufa as non-Lojban. means exclusion.gy. zo'u ma'i ma me'oi means

i pe'i ju'o sai do ce mi ca'o simxu lo ka ce'u na jimpe fi ce'u

i pe'i ge la altatufa gi la zantufa na catni i sa'u cipra

i li'a mi nelci lo pamoi be lo se stidi be do to no drata be lo catni jbobau cu jbobau toi i ku'i fau lo nu bypyfyky cu cuxna lo drata se jimpe vau mi ba ku tinbe gi'e ta'o mu'a stika lo papri noi lo papri be la bangu cu mupli

i mi pu cusku lu banzu frica lo jbobau li'u iesai i ku'i mi pu tavla fi lo ba'e catni jbobau

i la altatufa cu simsa i sa'u keltci i mi na pu junri pilno la altatufa

==lo me'oi egocentrism ==

iesai ka'e mabla i ei na tolcurmi lo nu lo nintadni ku mu'a cu kelci tu'a lo jbobau

i ma ka'e danfu i xu lo nu catni jdice lo du'u makau jetnu jbobau

== la vivaldis ==

u'unai uinai na ka'e na pilno zo la'oi i srana mi na e lo krasi be la vivaldis

i u'u doi la guskant mi na drani ciksi i sa'u lo finti be la vivaldis cu jmina zoi zoi Search zoi la vivaldis i ku'i zoi zoi Search $1 zoi jai sarcu i va'i mi na ka'e jmina zo zoi poi se lidne lo cmene be lo mitysisku matra i se ki'u bo mi bai pilno zo la'oi noi citka pe'a lo pa valsi poi claxu me'o sepli bu

== la durkavore ==

I like Option 2.1. I also think the BPFK should not necessarily nominate only one language as officially "Lojban", but can certify several dialects as e.g. "this dialect, corresponding to CLL-era Lojban with modifications X and Y, has been vetted as logically consistent, machine parseable, etc and is in use by community Z at this time, ...". Do you agree?

Since I am mentioned here by name, let me say (again) that I apologize and ask forgiveness for the insults which I have laid upon la zantufa, and therefore indirectly la guskant, in the past. Please believe me when I say that I never meant to exclude you from the Lojban community, even if I had any power to do so which I don't. We should all be working together to figure out what to call Lojban, and holding a grudge because I disagree with one of zantufa's features is not really productive. We can disagree without shutting each other out.

Talk:The egocentrism of a Lojban community

2015-12-22T22:42:43Z

Durka42: /* la durkavore */

==lo drata==
i ji'a zoi gy.while their recognition of la zantufa as non-Lojban. means exclusion.gy. zo'u ma'i ma me'oi means

i pe'i ju'o sai do ce mi ca'o simxu lo ka ce'u na jimpe fi ce'u

i pe'i ge la altatufa gi la zantufa na catni i sa'u cipra

i li'a mi nelci lo pamoi be lo se stidi be do to no drata be lo catni jbobau cu jbobau toi i ku'i fau lo nu bypyfyky cu cuxna lo drata se jimpe vau mi ba ku tinbe gi'e ta'o mu'a stika lo papri noi lo papri be la bangu cu mupli

i mi pu cusku lu banzu frica lo jbobau li'u iesai i ku'i mi pu tavla fi lo ba'e catni jbobau

i la altatufa cu simsa i sa'u keltci i mi na pu junri pilno la altatufa

==lo me'oi egocentrism ==

iesai ka'e mabla i ei na tolcurmi lo nu lo nintadni ku mu'a cu kelci tu'a lo jbobau

i ma ka'e danfu i xu lo nu catni jdice lo du'u makau jetnu jbobau

== la vivaldis ==

u'unai uinai na ka'e na pilno zo la'oi i srana mi na e lo krasi be la vivaldis

i u'u doi la guskant mi na drani ciksi i sa'u lo finti be la vivaldis cu jmina zoi zoi Search zoi la vivaldis i ku'i zoi zoi Search $1 zoi jai sarcu i va'i mi na ka'e jmina zo zoi poi se lidne lo cmene be lo mitysisku matra i se ki'u bo mi bai pilno zo la'oi noi citka pe'a lo pa valsi poi claxu me'o sepli bu

== la durkavore ==

I like Option 2.1. I also think the BPFK should be able to not only nominate one language as officially "Lojban", but can certify several dialects as e.g. "this dialect, corresponding to CLL-era Lojban with modifications X and Y, has been vetted as logically consistent, machine parseable, etc and is in use by community Z at this time, ...". Do you agree?

Since I am mentioned here by name, let me say (again) that I apologize and ask forgiveness for the insults which I have laid upon la zantufa, and therefore indirectly la guskant, in the past. Please believe me when I say that I never meant to exclude you from the Lojban community, even if I had any power to do so which I don't. We should all be working together to figure out what to call Lojban, and holding a grudge because I disagree with one of zantufa's features is not really productive. We can disagree without shutting each other out.

BPFK Section: Modal Aspects

2015-12-10T04:46:07Z

Durka42: /* Usage Examples */

=== cmavo: ca'a (CAhA) ===

==== Proposed Definition ====

Tense marker used to express events/conditions/etc. that are actually happening.

==== Proposed Tag ====

Tense marker for actuality.

==== See Also ====

* {ka'e}
* {nu'o}

* {ca}

==== Proposed Keywords ====

* actually
* currently

* really

==== Usage Examples ====

;.i su'a lo na krici cu zasti .i'a .i ku'i le mi bende cu ca'a gunka:''"Well, there's certainly going to be those who doubt us, but our team is proving themselves through their work."''

==== Notes ====

Meaning of {ca'a} used as sumtcita is unclear.

=== cmavo: ka'e (CAhA) ===

==== Proposed Definition ====

Tense marker used to express innate capability for events/conditions/etc. to happen -- regardless of those events/conditions/etc. actually taking place

==== Proposed Tag ====

Tense marker for innate capability.

==== See Also ====

* {kakne}
* {ca'a}

* {nu'o}
* {pu'i}

==== Proposed Keywords ====

* could
* capable of

* able to
* potentially

==== Usage Examples ====

;.i do ka'e pilno lo tanru .i ku'i na satci:"'You can use tanru, but they're not precise.'"

==== Notes ====

Unlike {kakne}, {ka'e} expresses innate, potential capability, which doesn't have to be an actual, present capability. The difference is best illustrated by an example: birds (except for few species) can fly (lo cipni cu ka'e vofli) but among them there are some that cannot do so now (ti poi cipni na kakne lo zu'o vofli) due to being crippled, too young, confined in small cage, etc.

{ka'e} covers all situations where {pu'i} and {nu'o} are applicable (is more general than both of them).

=== cmavo: pu'i (CAhA) ===

==== Proposed Definition ====

Tense marker used to express capability which was demonstrated at least once.

==== Proposed Tag ====

Tense marker for demonstrated capability.

==== See Also ====

* {ka'e}
* {nu'o}

* {kakne}

==== Proposed Keywords ====

* can and has
* actually able to

==== Usage Examples ====

;.i .uinai xu tu'a le midju donri ke smaji pu'i cfari:"The mid-day calm has started."

==== Notes ====

Unlike {ka'e}, {pu'i} requires a capability to be demonstrated (that is, actually used) at least once. If that's not the case (but {ka'e} still applies), use {nu'o}.

=== cmavo: nu'o (CAhA) ===

==== Proposed Definition ====

Tense marker used to express undemonstrated capability or unrealised potential.

==== Proposed Tag ====

Tense marker for undemonstrated capability.

==== See Also ====

* {ka'e}
* {pu'i}

* {kakne}

==== Proposed Keywords ====

* can but has not
* is expected to be able to

==== Usage Examples ====

;.i mi nu'o se darxi fo lo stedu:"I am capable of being, but have never been, struck on the head."

==== Notes ====

{nu'o} requires a capability to not be demonstrated/used/etc. even once. It is applicable in situations where {ka'e} is but {pu'i} is not.

==== Issues ====

Not to be confused with {na'o}.

There is also apparently little-to-no difference between {nu'o} and {na'epu'i}. Further investigation needed.

=== Proposed Definition of ''na'epu'i'' ===

;'''na'epu'i''' (CAhA*): has never -- A modal aspect indicating an inability, or that something has never happened. (lit. "something other than a demonstrated ability")

** Keywords: "has never", "can't"

=== Examples of ''na'epu'i'' Usage ===

;.i mi la lisp. nelci .i ku'i mi na'epu'i pu pilno ri:"I like lisp, but I have never previously used it."

== Notes ==

* Why is only na'epu'i defined, but no other CAhA with to'e/na'e/na/nai? -lindar
* na'epu'i seems to be either a carbon-copy of nu'o, or to be noroi actually. (Example suggests the latter). I would get rid of it altogether unless a both of my suppositions are false. - ksion

* CAhA aren't allowed to be negated with nai by the grammar. This seems to be a mistake. Suggest ka'enai -> "is not capable of", ca'anai -> "is not currently", pu'inai would seem to suggest "either can't or has not or perhaps both" but "can't+hasn't" is "ka'enai", "can't+has" is logically impossible, "can +hasn't" is "nu'o", so it would it seeem to reduce to simply "hasn't, whether or not can't". Similarly, "nu'onai" would suggest "either can't or has or perhaps both", but "can't+has" is impossible, "can't+hasn't" is "ka'enai", "can+has" is "pu'i", so "nu'onai" is "has done if and only if can do" (e.g. "ro mabru nu'onai vasxu" (All mammals have breathed iff they can]. --gejyspa

[http://groups.google.com/group/lojban/browse_thread/thread/10ed127895ed465c CAhA + NAI] has been [http://groups.google.com/group/lojban/browse_thread/thread/bc93804cc30d8979 previously discussed]. It makes little sense that it cannot be used that way, and many want to change it.

* The vast majority of the selbri tcita and sumti tcita cmavo can be mapped directly back to {fi'o} constructs. Example: {pu broda} -> {broda pu zo'e} -> {broda fi'o se purci zo'e}. CAhA apparently cannot. For example, there is apparently no broda such that {.i ko'a ka'e brode .ijo ko'a broda lo su'u brode} is true. While not a glaring, language-breaking issue, it's somewhat inelegant that there's this chunk of the language that isn't "structural" (like LE or FA, for example) or in brivla space that is primitive. Any thoughts? -latros

== Impact ==

[[Category:BPFK Section]]

Lojban orthographies

2015-12-03T22:01:21Z

Durka42:

{| class="wikitable" style="width: 1400px"
| Name
! scope="col" style="width: 580px; vertical-align: top" | Text Sample
! scope="col" style="width: 500px;" | Rules
! scope="col" style="width: 300px;" | Comments
|- style="vertical-align: top"
| Standard orthography
| le fasnu

le fonxa cu sanga .i la .alis goi ko'a frati la'edi'u lenu cpacu le fonxa .i ko'a kerlo ganse lu coi. .alis. .i mi du la rik. .i .a'o do kanro li'u .i lu coidoi rik. .i .ia mi kanro .i .a'o do go'i li'u .i lu .ia .i mi djica lonu djuno lenu do ba kansa mi le gusta ke vanci sanmi ca la zedjed. poi balvi jibni .i .a'o mi'o te tigni li'u

.i ko'a spuda zo'e lu ko denpa .i mi nitcu lenu catlu lemi detri liste .y .y .y .i mi zifre .i .au mi kansa .i ma tcika li'u

.i la rik. goi ko'e spuda zo'e lu mi ba cpedu lo gusta jubme ca la xacac. .i .au do djica cuxna da poi fasnu .i pei skina .i pei zgike tigni .i pei xajmi tigni .i pei draci .i pei dansu li'u

.i la .alis. danfu lu mi nelci loi zgike draci .i .i'a .au la lemizerABL. se tigni ca ta .i mi nelci loi nu dansu li'u<ref>http://arj.nvg.org/lojban/orthography.html</ref>
|
|
|- style="vertical-align: top"
| Rapprochement orthography
| Le fasnu

Le fonha cu sanga. I la Alis, goi koha frati lahedihu lenu cpacu le fonha. I koha kerlo ganse lu Coi Alis. I mi du la Rik. I, aho do kanro lihu. I lu Coidoi Rik. I, ia mi kanro. I, aho do gohi lihu. I lu, ia. I mi djica lonu djuno lenu do ba kansa mi le gusta ke vanci sanmi ca la Zedjed, poi balvi jibni. I, aho miho te tigni lihu.

I koha spuda zohe lu Ko denpa. I mi nitcu lenu catlu lemi detri liste. Y. Y. Y. I mi zifre. I, au mi kansa. I ma tcika lihu.

I la Rik, goi kohe spuda zohe lu Mi ba cpedu lo gusta jubme ca la Hacac. I, au do djica cuhna da poi fasnu. I pei skina. I pei zgike tigni. I pei hajmi tigni. I pei draci. I pei dansu. lihu.

I la Alis, danfu lu Mi nelci loi zgike draci. I, iha, au la Lemizer'abl, se tigni ca ta. I mi nelci loi nu dansu li'u.
|
| This orthography was suggested as a new orthography for the common Loglan/Lojban language, in the event of a rapproachment between LLG and TLI. The rapproachment never took place, and the orthography has only been used on the Lojban mailing list, by a couple of people.<ref>http://arj.nvg.org/lojban/orthography.html</ref>
|- style="vertical-align: top"
| Cyrillic orthography
| лэ фасну

лэ фонха шу санга .и ла .алис гои ко'а фрати ла'эди'у лэну шпашу лэ фонха .и ко'а кэрло гансэ лу шои. .алис. .и ми ду ла рик. .и .а'о до канро ли'у .и лу шоидои рик. .и .иа ми канро .и а'о до го'и ли'у

.и лу .иа,.и ми джиша лону джуно лэну до ба канса ми лэ густа кэ ванши санми ша ла зэджэд. пои балви жибни .и .а'о ми'о тэ тигни ли'у .и ко'а спуда зо'э лу ко дэнпа .и ми нитшу лэну шатлу лэми дэтри листэ .ъ .ъ .ъ
.и ми зифрэ .и .ау ми канса .и ма тшика ли'у

.и ла рик. гои ко'э спуда зо'э лу ми ба шпэду ло густа жубмэ ша ла хашаш. .и .ау до джиша
шухна да пои фасну .и пэи скина .и пэи згикэ тигни .и пэи хажми тигни .и пэи драши .и пэи дансу ли'у

.и ла .алис. данфу лу ми нэлши лои згикэ драши .и .и'а.ау ла лэмизэрАБЛ. сэ тигни
ша та .и ми нэлши лои ну дансу ли'у
| https://lojban.github.io/cll/3/12/
| Used in a Russian brochure about Lojban that Bob LeChevalier handed out during a visit to Russia.
|- style="vertical-align: top"
| Tengwar orthography
| [[File:le-fasnu-tengwar.gif]]
| Mentioned briefly in the CLL: https://lojban.github.io/cll/3/12/
| An orthography with the Tengwar of Feanor, a fictional writing system invented by J. R. R. Tolkien.
|- style="vertical-align: top"
| European (Arnt Richard Johansen version)
| Le fasnu

Le fonha cu sanga. I la Alis, goi koha, frati lahedihu lenu cpacu le fonha. I koha kerlo ganse «Coi Alis! I mi du la Rik. I, aho do kanro.» I «Coidoi Rik! I, ia mi kanro. I, aho do gohi.» I, «Ia. I mi djica lonu djuno, lenu do ba kansa mi le gusta ke vanci sanmi ca la Zedjed, poi balvi jibni. I, aho miho te tigni.»

I koha spuda zohe «Ko denpa. I mi nitcu lenu catlu lemi detri liste. Y. Y. Y. I mi zifre. I, au mi kansa. I ma tcika?»

I la Rik, goi kohe spuda zohe «Mi ba cpedu lo gusta jubme ca la Hacac. I, au do djica cuhna da poi fasnu. I pei skina? I pei zgike tigni? I pei hajmi tigni? I pei draci? I pei dansu?»

I la Alis, danfu «Mi nelci loi zgike draci. I, iha, au la Lemizerábl, se tigni ca ta. I mi nelci loi nu dansu.»
|
| Arnt Richard Johansen: "This is an example of how Lojban might look if it was written with the same conventions as the European natural languages."<ref>http://arj.nvg.org/lojban/orthography.html</ref>
|- style="vertical-align: top"
| Alice in Wonderland orthography
|
ni'o ca lo nu .abu cusku lo di'u valsi kei lo jamfu be .abu cu sakli .i ba zi ku lo nu jaurjanli zo'u: .abu jinru lo silna djacu fe'e co'u lo firji'o .i pa moi sidbo fa lo nu .abu ba'o farlu lo xamsi .i «lu va'o la'e di'u mi ka'e xrukla fu lo trene —sei .abu sezysku— li'u» (to la .alis. pu klama lo xamsi korbi pa roi lo nunjmive gi'e ja'e bo jinvi lo du'u ro pagbu be lo glico korbi cu se zvati so'o jinru minji noi nenri lo xamsi ku'o .e so'o verba noi kakpa lo canre lo loldi lo mudri canpa ku'o .e lo porsi be fi lo xotli be'o .e lo trene tcana noi trixe py toi)
| Equivalent to the standard orthography with the following additions:
* '''lu''' and '''li'u''' are always written '''«lu''' and '''li'u»'''
* '''to''' and '''toi''' are written '''(to''' and '''toi)'''
* '''sei''' clauses are surrounded by em dashes, e.g. '''—sei la .alis. cu cusku—'''
* words following '''ba'e''' are italicized, e.g. '''na ba'e ''mutce'' lo ka cizra'''
| Used in works such as Alice in Wonderland, Snow White and The Wizard of Oz.
|- style="vertical-align: top"
| Cowan's [http://wiw.org/~jkominek/lojban/9205/msg00000.html alternative orthography]
| mi na certu le se zajbrrnatleta I kui mi coa jimpe lenu mi poi xelso cu noe snada tua le la Olimpik nunjvi pevi la Tokios I saunai mi nuo zmadu zoepecaaku leni snada I tie le mulno nizyjia cu te zmadu mi le gugdrrkorea kuceo le gugdrrnafganistana kuceo le gugdrrkenia kuceo le gugdrrtrinidada kuceo le xanto denci xaskoi gugde I kui mi zmadu u,a le gugdrrlixtenctaine I lenu go,i cu pluka nuzba I zmadu pluka fao le nuo nu le gugdrrlixtenctaine cu se nunjvi la Olimpik
| The alternative orthography makes the following substitutions.

1) The letter x is replaced in all uses by h. It is useful to emphasize
here that this does not represent a change in pronunciation.

2) The diphthong au is replaced by ao.

3) The apostrophe, which in the standard orthography is used only between
vowels, is replaced in the following ways:

3a) In a'a a'e a'u e'a e'e e'o e'u o'a o'e o'o o'u,
it is dropped, producing aa ae au ea ee eo eu oa oe oo ou.

3b) In a'i a'o e'i o'i, it is replaced by comma,
producing a,i a,o e,i o,i.

3c) In i'a i'e i'i i'o i'u u'a u'e u'i u'o u'u, it is
dropped, producing ia ie ii io iu ua ue ui uo uu; except that
when appearing stand-alone, and in names and borrowings,
it is replaced by comma, producing i,a i,e i,i i,o i,u
u,a u,e u,i u,o u,u.

4) Capitalization is used for the first letter of names, and for the cmavo
".i", which is written "I".

5) Periods before words are dropped.

6) Periods after words are replaced by comma. This comma cannot be confused
with the comma of 3b and 3c, because that cannot appear at the end of a word.
However, periods at the end of names are dropped.

7) Syllabic r l m n are written rr ll mm nn, and need not be set off by
comma.

8) Other uses of comma are retained. When doubt arises whether a comma
represents a voiced or a voiceless glide, the voiceless glide is preferred.

9) Stress is indicated by an apostrophe following the vowel of the stressed
syllable.
| Cowan: "Obviously, the alternative orthography is much more "context-sensitive" than the standard orthography. Two consecutive vowels in the standard orthography always represent a diphthong; in the alternative orthography, they may represent a diphthong, two syllables with a voiceless glide, or two syllables with a voiced glide, depending on the particular two vowels and on the kind of word in which they appear. On the other hand, thedifference between syllabic and consonantal r l m n is clearly marked in the alternative orthography."
|- style="vertical-align: top"
| Diacritical orthography
| ŭa la .dòrotis. cu spusku zo ĭe lo tciŭaŭa
|
* The glide versions of '''u''' and '''i''' are written '''ŭ''' and '''ĭ''' respectively.
* Stress, when shown, is always marked using either a grave or acute accent, and never via capitalization, e.g. '''dòrotis'''
| This orthography can easily be combined with other orthographies.
|- style="vertical-align: top"
| European 2
| Na ku la `Loglan` cu jai bau casnu. `I kuhi zo «zuhi» jaha drani. `I lo ka ni la Jboguhe cu cmalu cu banzuni lo nu sohe nu tavla cu nu tavla zuhi.
|
* The glottal stop is written '''`'''. cmevla are surrounded by '''`''' and can be capitalized, e.g. '''la `Djan`'''
* Dot and comma are used as punctuation. Dots end sentences, comma can be used as is common in many european languages: '''Mi rinsa do, noi pendo mi.'''
* The first letter of every sentence (almost always '''.i''') is capitalized: '''`I mi tugni.'''
* The apostrophe ' is written '''h'''.
|
|- style="vertical-align: top"
| Standard Lojban orthography with punctuation hybrid
|
.i ze'a pi ro lo nunkei, la noltruni'u no roi de'a damba lo drata kelci gi'e no roi de'a krixa «lu ko lo stedu ta vimcu li'u», ja «lu ko lo stedu tu vimcu li'u». .i lo se dapma be ny cu se pifygau lo sonci, noi li'a de'a bargu. .i ba za lo cacra be li ji'i pi mu, ge no bargu cu zvati, gi ro lo kelci po'u na'e bo la noltrunau, ja la noltruni'u, ja la .àlis. cu pinfu gi'e se dapma fi lo nu se selmi'ecatra. .i ba bo la noltruni'u cu tatpi cliva gi'e cusku fi la .alis. fe «lu xu do pu viska la jitfa cakyrespa li'u».

.i «lu na go'i —sei la .àlis. cu cusku— .i mi na djuno ji'a sai, lo du'u ma kau jitfa cakyrespa li'u»

.i «lu te zbasu lo jitfa cakyrespa bo stasu —sei la noltruni'u cu cusku— li'u»

.i «lu mi pu no roi ga viska cy, gi se tavla fi cy —sei la .àlis. cu cusku— li'u»

.i «lu .e'e mi'o klama —sei la noltruni'u cu cusku— .i ba lisri cy ri do li'u»

.i la .àlis. ca lo nu cliva cadzu cu tirna lo nu la noltrunau cu lauble voksa cusku fi lo zvati fe «lu ca'e ro do se fraxu li'u». .i «lu ri'e la'e ba'e ''di'u'' xamgu li'u», se sezysku la .àlis. .i ri pu cinmo lo nu tolgei, lo nu la noltruni'u cu minde xo kau nuncatra.
|
This follows the Alice in Wonderland orthography, with the following additions:
* Dot and comma are used as punctuation. Dots end sentences, while the comma is used to mark phrasal boundaries.
* Stress, when shown, is always marked using either a grave or acute accent, and never via capitalization, e.g. '''dòrotis'''
* Sometimes, a separate letter or symbol is used for glottal stops so that it remains different from the full stop at the end of a sentence. A variety of methods have been tried out, from using '''q''' to mark glottal stops, to using special diacritics. Sometimes only the glottal stops that surround cmevla are replaced with something else, while words like '''.i''' remain untouched. Example: '''.i la ḳèmac̣ pu cliva.'''
| The purpose of this orthography is easier readability, which is important especially when reading longer pieces of text, while trying to retain the familiar feel of the standard orthography, which explains the lack of capitalization.
|}

Lojban orthographies

2015-12-03T21:28:28Z

Durka42:

{| class="wikitable"
! style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top" | Name
! style="font-weight: bold; width: 580px; vertical-align: top" | Text Sample
! style="font-weight: bold; width: 500px; vertical-align: top" | Rules
! style="font-weight: bold; width: 500px; vertical-align: top" | Comments
|-
| Standard orthography
| le fasnu

le fonxa cu sanga .i la .alis goi ko'a frati la'edi'u lenu cpacu le fonxa .i ko'a kerlo ganse lu coi. .alis. .i mi du la rik. .i .a'o do kanro li'u .i lu coidoi rik. .i .ia mi kanro .i .a'o do go'i li'u .i lu .ia .i mi djica lonu djuno lenu do ba kansa mi le gusta ke vanci sanmi ca la zedjed. poi balvi jibni .i .a'o mi'o te tigni li'u

.i ko'a spuda zo'e lu ko denpa .i mi nitcu lenu catlu lemi detri liste .y .y .y .i mi zifre .i .au mi kansa .i ma tcika li'u

.i la rik. goi ko'e spuda zo'e lu mi ba cpedu lo gusta jubme ca la xacac. .i .au do djica cuxna da poi fasnu .i pei skina .i pei zgike tigni .i pei xajmi tigni .i pei draci .i pei dansu li'u

.i la .alis. danfu lu mi nelci loi zgike draci .i .i'a .au la lemizerABL. se tigni ca ta .i mi nelci loi nu dansu li'u<ref>http://arj.nvg.org/lojban/orthography.html</ref>
|
|
|-
| Rapproachment orthography
| Le fasnu

Le fonha cu sanga. I la Alis, goi koha frati lahedihu lenu cpacu le fonha. I koha kerlo ganse lu Coi Alis. I mi du la Rik. I, aho do kanro lihu. I lu Coidoi Rik. I, ia mi kanro. I, aho do gohi lihu. I lu, ia. I mi djica lonu djuno lenu do ba kansa mi le gusta ke vanci sanmi ca la Zedjed, poi balvi jibni. I, aho miho te tigni lihu.

I koha spuda zohe lu Ko denpa. I mi nitcu lenu catlu lemi detri liste. Y. Y. Y. I mi zifre. I, au mi kansa. I ma tcika lihu.

I la Rik, goi kohe spuda zohe lu Mi ba cpedu lo gusta jubme ca la Hacac. I, au do djica cuhna da poi fasnu. I pei skina. I pei zgike tigni. I pei hajmi tigni. I pei draci. I pei dansu. lihu.

I la Alis, danfu lu Mi nelci loi zgike draci. I, iha, au la Lemizer'abl, se tigni ca ta. I mi nelci loi nu dansu li'u.
|
| This orthography was suggested as a new orthography for the common Loglan/Lojban language, in the event of a rapproachment between LLG and TLI. The rapproachment never took place, and the orthography has only been used on the Lojban mailing list, by a couple of people.<ref>http://arj.nvg.org/lojban/orthography.html</ref>
|-
| Cyrillic orthography
| лэ фасну

лэ фонха шу санга .и ла .алис гои ко'а фрати ла'эди'у лэну шпашу лэ фонха .и ко'а кэрло гансэ лу шои. .алис. .и ми ду ла рик. .и .а'о до канро ли'у .и лу шоидои рик. .и .иа ми канро .и а'о до го'и ли'у

.и лу .иа,.и ми джиша лону джуно лэну до ба канса ми лэ густа кэ ванши санми ша ла зэджэд. пои балви жибни .и .а'о ми'о тэ тигни ли'у .и ко'а спуда зо'э лу ко дэнпа .и ми нитшу лэну шатлу лэми дэтри листэ .ъ .ъ .ъ
.и ми зифрэ .и .ау ми канса .и ма тшика ли'у

.и ла рик. гои ко'э спуда зо'э лу ми ба шпэду ло густа жубмэ ша ла хашаш. .и .ау до джиша
шухна да пои фасну .и пэи скина .и пэи згикэ тигни .и пэи хажми тигни .и пэи драши .и пэи дансу ли'у

.и ла .алис. данфу лу ми нэлши лои згикэ драши .и .и'а.ау ла лэмизэрАБЛ. сэ тигни
ша та .и ми нэлши лои ну дансу ли'у
| https://lojban.github.io/cll/3/12/
| Used in a Russian brochure about Lojban that Bob LeChevalier handed out during a visit to Russia.
|-
| Tengwar orthography
| [[File:le-fasnu-tengwar.gif]]
| Mentioned briefly in the CLL: https://lojban.github.io/cll/3/12/
| An orthography with the Tengwar of Feanor, a fictional writing system invented by J. R. R. Tolkien.
|-
| European (Arnt Richard Johansen version)
| Le fasnu

Le fonha cu sanga. I la Alis, goi koha, frati lahedihu lenu cpacu le fonha. I koha kerlo ganse «Coi Alis! I mi du la Rik. I, aho do kanro.» I «Coidoi Rik! I, ia mi kanro. I, aho do gohi.» I, «Ia. I mi djica lonu djuno, lenu do ba kansa mi le gusta ke vanci sanmi ca la Zedjed, poi balvi jibni. I, aho miho te tigni.»

I koha spuda zohe «Ko denpa. I mi nitcu lenu catlu lemi detri liste. Y. Y. Y. I mi zifre. I, au mi kansa. I ma tcika?»

I la Rik, goi kohe spuda zohe «Mi ba cpedu lo gusta jubme ca la Hacac. I, au do djica cuhna da poi fasnu. I pei skina? I pei zgike tigni? I pei hajmi tigni? I pei draci? I pei dansu?»

I la Alis, danfu «Mi nelci loi zgike draci. I, iha, au la Lemizerábl, se tigni ca ta. I mi nelci loi nu dansu.»
|
| Arnt Richard Johansen: "This is an example of how Lojban might look if it was written with the same conventions as the European natural languages."<ref>http://arj.nvg.org/lojban/orthography.html</ref>
|-
| Alice in Wonderland orthography
|
ni'o ca lo nu .abu cusku lo di'u valsi kei lo jamfu be .abu cu sakli .i ba zi ku lo nu jaurjanli zo'u: .abu jinru lo silna djacu fe'e co'u lo firji'o .i pa moi sidbo fa lo nu .abu ba'o farlu lo xamsi .i «lu va'o la'e di'u mi ka'e xrukla fu lo trene —sei .abu sezysku— li'u» (to la .alis. pu klama lo xamsi korbi pa roi lo nunjmive gi'e ja'e bo jinvi lo du'u ro pagbu be lo glico korbi cu se zvati so'o jinru minji noi nenri lo xamsi ku'o .e so'o verba noi kakpa lo canre lo loldi lo mudri canpa ku'o .e lo porsi be fi lo xotli be'o .e lo trene tcana noi trixe py toi)
| Equivalent to the standard orthography with the following additions:
* '''lu''' and '''li'u''' are always written '''«lu''' and '''li'u»'''
* '''to''' and '''toi''' are written '''(to''' and '''toi)'''
* '''sei''' clauses are surrounded by em dashes, e.g. '''—sei la .alis. cu cusku—'''
* words following '''ba'e''' are italicized, e.g. '''na ba'e ''mutce'' lo ka cizra'''
| Used in works such as Alice in Wonderland, Snow White and The Wizard of Oz.
|-
| Cowan's [http://wiw.org/~jkominek/lojban/9205/msg00000.html alternative orthography]
| mi na certu le se zajbrrnatleta I kui mi coa jimpe lenu mi poi xelso cu noe snada tua le la Olimpik nunjvi pevi la Tokios I saunai mi nuo zmadu zoepecaaku leni snada I tie le mulno nizyjia cu te zmadu mi le gugdrrkorea kuceo le gugdrrnafganistana kuceo le gugdrrkenia kuceo le gugdrrtrinidada kuceo le xanto denci xaskoi gugde I kui mi zmadu u,a le gugdrrlixtenctaine I lenu go,i cu pluka nuzba I zmadu pluka fao le nuo nu le gugdrrlixtenctaine cu se nunjvi la Olimpik
| The alternative orthography makes the following substitutions.

1) The letter x is replaced in all uses by h. It is useful to emphasize
here that this does not represent a change in pronunciation.

2) The diphthong au is replaced by ao.

3) The apostrophe, which in the standard orthography is used only between
vowels, is replaced in the following ways:

3a) In a'a a'e a'u e'a e'e e'o e'u o'a o'e o'o o'u,
it is dropped, producing aa ae au ea ee eo eu oa oe oo ou.

3b) In a'i a'o e'i o'i, it is replaced by comma,
producing a,i a,o e,i o,i.

3c) In i'a i'e i'i i'o i'u u'a u'e u'i u'o u'u, it is
dropped, producing ia ie ii io iu ua ue ui uo uu; except that
when appearing stand-alone, and in names and borrowings,
it is replaced by comma, producing i,a i,e i,i i,o i,u
u,a u,e u,i u,o u,u.

4) Capitalization is used for the first letter of names, and for the cmavo
".i", which is written "I".

5) Periods before words are dropped.

6) Periods after words are replaced by comma. This comma cannot be confused
with the comma of 3b and 3c, because that cannot appear at the end of a word.
However, periods at the end of names are dropped.

7) Syllabic r l m n are written rr ll mm nn, and need not be set off by
comma.

8) Other uses of comma are retained. When doubt arises whether a comma
represents a voiced or a voiceless glide, the voiceless glide is preferred.

9) Stress is indicated by an apostrophe following the vowel of the stressed
syllable.
| Cowan: "Obviously, the alternative orthography is much more "context-sensitive" than the standard orthography. Two consecutive vowels in the standard orthography always represent a diphthong; in the alternative orthography, they may represent a diphthong, two syllables with a voiceless glide, or two syllables with a voiced glide, depending on the particular two vowels and on the kind of word in which they appear. On the other hand, thedifference between syllabic and consonantal r l m n is clearly marked in the alternative orthography."
|-
| Diacritical orthography
| ŭa la .dòrotis. cu spusku zo ĭe lo tciŭaŭa
|
* The glide versions of '''u''' and '''i''' are written '''ŭ''' and '''ĭ''' respectively.
* Stress, when shown, is always marked using either a grave or acute accent, and never via capitalization, e.g. '''dòrotis'''
| This orthography can easily be combined with other orthographies.
|-
| European 2
| Na ku la `Loglan` cu jai bau casnu. `I kuhi zo «zuhi» jaha drani. `I lo ka ni la Jboguhe cu cmalu cu banzuni lo nu sohe nu tavla cu nu tavla zuhi.
|
* The glottal stop is written '''`'''. cmevla are surrounded by '''`''' and can be capitalized, e.g. '''la `Djan`'''
* Dot and comma are used as punctuation. Dots end sentences, comma can be used as is common in many european languages: '''Mi rinsa do, noi pendo mi.'''
* The first letter of every sentence (almost always '''.i''') is capitalized: '''`I mi tugni.'''
* The apostrophe ' is written '''h'''.
|
|-
| Standard Lojban orthography with punctuation hybrid
|
.i ze'a pi ro lo nunkei, la noltruni'u no roi de'a damba lo drata kelci gi'e no roi de'a krixa «lu ko lo stedu ta vimcu li'u», ja «lu ko lo stedu tu vimcu li'u». .i lo se dapma be ny cu se pifygau lo sonci, noi li'a de'a bargu. .i ba za lo cacra be li ji'i pi mu, ge no bargu cu zvati, gi ro lo kelci po'u na'e bo la noltrunau, ja la noltruni'u, ja la .àlis. cu pinfu gi'e se dapma fi lo nu se selmi'ecatra. .i ba bo la noltruni'u cu tatpi cliva gi'e cusku fi la .alis. fe «lu xu do pu viska la jitfa cakyrespa li'u».

.i «lu na go'i —sei la .àlis. cu cusku— .i mi na djuno ji'a sai, lo du'u ma kau jitfa cakyrespa li'u»

.i «lu te zbasu lo jitfa cakyrespa bo stasu —sei la noltruni'u cu cusku— li'u»

.i «lu mi pu no roi ga viska cy, gi se tavla fi cy —sei la .àlis. cu cusku— li'u»

.i «lu .e'e mi'o klama —sei la noltruni'u cu cusku— .i ba lisri cy ri do li'u»

.i la .àlis. ca lo nu cliva cadzu cu tirna lo nu la noltrunau cu lauble voksa cusku fi lo zvati fe «lu ca'e ro do se fraxu li'u». .i «lu ri'e la'e ba'e ''di'u'' xamgu li'u», se sezysku la .àlis. .i ri pu cinmo lo nu tolgei, lo nu la noltruni'u cu minde xo kau nuncatra.
|
This follows the Alice in Wonderland orthography, with the following additions:
* Dot and comma are used as punctuation. Dots end sentences, while the comma is used to mark phrasal boundaries.
* Stress, when shown, is always marked using either a grave or acute accent, and never via capitalization, e.g. '''dòrotis'''
* Sometimes, a separate letter or symbol is used for glottal stops so that it remains different from the full stop at the end of a sentence. A variety of methods have been tried out, from using '''q''' to mark glottal stops, to using special diacritics. Sometimes only the glottal stops that surround cmevla are replaced with something else, while words like '''.i''' remain untouched. Example: '''.i la ḳèmac̣ pu cliva.'''
| The purpose of this orthography is easier readability, which is important especially when reading longer pieces of text, while trying to retain the familiar feel of the standard orthography, which explains the lack of capitalization.
|}

Lojban orthographies

2015-12-03T21:28:03Z

Durka42:

{| class="wikitable"
! style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top" | Name
! style="font-weight: bold; width: 580px; vertical-align: top" | Text Sample
! style="font-weight: bold; width: 300px; vertical-align: top" | Rules
! style="font-weight: bold; width: 300px; vertical-align: top" | Comments
|-
| Standard orthography
| le fasnu

le fonxa cu sanga .i la .alis goi ko'a frati la'edi'u lenu cpacu le fonxa .i ko'a kerlo ganse lu coi. .alis. .i mi du la rik. .i .a'o do kanro li'u .i lu coidoi rik. .i .ia mi kanro .i .a'o do go'i li'u .i lu .ia .i mi djica lonu djuno lenu do ba kansa mi le gusta ke vanci sanmi ca la zedjed. poi balvi jibni .i .a'o mi'o te tigni li'u

.i ko'a spuda zo'e lu ko denpa .i mi nitcu lenu catlu lemi detri liste .y .y .y .i mi zifre .i .au mi kansa .i ma tcika li'u

.i la rik. goi ko'e spuda zo'e lu mi ba cpedu lo gusta jubme ca la xacac. .i .au do djica cuxna da poi fasnu .i pei skina .i pei zgike tigni .i pei xajmi tigni .i pei draci .i pei dansu li'u

.i la .alis. danfu lu mi nelci loi zgike draci .i .i'a .au la lemizerABL. se tigni ca ta .i mi nelci loi nu dansu li'u<ref>http://arj.nvg.org/lojban/orthography.html</ref>
|
|
|-
| Rapproachment orthography
| Le fasnu

Le fonha cu sanga. I la Alis, goi koha frati lahedihu lenu cpacu le fonha. I koha kerlo ganse lu Coi Alis. I mi du la Rik. I, aho do kanro lihu. I lu Coidoi Rik. I, ia mi kanro. I, aho do gohi lihu. I lu, ia. I mi djica lonu djuno lenu do ba kansa mi le gusta ke vanci sanmi ca la Zedjed, poi balvi jibni. I, aho miho te tigni lihu.

I koha spuda zohe lu Ko denpa. I mi nitcu lenu catlu lemi detri liste. Y. Y. Y. I mi zifre. I, au mi kansa. I ma tcika lihu.

I la Rik, goi kohe spuda zohe lu Mi ba cpedu lo gusta jubme ca la Hacac. I, au do djica cuhna da poi fasnu. I pei skina. I pei zgike tigni. I pei hajmi tigni. I pei draci. I pei dansu. lihu.

I la Alis, danfu lu Mi nelci loi zgike draci. I, iha, au la Lemizer'abl, se tigni ca ta. I mi nelci loi nu dansu li'u.
|
| This orthography was suggested as a new orthography for the common Loglan/Lojban language, in the event of a rapproachment between LLG and TLI. The rapproachment never took place, and the orthography has only been used on the Lojban mailing list, by a couple of people.<ref>http://arj.nvg.org/lojban/orthography.html</ref>
|-
| Cyrillic orthography
| лэ фасну

лэ фонха шу санга .и ла .алис гои ко'а фрати ла'эди'у лэну шпашу лэ фонха .и ко'а кэрло гансэ лу шои. .алис. .и ми ду ла рик. .и .а'о до канро ли'у .и лу шоидои рик. .и .иа ми канро .и а'о до го'и ли'у

.и лу .иа,.и ми джиша лону джуно лэну до ба канса ми лэ густа кэ ванши санми ша ла зэджэд. пои балви жибни .и .а'о ми'о тэ тигни ли'у .и ко'а спуда зо'э лу ко дэнпа .и ми нитшу лэну шатлу лэми дэтри листэ .ъ .ъ .ъ
.и ми зифрэ .и .ау ми канса .и ма тшика ли'у

.и ла рик. гои ко'э спуда зо'э лу ми ба шпэду ло густа жубмэ ша ла хашаш. .и .ау до джиша
шухна да пои фасну .и пэи скина .и пэи згикэ тигни .и пэи хажми тигни .и пэи драши .и пэи дансу ли'у

.и ла .алис. данфу лу ми нэлши лои згикэ драши .и .и'а.ау ла лэмизэрАБЛ. сэ тигни
ша та .и ми нэлши лои ну дансу ли'у
| https://lojban.github.io/cll/3/12/
| Used in a Russian brochure about Lojban that Bob LeChevalier handed out during a visit to Russia.
|-
| Tengwar orthography
| [[File:le-fasnu-tengwar.gif]]
| Mentioned briefly in the CLL: https://lojban.github.io/cll/3/12/
| An orthography with the Tengwar of Feanor, a fictional writing system invented by J. R. R. Tolkien.
|-
| European (Arnt Richard Johansen version)
| Le fasnu

Le fonha cu sanga. I la Alis, goi koha, frati lahedihu lenu cpacu le fonha. I koha kerlo ganse «Coi Alis! I mi du la Rik. I, aho do kanro.» I «Coidoi Rik! I, ia mi kanro. I, aho do gohi.» I, «Ia. I mi djica lonu djuno, lenu do ba kansa mi le gusta ke vanci sanmi ca la Zedjed, poi balvi jibni. I, aho miho te tigni.»

I koha spuda zohe «Ko denpa. I mi nitcu lenu catlu lemi detri liste. Y. Y. Y. I mi zifre. I, au mi kansa. I ma tcika?»

I la Rik, goi kohe spuda zohe «Mi ba cpedu lo gusta jubme ca la Hacac. I, au do djica cuhna da poi fasnu. I pei skina? I pei zgike tigni? I pei hajmi tigni? I pei draci? I pei dansu?»

I la Alis, danfu «Mi nelci loi zgike draci. I, iha, au la Lemizerábl, se tigni ca ta. I mi nelci loi nu dansu.»
|
| Arnt Richard Johansen: "This is an example of how Lojban might look if it was written with the same conventions as the European natural languages."<ref>http://arj.nvg.org/lojban/orthography.html</ref>
|-
| Alice in Wonderland orthography
|
ni'o ca lo nu .abu cusku lo di'u valsi kei lo jamfu be .abu cu sakli .i ba zi ku lo nu jaurjanli zo'u: .abu jinru lo silna djacu fe'e co'u lo firji'o .i pa moi sidbo fa lo nu .abu ba'o farlu lo xamsi .i «lu va'o la'e di'u mi ka'e xrukla fu lo trene —sei .abu sezysku— li'u» (to la .alis. pu klama lo xamsi korbi pa roi lo nunjmive gi'e ja'e bo jinvi lo du'u ro pagbu be lo glico korbi cu se zvati so'o jinru minji noi nenri lo xamsi ku'o .e so'o verba noi kakpa lo canre lo loldi lo mudri canpa ku'o .e lo porsi be fi lo xotli be'o .e lo trene tcana noi trixe py toi)
| Equivalent to the standard orthography with the following additions:
* '''lu''' and '''li'u''' are always written '''«lu''' and '''li'u»'''
* '''to''' and '''toi''' are written '''(to''' and '''toi)'''
* '''sei''' clauses are surrounded by em dashes, e.g. '''—sei la .alis. cu cusku—'''
* words following '''ba'e''' are italicized, e.g. '''na ba'e ''mutce'' lo ka cizra'''
| Used in works such as Alice in Wonderland, Snow White and The Wizard of Oz.
|-
| Cowan's [http://wiw.org/~jkominek/lojban/9205/msg00000.html alternative orthography]
| mi na certu le se zajbrrnatleta I kui mi coa jimpe lenu mi poi xelso cu noe snada tua le la Olimpik nunjvi pevi la Tokios I saunai mi nuo zmadu zoepecaaku leni snada I tie le mulno nizyjia cu te zmadu mi le gugdrrkorea kuceo le gugdrrnafganistana kuceo le gugdrrkenia kuceo le gugdrrtrinidada kuceo le xanto denci xaskoi gugde I kui mi zmadu u,a le gugdrrlixtenctaine I lenu go,i cu pluka nuzba I zmadu pluka fao le nuo nu le gugdrrlixtenctaine cu se nunjvi la Olimpik
| The alternative orthography makes the following substitutions.

1) The letter x is replaced in all uses by h. It is useful to emphasize
here that this does not represent a change in pronunciation.

2) The diphthong au is replaced by ao.

3) The apostrophe, which in the standard orthography is used only between
vowels, is replaced in the following ways:

3a) In a'a a'e a'u e'a e'e e'o e'u o'a o'e o'o o'u,
it is dropped, producing aa ae au ea ee eo eu oa oe oo ou.

3b) In a'i a'o e'i o'i, it is replaced by comma,
producing a,i a,o e,i o,i.

3c) In i'a i'e i'i i'o i'u u'a u'e u'i u'o u'u, it is
dropped, producing ia ie ii io iu ua ue ui uo uu; except that
when appearing stand-alone, and in names and borrowings,
it is replaced by comma, producing i,a i,e i,i i,o i,u
u,a u,e u,i u,o u,u.

4) Capitalization is used for the first letter of names, and for the cmavo
".i", which is written "I".

5) Periods before words are dropped.

6) Periods after words are replaced by comma. This comma cannot be confused
with the comma of 3b and 3c, because that cannot appear at the end of a word.
However, periods at the end of names are dropped.

7) Syllabic r l m n are written rr ll mm nn, and need not be set off by
comma.

8) Other uses of comma are retained. When doubt arises whether a comma
represents a voiced or a voiceless glide, the voiceless glide is preferred.

9) Stress is indicated by an apostrophe following the vowel of the stressed
syllable.
| Cowan: "Obviously, the alternative orthography is much more "context-sensitive" than the standard orthography. Two consecutive vowels in the standard orthography always represent a diphthong; in the alternative orthography, they may represent a diphthong, two syllables with a voiceless glide, or two syllables with a voiced glide, depending on the particular two vowels and on the kind of word in which they appear. On the other hand, thedifference between syllabic and consonantal r l m n is clearly marked in the alternative orthography."
|-
| Diacritical orthography
| ŭa la .dòrotis. cu spusku zo ĭe lo tciŭaŭa
|
* The glide versions of '''u''' and '''i''' are written '''ŭ''' and '''ĭ''' respectively.
* Stress, when shown, is always marked using either a grave or acute accent, and never via capitalization, e.g. '''dòrotis'''
| This orthography can easily be combined with other orthographies.
|-
| European 2
| Na ku la `Loglan` cu jai bau casnu. `I kuhi zo «zuhi» jaha drani. `I lo ka ni la Jboguhe cu cmalu cu banzuni lo nu sohe nu tavla cu nu tavla zuhi.
|
* The glottal stop is written '''`'''. cmevla are surrounded by '''`''' and can be capitalized, e.g. '''la `Djan`'''
* Dot and comma are used as punctuation. Dots end sentences, comma can be used as is common in many european languages: '''Mi rinsa do, noi pendo mi.'''
* The first letter of every sentence (almost always '''.i''') is capitalized: '''`I mi tugni.'''
* The apostrophe ' is written '''h'''.
|
|-
| Standard Lojban orthography with punctuation hybrid
|
.i ze'a pi ro lo nunkei, la noltruni'u no roi de'a damba lo drata kelci gi'e no roi de'a krixa «lu ko lo stedu ta vimcu li'u», ja «lu ko lo stedu tu vimcu li'u». .i lo se dapma be ny cu se pifygau lo sonci, noi li'a de'a bargu. .i ba za lo cacra be li ji'i pi mu, ge no bargu cu zvati, gi ro lo kelci po'u na'e bo la noltrunau, ja la noltruni'u, ja la .àlis. cu pinfu gi'e se dapma fi lo nu se selmi'ecatra. .i ba bo la noltruni'u cu tatpi cliva gi'e cusku fi la .alis. fe «lu xu do pu viska la jitfa cakyrespa li'u».

.i «lu na go'i —sei la .àlis. cu cusku— .i mi na djuno ji'a sai, lo du'u ma kau jitfa cakyrespa li'u»

.i «lu te zbasu lo jitfa cakyrespa bo stasu —sei la noltruni'u cu cusku— li'u»

.i «lu mi pu no roi ga viska cy, gi se tavla fi cy —sei la .àlis. cu cusku— li'u»

.i «lu .e'e mi'o klama —sei la noltruni'u cu cusku— .i ba lisri cy ri do li'u»

.i la .àlis. ca lo nu cliva cadzu cu tirna lo nu la noltrunau cu lauble voksa cusku fi lo zvati fe «lu ca'e ro do se fraxu li'u». .i «lu ri'e la'e ba'e ''di'u'' xamgu li'u», se sezysku la .àlis. .i ri pu cinmo lo nu tolgei, lo nu la noltruni'u cu minde xo kau nuncatra.
|
This follows the Alice in Wonderland orthography, with the following additions:
* Dot and comma are used as punctuation. Dots end sentences, while the comma is used to mark phrasal boundaries.
* Stress, when shown, is always marked using either a grave or acute accent, and never via capitalization, e.g. '''dòrotis'''
* Sometimes, a separate letter or symbol is used for glottal stops so that it remains different from the full stop at the end of a sentence. A variety of methods have been tried out, from using '''q''' to mark glottal stops, to using special diacritics. Sometimes only the glottal stops that surround cmevla are replaced with something else, while words like '''.i''' remain untouched. Example: '''.i la ḳèmac̣ pu cliva.'''
| The purpose of this orthography is easier readability, which is important especially when reading longer pieces of text, while trying to retain the familiar feel of the standard orthography, which explains the lack of capitalization.
|}

Talk:The egocentrism of a Lojban community

2015-11-07T17:05:20Z

Durka42:

== la bangu cu mo==
i je'u sai zo bangu pu cmene lo za'e cabna bankle be lo jbobau i ku'i babo mi jimpe lo du'u na drani cmene i ma'i mi la bangu cu tadji lo nu ctuca vau gi'e ru'i cenba

i seki'u bo mi milxe stidi lo nu jmina zoi zoi https://groups.google.com/d/topic/lojban-zasni/8AsDb_HUNxM/discussion zoi lo liste be lo do judrysni

i je'usai [[La Bangu|lo papri pe la bangu]] pu na drani ciksi lo du'u la bangu cu mokau

i ui do jungau ki'e sai do i u'u mi zukcfu gi'e na ka'e ru'i co'a sanji lo nabmi i mi pu zi stika [[La Bangu|le papri pe la bangu]]

i a'o ca xamgu zmadu ciksi
==lo drata==
i ji'a zoi gy.while their recognition of la zantufa as non-Lojban. means exclusion.gy. zo'u ma'i ma me'oi means

i pe'i ju'o sai do ce mi ca'o simxu lo ka ce'u na jimpe fi ce'u

i pe'i ge la altatufa gi la zantufa na catni i sa'u cipra

i li'a mi nelci lo pamoi be lo se stidi be do to no drata be lo catni jbobau cu jbobau toi i ku'i fau lo nu bypyfyky cu cuxna lo drata se jimpe vau mi ba ku tinbe gi'e ta'o mu'a stika lo papri noi lo papri be la bangu cu mupli

i mi pu cusku lu banzu frica lo jbobau li'u iesai i ku'i mi pu tavla fi lo ba'e catni jbobau

i la altatufa cu simsa i sa'u keltci i mi na pu junri pilno la altatufa

==lo me'oi egocentrism ==

iesai ka'e mabla i ei na tolcurmi lo nu lo nintadni ku mu'a cu kelci tu'a lo jbobau

i ma ka'e danfu i xu lo nu catni jdice lo du'u makau jetnu jbobau

== la vivaldis ==

u'unai uinai na ka'e na pilno zo la'oi i srana mi na e lo krasi be la vivaldis

i u'u doi la guskant mi na drani ciksi i sa'u lo finti be la vivaldis cu jmina zoi zoi Search zoi la vivaldis i ku'i zoi zoi Search $1 zoi jai sarcu i va'i mi na ka'e jmina zo zoi poi se lidne lo cmene be lo mitysisku matra i se ki'u bo mi bai pilno zo la'oi noi citka pe'a lo pa valsi poi claxu me'o sepli bu

== la durkavore ==

Since I am mentioned here by name, let me say (again) that I apologize and ask forgiveness for the insults which I have laid upon la zantufa, and therefore indirectly la guskant, in the past. Please believe me when I say that I never meant to exclude you from the Lojban community, even if I had any power to do so which I don't. We should all be working together to figure out what to call Lojban, and holding a grudge because I disagree with one of zantufa's features is not really productive. We can disagree without shutting each other out.

xukmi

2015-10-20T20:06:20Z

Durka42:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! lo se ratni
! lo sinxa
! lingua latina
! lojbo cmevla
! lo dzeno lojbo cmene
! fu'ivla (highly experimental)
! English
! Español
! magyar
! Srpska
! Српска
! Hrvatska
|-
| 1
| H
| hydrogenium
| xidrogeniium
| cidro
| xidrygeno
| hydrogene
| Hidrógeno
| hidrogén
| vodonik
| водоник
| vodik
|-
| 2
| He
| helium
| xeliium
| solnavni
| xelji'o
| helium
| Helio
| hélium
| helijum
| хелијум
| helij
|-
| 3
| Li
| litium
| litiium
| roksodna
| litci'o
| lithium
| Litio
| lítium
| litijum
| литијум
| litij
|-
| 4
| Be
| beryllium
| beriliium
| jinmrberilo
|
| beryllium
| Berilio
| berillium
| berilijum
| берилијум
| berilij
|-
| 5
| B
| borum
| borum
| jicmrboro
|
| boron
| Boro
| bór
| bor
| бор
| bor
|-
| 6
| C
| carboneum
| karboneium
| tabno
| karbono
| carbon
| Carbono
| szén
| ugljenik
| угљеник
| ugljik
|-
| 7
| N
| nitrogenium
| nitrogeniium
| trano
| nitrygeno
| nitrogen
| Nitrógeno
| nitrogén
| azot
| азот
| dušik
|-
| 8
| O
| oxygenium
| oksigeniium
| kijno
| oksigo
| oxygen
| Oxígeno
| oxigén
| kiseonik
| кисеоник
| kisik
|-
| 9
| F
| fluorum
| fluuorum
| li'orkliru
| flu'oro
| fluorine
| Fluor
| fluor
| fluor
| флуор
| fluor
|-
| 10
| Ne
| neon
| ne'on
| ninynavni
|
| neon
| Neón
| neon
| neon
| неон
| neon
|-
| 11
| Na
| natrium
| natriium
| sodna
| natri'o
| sodium
| Sodio
| nátrium
| natrijum
| натријум
| natrij
|-
| 12
| Mg
| magnesium
| magnesiium
| lidgusyjinme
| magneso
| magnesium
| Magnesio
| magnézium
| magnezijum
| магнезијум
| magnezij
|-
| 13
| Al
| aluminium / aluminum
| alumini'um / aluminum
| jinmrmalume
| almino / almini'o
| aluminium
| Aluminio
| alumínium
| aluminijum
| алуминијум
| aluminij
|-
| 14
| Si
| silicium
| siliciium
| cancmu
| silki'o
| silicon
| Sílice
| szilícium
| silicijum
| силицијум
| silicij
|-
| 15
| P
| phosphorus
| fosforus
| sackycmu
|
| phosphorus
| Fósforo
| foszfor
| fosfor
| фосфор
| fosfor
|-
| 16
| S
| sulphur
| sulfur
| sliri
| sulfuro
| sulphur
| Azufre
| kén
| sumpor
| сумпор
| sumpor
|-
| 17
| Cl
| chlorum
| xlorum
| kliru
| kloro
| chlorine
| Cloro
| klór
| hlor
| хлор
| klor
|-
| 18
| Ar
| argon
| argon
| laznavni
| argono
| argon
| Argón
| argon
| argon
| аргон
| argon
|-
| 19
| K
| kalium
| kaliium
| sodnrkali
|
| potassium
| Potasio
| kálium
| kalijum
| калијум
| kalij
|-
| 20
| Ca
| calcium
| kalciium
| bogjinme
| kalsi'o
| calcium
| Calcio
| kalcium
| kalcijum
| калцијум
| kalcij
|-
| 21
| Sc
| scandium
| skandiium
| jinmrskandi
| skandiĭo
| scandium
| Escandio
| szkandium
| skandijum
| скандијум
| skandij
|-
| 22
| Ti
| titanium
| titaniium
| jinmrtitani
|
| titanium
| Titanio
| titán
| titan
| титан
| titanij
|-
| 23
| V
| vanadium
| vanadiium
| jinmrvanadi
|
| vanadium
| Vanadio
| vanádium
| vanadijum
| ванадијум
| vanadij
|-
| 24
| Cr
| chromium
| xromiium
| rogjinme
| kromo
| chromium
| Cromo
| króm
| hrom
| хром
| krom
|-
| 25
| Mn
| manganum
| manganum
| jinmrmanga
|
| manganese
| Manganeso
| mangán
| mangan
| манган
| mangan
|-
| 26
| Fe
| ferrum
| ferum
| tirse
|
| iron
| Hierro
| vas
| gvožde
| гвожђе
| željezo
|-
| 27
| Co
| cobaltum
| kobaltum
| ridjinme
|
| cobalt
| Cobalto
| kobalt
| kobalt
| кобалт
| kobalt
|-
| 28
| Ni
| niccolum
| nikolum
| nikle
|
| nickel
| Níquel
| nikkel
| nikl
| никл
| nikal
|-
| 29
| Cu
| cuprum
| kuprum
| tunka
|
| copper
| Cobre
| réz
| bakar
| бакар
| bakar
|-
| 30
| Zn
| zincum
| zinkum
| zinki
| zinko
| zinc
| Zinc
| cink
| cink
| цинк
| cink
|-
| 31
| Ga
| gallium
| galiium
| fasyjinme
|
| gallium
| Galio
| gallium
| galijum
| галијум
| galij
|-
| 32
| Ge
| germanium
| germaniium
| dotyjinme
| germani'o
| germanium
| Germanio
| germánium
| germanijum
| германијум
| germanij
|-
| 33
| As
| arsenicum
| arsenikum
| arseniko
| arseno
| arsenic
| Arsénico
| arzén
| arsen
| арсен
| arsen
|-
| 34
| Se
| selenium
| seleniium
| lurcmu
|
| selenium
| Selenio
| szelén
| selen
| селен
| selenij
|-
| 35
| Br
| bromum
| bromum
| xunkliru
| bromo
| bromine
| Bromo
| bróm
| brom
| бром
| brom
|-
| 36
| Kr
| krypton
| kripton
| mipnavni
| kriptono
| krypton
| Kryptón
| kripton
| kripton
| криптон
| kripton
|-
| 37
| Rb
| rubidium
| rubidiium
| xunsodna
|
| rubidium
| Rubidio
| rubídium
| rubidijum
| рубидијум
| rubidij
|-
| 38
| Sr
| strontium
| strontiium
| jinmrstronti
| stronti'o
| strontium
| Estroncio
| stroncium
| stroncijum
| стронцијум
| stroncij
|-
| 39
| Y
| yttrium
| itriium
| jinmrtitri
| itri'o
| yttrium
| Itrio
| ittrium
| itrijum
| итријум
| itrij
|-
| 40
| Zr
| zirconium
| zirkoniium
| jinmrzirkoni
|
| zirconium
| Zirconio
| cirkónium
| cirkonijum
| цирконијум
| cirkonij
|-
| 41
| Nb
| niobium
| ni'obiium
| jinmrni,obi
|
| niobium
| Niobio
| nióbium
| niobijum
| ниобијум
| niobij
|-
| 42
| Mo
| molybdaenum
| molibdenum
| mlibdena
|
| molybdenum
| Molibdeno
| molibdén
| molibden
| молибден
| molibden
|-
| 43
| Tc
| technetium
| texnetiium
| runjinme
|
| technetium
| Tecnecio
| technécium
| tehnecijum
| технецијум
| tehnecij
|-
| 44
| Ru
| ruthenium
| ruteniium
| rukyjinme
|
| ruthenium
| Rutenio
| ruténium
| rutenijum
| рутенијум
| rutenij
|-
| 45
| Rb
| rhodium
| rodiium
| zgujinme
|
| rhodium
| Rubidio
| ródium
| rodijum
| родијум
| rodij
|-
| 46
| Pd
| palladium
| paladiium
| jinmrpaladi
|
| palladium
| Paladio
| palládium
| paladijum
| паладијум
| paladij
|-
| 47
| Ag
| argentum
| argentum
| rijno
| argento
| silver
| Plata
| ezüst
| srebro
| сребро
| srebro
|-
| 48
| Cd
| cadmium
| kadmiium
| jinmrkadmu
| kadmi'o
| cadmium
| Cadmio
| kadmium
| kadmijum
| кадмијум
| kadmij
|-
| 49
| In
| indium
| indiium
| blajinme
| indi'o
| indium
| Indio
| indium
| indijum
| индијум
| indij
|-
| 50
| Sn
| stannum
| stanum
| tinci
|
| tin
| Estaño
| ón
| kalaj
| калај
| kositar
|-
| 51
| Sb
| stibium
| stibiium
| antimoni
| stibi'o
| antimony
| Antimonio
| antimon
| antimon
| антимон
| antimon
|-
| 52
| Te
| tellurium
| teluriium
| tedjicmu
|
| tellurium
| Teluro
| tellúr
| telur
| телур
| telurij
|-
| 53
| I
| iodium
| iodiium
| zirkliru
| iodno
| iodine
| Iodo
| jód
| jod
| јод
| jod
|-
| 54
| Xe
| xenon
| ksenon
| fangynavni
| ekseno
| xenon
| Xenón
| xenon
| ksenon
| ксенон
| ksenon
|-
| 55
| Cs
| caesium
| cesiium
| blasodna
| tsaiso / tsaisiĭo / ckesi'o
| cesium / caesium
| Cesio
| cézium
| cezijum
| цезијум
| cezij
|-
| 56
| Ba
| barium
| bariium
| tijyjinme
|
| barium
| Bario
| bárium
| barijum
| баријум
| barij
|-
| 57
| La
| lanthanum
| lantanum
| jinmrlantano
| lantano
| lanthanum
| Lantano
| lantán
| lantan
| лантан
| lantan
|-
| 58
| Ce
| cerium
| ceriium
| jinmrseri
|
| cerium
| Cerio
| cérium
| cer
| цер
| cerij
|-
| 59
| Pr
| praseodymium
| prase'odimiium
| jinmrprase,odimi
|
| praseodymium
| Praseodimio
| prazeodímium
| prazeodim
| празеодим
| praseodimij
|-
| 60
| Nd
| neodymium
| ne'odimiium
| jinmrne,odimi
|
| neodymium
| Neodimio
| neodímium
| neodim
| неодим
| neodimij
|-
| 61
| Pm
| promethium
| prometiium
| fagycevjinme
| prometo
| promethium
| Promecio
| prométium
| prometejum
| прометејум
| prometij
|-
| 62
| Sm
| samarium
| samariium
| jinmrsamari
|
| samarium
| Samario
| szamárium
| samarijum
| самаријум
| samarij
|-
| 63
| Eu
| europium
| e'uropiium
| ronjinme
|
| europium
| Europio
| európium
| europijum
| еуропијум
| europij
|-
| 64
| Gd
| gadolinium
| gadoliniium
| jinmrgadolini
|
| gadolinium
| Gadolinio
| gadolínium
| gadolinijum
| гадолинијум
| gadolinij
|-
| 65
| Tb
| terbium
| terbiium
| jinmrterbi
| terbi'o
| terbium
| Terbio
| terbium
| terbijum
| тербијум
| terbij
|-
| 66
| Dy
| dysprosium
| disprosiium
| jinmrdisprosi
|
| dysprosium
| Disprosio
| diszprózium
| disprozijum
| диспрозијум
| disprozij
|-
| 67
| Ho
| holmium
| xolmiium
| jinmrxolmi
| xolmi'o
| holmium
| Holmio
| holmium
| holmijum
| холмијум
| holmij
|-
| 68
| Er
| erbium
| erbiium
| jinmrberbi
| erbi'o
| erbium
| Erbio
| erbium
| erbijum
| ербијум
| erbij
|-
| 69
| Tm
| thulium
| tuliium
| jinmrtuli
|
| thulium
| Tulio
| túlium
| tulijum
| тулијум
| tulij
|-
| 70
| Yb
| ytterbium
| iterbiium
| jinmrtiterbi
|
| ytterbium
| Iterbio
| itterbium
| iterbijum
| итербијум
| iterbij
|-
| 71
| Lu
| lutetium
| lutetiium
| jinmrluteti
|
| lutetium
| Lutecio
| lutécium
| lutecijum
| лутецијум
| lutecij
|-
| 72
| Hf
| hafnium
| xafniium
| jinmrxafni
| xafni'o
| hafnium
| Hafnio
| hafnium
| hafnijum
| хафнијум
| hafnij
|-
| 73
| Ta
| tantalum
| tantalum
| jinmrtantalu
| tantalo
| tantalum
| Tantalio
| tantál
| tantal
| тантал
| tantal
|-
| 74
| W
| wolframium
| volframiium
| jarjinme
|
| tungsten / wolfram
| Wolframio
| volfrám
| volfram
| волфрам
| volfram
|-
| 75
| Re
| rhenium
| reniium
| jinmlreni
|
| rhenium
| Renio
| rénium
| renijum
| ренијум
| renij
|-
| 76
| Os
| osmium
| osmiium
| jinmrbosmi
| osmi'o
| osmium
| Osmio
| ozmium
| osmijum
| осмијум
| osmij
|-
| 77
| Ir
| iridium
| iridiium
| jinmrdiridi
|
| iridium
| Iridio
| iridium
| iridijum
| иридијум
| iridij
|-
| 78
| Pt
| platinum
| platinum
| jinmrplati
| platino
| platinum
| Platino
| platina
| platina
| платина
| platina
|-
| 79
| Au
| aurum
| aurum
| solji
|
| gold
| Oro
| arany
| zlato
| злато
| zlato
|-
| 80
| Hg
| hydrargyrum
| xidrargirum
| margu
| xidryrgiro
| mercury
| Mercurio
| higany
| živa
| жива
| živa
|-
| 81
| Tl
| thallium
| taliium
| jinmrtali
|
| thallium
| Talio
| tallium
| talijum
| талијум
| talij
|-
| 82
| Pb
| plumbum
| plumbum
| cnisa
|
| lead
| Plomo
| ólom
| olovo
| олово
| olovo
|-
| 83
| Bi
| bismuthum
| bismutum
| jinmrbismu
| bitmuto
| bismuth
| Bismuto
| bizmut
| bizmut
| бизмут
| bizmut
|-
| 84
| Po
| polonium
| poloniium
| jicmrpoloni
|
| polonium
| Polonio
| polónium
| polonijum
| полонијум
| polonij
|-
| 85
| At
| astatium
| astatiium
| klirlxastati
|
| astatine
| Ástato
| asztácium
| astat
| астат
| astat
|-
| 86
| Rn
| radon
| radon
| dircynavni
|
| radon
| Radón
| radon
| radon
| радон
| radon
|-
| 87
| Fr
| francium
| franciium
| fasysodna
|
| francium
| Francio
| francium
| francijum
| францијум
| francij
|-
| 88
| Ra
| radium
| radiium
| dircyjinme
|
| radium
| Radio
| rádium
| radijum
| радијум
| radij
|-
| 89
| Ac
| actinium
| aktiniium
| jinmrtaktini
|
| actinium
| Actinio
| aktínium
| aktinijum
| актинијум
| aktinij
|-
| 90
| Th
| thorium
| toriium
| lidycevjinme
|
| thorium
| Torio
| tórium
| torijum
| торијум
| torij
|-
| 91
| Pa
| protactinium
| protaktiniium
| jinmrproktini
|
| protactinium
| Protactinio
| protaktínium
| protaktinijum
| протактинијум
| protaktinij
|-
| 92
| U
| uranium
| uraniium
| jinmrvurani
|
| uranium
| Uranio
| urán
| uranijum / uran
| уранијум / уран
| uranij
|-
| 93
| Np
| neptunium
| neptuniium
| jinmrneptuni
| neptuni'o
| neptunium
| Neptunio
| neptúnium
| neptunijum
| нептунијум
| neptunij
|-
| 94
| Pu
| plutonium
| plutoniium
| jinmrplutoni
| plutoni'o
| plutonium
| Plutonio
| plutónium
| plutonijum
| плутонијум
| plutonij
|-
| 95
| Am
| americium
| americiium
| merjinme
|
| americium
| Americio
| amerícium
| americijum
| америцијум
| americij
|-
| 96
| Cm
| curium
| kuriium
| jinmrkuri
|
| curium
| Curio
| kűrium
| kirijum
| киријум
| curij
|-
| 97
| Bk
| berkelium
| berkeliium
| jinmrberkeli
| berkeli'o
| berkelium
| Berkelio
| berkélium
| berklijum
| берклијум
| berkelij
|-
| 98
| Cf
| californium
| kaliforniium
| jinmrkaliforni
|
| californium
| Californio
| kalifornium
| kalifornijum
| калифорнијум
| kalifornij
|-
| 99
| Es
| einsteinium
| einsteiniium
| jinmrtainctaini
| ainctaini'o
| einsteinium
| Einstenio
| einsteinium
| ajnštajnijum
| ајнштајнијум
| einsteinij
|-
| 100
| Fm
| fermium
| fermiium
| jinmrfermi
| fermi'o
| fermium
| Fermio
| fermium
| fermijum
| фермијум
| fermij
|-
| 101
| Md
| mendelevium
| mendeleviium
| jinmrmendelevi
| mendelevi'o
| mendelevium
| Mendelevio
| mendelévium
| mendeljevijum
| мендељевијум
| mendelevij
|-
| 102
| No
| nobelium
| nobeliium
| jinmrnobeli
|
| nobelium
| Nobelio
| nobélium
| nobelijum
| нобелијум
| nobelij
|-
| 103
| Lr
| lawrencium
| laurenciium
| jinmrlorensi
|
| lawrencium
| Lawrencio
| laurencium
| lorencijum
| лоренцијум
| lawrencij
|-
| 104
| (Ku)
| (kurchatovium / rutherfordium)
| (kurtcatoviium / ruterfordiium)
| jinmlruterfordi
|
| unnilquadium
|
| unnilkvádium
| unilkvadijum
| унилквадијум
| unnilkvadij
|-
| 105
| (Ha)
| (hahnium)
| (xaniium)
| jinmrdubni
|
| unnilpentium
|
| unnilpentium
| unilpentijum
| унилпентијум
| unnilpentij
|-
| 106
| (Sg)
| (seaborgium)
| (siborgiium)
| jinmrsiborgi
|
| unnilhexium
|
| unnilhexium
| unilheksijum
| унилхексијум
| unnilheksij
|-
| 107
| (Ns)
| (nielsbohrium)
| (nilzboriium)
| jinmrbori
|
| unnilseptium
|
| unnilszeptium
| unilseptijum
| унилсептијум
| unnilseptij
|-
| 108
| (Hs)
| (hassium)
| (xasiium)
| jinmrxasi
|
| unniloctium
|
| unniloktium
| uniloktijum
| унилоктијум
| unniloktij
|-
| 109
| (Mt)
| (meitnerium)
| (meitneriium)
| jinmrmaitneri
|
| unnilennium
|
| unnilennium
| unilenijum
| униленијум
| unnilenij
|-
| 110
| Uun
| ununnilium
| ununiliium
| jinmrdarmctati
|
| ununnilium
|
| ununnilium
| ununilijum
| унунилијум
| ununnilij
|-
| 111
| Uuu
| unununium
| unununiium
|
|
| unununium
| Ununio
| unununium
| unununijum
| унунунијум
| unununij
|-
| 112
| Uub
| ununbium
| ununbiium
|
|
| ununbium
| Ununbio
| ununbium
| ununbijum
| унунбијум
| ununbij
|-
| 114
| Uuq
| ununquadium
| ununkuadiium
|
|
| ununquadium
| Ununquadio
| ununkvádium
| ununkvadijum
| унунквадијум
| ununkvadij
|-
| 116
| Uuh
| ununhexium
| ununxeksiium
|
|
| ununhexium
| Ununhexio
| ununhexium
| ununheksijum
| унунхексијум
| ununheksij
|-
| 118
| Uuo
| ununoctium
| ununoktiium
|
|
| ununoctium
| Ununoctio
| ununoktium
| ununoktijum
| унуноктијум
| ununoktij
|}

xukmi

2015-10-20T19:58:48Z

Durka42: nielsboriium => nilzboriium

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! lo se ratni
! lo sinxa
! lingua latina
! lojbo cmevla
! lo dzeno lojbo cmene
! fu'ivla (highly experimental)
! English
! Español
! magyar
! Srpska
! Српска
! Hrvatska
|-
| 1
| H
| hydrogenium
| xidrogeniium
| cidro
| xidrygeno
| hydrogene
| Hidrógeno
| hidrogén
| vodonik
| водоник
| vodik
|-
| 2
| He
| helium
| xeliium
| solnavni
| xelji'o
| helium
| Helio
| hélium
| helijum
| хелијум
| helij
|-
| 3
| Li
| litium
| litiium
| roksodna
| litci'o
| lithium
| Litio
| lítium
| litijum
| литијум
| litij
|-
| 4
| Be
| beryllium
| beriliium
| jinmrberilo
|
| beryllium
| Berilio
| berillium
| berilijum
| берилијум
| berilij
|-
| 5
| B
| borum
| borum
| jicmrboro
|
| boron
| Boro
| bór
| bor
| бор
| bor
|-
| 6
| C
| carboneum
| karboneium
| tabno
| karbono
| carbon
| Carbono
| szén
| ugljenik
| угљеник
| ugljik
|-
| 7
| N
| nitrogenium
| nitrogeniium
| trano
| nitrygeno
| nitrogen
| Nitrógeno
| nitrogén
| azot
| азот
| dušik
|-
| 8
| O
| oxygenium
| oksigeniium
| kijno
| oksigo
| oxygen
| Oxígeno
| oxigén
| kiseonik
| кисеоник
| kisik
|-
| 9
| F
| fluorum
| fluorum
| li'orkliru
| flu'oro
| fluorine
| Fluor
| fluor
| fluor
| флуор
| fluor
|-
| 10
| Ne
| neon
| ne'on
| ninynavni
|
| neon
| Neón
| neon
| neon
| неон
| neon
|-
| 11
| Na
| natrium
| natriium
| sodna
| natri'o
| sodium
| Sodio
| nátrium
| natrijum
| натријум
| natrij
|-
| 12
| Mg
| magnesium
| magnesiium
| lidgusyjinme
| magneso
| magnesium
| Magnesio
| magnézium
| magnezijum
| магнезијум
| magnezij
|-
| 13
| Al
| aluminium / aluminum
| alumini'um / aluminum
| jinmrmalume
| almino / almini'o
| aluminium
| Aluminio
| alumínium
| aluminijum
| алуминијум
| aluminij
|-
| 14
| Si
| silicium
| siliciium
| cancmu
| silki'o
| silicon
| Sílice
| szilícium
| silicijum
| силицијум
| silicij
|-
| 15
| P
| phosphorus
| fosforus
| sackycmu
|
| phosphorus
| Fósforo
| foszfor
| fosfor
| фосфор
| fosfor
|-
| 16
| S
| sulphur
| sulfur
| sliri
| sulfuro
| sulphur
| Azufre
| kén
| sumpor
| сумпор
| sumpor
|-
| 17
| Cl
| chlorum
| xlorum
| kliru
| kloro
| chlorine
| Cloro
| klór
| hlor
| хлор
| klor
|-
| 18
| Ar
| argon
| argon
| laznavni
| argono
| argon
| Argón
| argon
| argon
| аргон
| argon
|-
| 19
| K
| kalium
| kaliium
| sodnrkali
|
| potassium
| Potasio
| kálium
| kalijum
| калијум
| kalij
|-
| 20
| Ca
| calcium
| kalciium
| bogjinme
| kalsi'o
| calcium
| Calcio
| kalcium
| kalcijum
| калцијум
| kalcij
|-
| 21
| Sc
| scandium
| skandiium
| jinmrskandi
| skandiĭo
| scandium
| Escandio
| szkandium
| skandijum
| скандијум
| skandij
|-
| 22
| Ti
| titanium
| titaniium
| jinmrtitani
|
| titanium
| Titanio
| titán
| titan
| титан
| titanij
|-
| 23
| V
| vanadium
| vanadiium
| jinmrvanadi
|
| vanadium
| Vanadio
| vanádium
| vanadijum
| ванадијум
| vanadij
|-
| 24
| Cr
| chromium
| xromiium
| rogjinme
| kromo
| chromium
| Cromo
| króm
| hrom
| хром
| krom
|-
| 25
| Mn
| manganum
| manganum
| jinmrmanga
|
| manganese
| Manganeso
| mangán
| mangan
| манган
| mangan
|-
| 26
| Fe
| ferrum
| ferum
| tirse
|
| iron
| Hierro
| vas
| gvožde
| гвожђе
| željezo
|-
| 27
| Co
| cobaltum
| kobaltum
| ridjinme
|
| cobalt
| Cobalto
| kobalt
| kobalt
| кобалт
| kobalt
|-
| 28
| Ni
| niccolum
| nikolum
| nikle
|
| nickel
| Níquel
| nikkel
| nikl
| никл
| nikal
|-
| 29
| Cu
| cuprum
| kuprum
| tunka
|
| copper
| Cobre
| réz
| bakar
| бакар
| bakar
|-
| 30
| Zn
| zincum
| zinkum
| zinki
| zinko
| zinc
| Zinc
| cink
| cink
| цинк
| cink
|-
| 31
| Ga
| gallium
| galiium
| fasyjinme
|
| gallium
| Galio
| gallium
| galijum
| галијум
| galij
|-
| 32
| Ge
| germanium
| germaniium
| dotyjinme
| germani'o
| germanium
| Germanio
| germánium
| germanijum
| германијум
| germanij
|-
| 33
| As
| arsenicum
| arsenikum
| arseniko
| arseno
| arsenic
| Arsénico
| arzén
| arsen
| арсен
| arsen
|-
| 34
| Se
| selenium
| seleniium
| lurcmu
|
| selenium
| Selenio
| szelén
| selen
| селен
| selenij
|-
| 35
| Br
| bromum
| bromum
| xunkliru
| bromo
| bromine
| Bromo
| bróm
| brom
| бром
| brom
|-
| 36
| Kr
| krypton
| kripton
| mipnavni
| kriptono
| krypton
| Kryptón
| kripton
| kripton
| криптон
| kripton
|-
| 37
| Rb
| rubidium
| rubidiium
| xunsodna
|
| rubidium
| Rubidio
| rubídium
| rubidijum
| рубидијум
| rubidij
|-
| 38
| Sr
| strontium
| strontiium
| jinmrstronti
| stronti'o
| strontium
| Estroncio
| stroncium
| stroncijum
| стронцијум
| stroncij
|-
| 39
| Y
| yttrium
| itriium
| jinmrtitri
| itri'o
| yttrium
| Itrio
| ittrium
| itrijum
| итријум
| itrij
|-
| 40
| Zr
| zirconium
| zirkoniium
| jinmrzirkoni
|
| zirconium
| Zirconio
| cirkónium
| cirkonijum
| цирконијум
| cirkonij
|-
| 41
| Nb
| niobium
| niobiium
| jinmrni,obi
|
| niobium
| Niobio
| nióbium
| niobijum
| ниобијум
| niobij
|-
| 42
| Mo
| molybdaenum
| molibdenum
| mlibdena
|
| molybdenum
| Molibdeno
| molibdén
| molibden
| молибден
| molibden
|-
| 43
| Tc
| technetium
| texnetiium
| runjinme
|
| technetium
| Tecnecio
| technécium
| tehnecijum
| технецијум
| tehnecij
|-
| 44
| Ru
| ruthenium
| ruteniium
| rukyjinme
|
| ruthenium
| Rutenio
| ruténium
| rutenijum
| рутенијум
| rutenij
|-
| 45
| Rb
| rhodium
| rodiium
| zgujinme
|
| rhodium
| Rubidio
| ródium
| rodijum
| родијум
| rodij
|-
| 46
| Pd
| palladium
| paladiium
| jinmrpaladi
|
| palladium
| Paladio
| palládium
| paladijum
| паладијум
| paladij
|-
| 47
| Ag
| argentum
| argentum
| rijno
| argento
| silver
| Plata
| ezüst
| srebro
| сребро
| srebro
|-
| 48
| Cd
| cadmium
| kadmiium
| jinmrkadmu
| kadmi'o
| cadmium
| Cadmio
| kadmium
| kadmijum
| кадмијум
| kadmij
|-
| 49
| In
| indium
| indiium
| blajinme
| indi'o
| indium
| Indio
| indium
| indijum
| индијум
| indij
|-
| 50
| Sn
| stannum
| stanum
| tinci
|
| tin
| Estaño
| ón
| kalaj
| калај
| kositar
|-
| 51
| Sb
| stibium
| stibiium
| antimoni
| stibi'o
| antimony
| Antimonio
| antimon
| antimon
| антимон
| antimon
|-
| 52
| Te
| tellurium
| teluriium
| tedjicmu
|
| tellurium
| Teluro
| tellúr
| telur
| телур
| telurij
|-
| 53
| I
| iodium
| iodiium
| zirkliru
| iodno
| iodine
| Iodo
| jód
| jod
| јод
| jod
|-
| 54
| Xe
| xenon
| ksenon
| fangynavni
| ekseno
| xenon
| Xenón
| xenon
| ksenon
| ксенон
| ksenon
|-
| 55
| Cs
| caesium
| cesiium
| blasodna
| tsaiso / tsaisiĭo / ckesi'o
| cesium / caesium
| Cesio
| cézium
| cezijum
| цезијум
| cezij
|-
| 56
| Ba
| barium
| bariium
| tijyjinme
|
| barium
| Bario
| bárium
| barijum
| баријум
| barij
|-
| 57
| La
| lanthanum
| lantanum
| jinmrlantano
| lantano
| lanthanum
| Lantano
| lantán
| lantan
| лантан
| lantan
|-
| 58
| Ce
| cerium
| ceriium
| jinmrseri
|
| cerium
| Cerio
| cérium
| cer
| цер
| cerij
|-
| 59
| Pr
| praseodymium
| prase'odimiium
| jinmrprase,odimi
|
| praseodymium
| Praseodimio
| prazeodímium
| prazeodim
| празеодим
| praseodimij
|-
| 60
| Nd
| neodymium
| ne'odimiium
| jinmrne,odimi
|
| neodymium
| Neodimio
| neodímium
| neodim
| неодим
| neodimij
|-
| 61
| Pm
| promethium
| prometiium
| fagycevjinme
| prometo
| promethium
| Promecio
| prométium
| prometejum
| прометејум
| prometij
|-
| 62
| Sm
| samarium
| samariium
| jinmrsamari
|
| samarium
| Samario
| szamárium
| samarijum
| самаријум
| samarij
|-
| 63
| Eu
| europium
| e'uropiium
| ronjinme
|
| europium
| Europio
| európium
| europijum
| еуропијум
| europij
|-
| 64
| Gd
| gadolinium
| gadoliniium
| jinmrgadolini
|
| gadolinium
| Gadolinio
| gadolínium
| gadolinijum
| гадолинијум
| gadolinij
|-
| 65
| Tb
| terbium
| terbiium
| jinmrterbi
| terbi'o
| terbium
| Terbio
| terbium
| terbijum
| тербијум
| terbij
|-
| 66
| Dy
| dysprosium
| disprosiium
| jinmrdisprosi
|
| dysprosium
| Disprosio
| diszprózium
| disprozijum
| диспрозијум
| disprozij
|-
| 67
| Ho
| holmium
| xolmiium
| jinmrxolmi
| xolmi'o
| holmium
| Holmio
| holmium
| holmijum
| холмијум
| holmij
|-
| 68
| Er
| erbium
| erbiium
| jinmrberbi
| erbi'o
| erbium
| Erbio
| erbium
| erbijum
| ербијум
| erbij
|-
| 69
| Tm
| thulium
| tuliium
| jinmrtuli
|
| thulium
| Tulio
| túlium
| tulijum
| тулијум
| tulij
|-
| 70
| Yb
| ytterbium
| iterbiium
| jinmrtiterbi
|
| ytterbium
| Iterbio
| itterbium
| iterbijum
| итербијум
| iterbij
|-
| 71
| Lu
| lutetium
| lutetiium
| jinmrluteti
|
| lutetium
| Lutecio
| lutécium
| lutecijum
| лутецијум
| lutecij
|-
| 72
| Hf
| hafnium
| xafniium
| jinmrxafni
| xafni'o
| hafnium
| Hafnio
| hafnium
| hafnijum
| хафнијум
| hafnij
|-
| 73
| Ta
| tantalum
| tantalum
| jinmrtantalu
| tantalo
| tantalum
| Tantalio
| tantál
| tantal
| тантал
| tantal
|-
| 74
| W
| wolframium
| volframiium
| jarjinme
|
| tungsten / wolfram
| Wolframio
| volfrám
| volfram
| волфрам
| volfram
|-
| 75
| Re
| rhenium
| reniium
| jinmlreni
|
| rhenium
| Renio
| rénium
| renijum
| ренијум
| renij
|-
| 76
| Os
| osmium
| osmiium
| jinmrbosmi
| osmi'o
| osmium
| Osmio
| ozmium
| osmijum
| осмијум
| osmij
|-
| 77
| Ir
| iridium
| iridiium
| jinmrdiridi
|
| iridium
| Iridio
| iridium
| iridijum
| иридијум
| iridij
|-
| 78
| Pt
| platinum
| platinum
| jinmrplati
| platino
| platinum
| Platino
| platina
| platina
| платина
| platina
|-
| 79
| Au
| aurum
| aurum
| solji
|
| gold
| Oro
| arany
| zlato
| злато
| zlato
|-
| 80
| Hg
| hydrargyrum
| xidrargirum
| margu
| xidryrgiro
| mercury
| Mercurio
| higany
| živa
| жива
| živa
|-
| 81
| Tl
| thallium
| taliium
| jinmrtali
|
| thallium
| Talio
| tallium
| talijum
| талијум
| talij
|-
| 82
| Pb
| plumbum
| plumbum
| cnisa
|
| lead
| Plomo
| ólom
| olovo
| олово
| olovo
|-
| 83
| Bi
| bismuthum
| bismutum
| jinmrbismu
| bitmuto
| bismuth
| Bismuto
| bizmut
| bizmut
| бизмут
| bizmut
|-
| 84
| Po
| polonium
| poloniium
| jicmrpoloni
|
| polonium
| Polonio
| polónium
| polonijum
| полонијум
| polonij
|-
| 85
| At
| astatium
| astatiium
| klirlxastati
|
| astatine
| Ástato
| asztácium
| astat
| астат
| astat
|-
| 86
| Rn
| radon
| radon
| dircynavni
|
| radon
| Radón
| radon
| radon
| радон
| radon
|-
| 87
| Fr
| francium
| franciium
| fasysodna
|
| francium
| Francio
| francium
| francijum
| францијум
| francij
|-
| 88
| Ra
| radium
| radiium
| dircyjinme
|
| radium
| Radio
| rádium
| radijum
| радијум
| radij
|-
| 89
| Ac
| actinium
| aktiniium
| jinmrtaktini
|
| actinium
| Actinio
| aktínium
| aktinijum
| актинијум
| aktinij
|-
| 90
| Th
| thorium
| toriium
| lidycevjinme
|
| thorium
| Torio
| tórium
| torijum
| торијум
| torij
|-
| 91
| Pa
| protactinium
| protaktiniium
| jinmrproktini
|
| protactinium
| Protactinio
| protaktínium
| protaktinijum
| протактинијум
| protaktinij
|-
| 92
| U
| uranium
| uraniium
| jinmrvurani
|
| uranium
| Uranio
| urán
| uranijum / uran
| уранијум / уран
| uranij
|-
| 93
| Np
| neptunium
| neptuniium
| jinmrneptuni
| neptuni'o
| neptunium
| Neptunio
| neptúnium
| neptunijum
| нептунијум
| neptunij
|-
| 94
| Pu
| plutonium
| plutoniium
| jinmrplutoni
| plutoni'o
| plutonium
| Plutonio
| plutónium
| plutonijum
| плутонијум
| plutonij
|-
| 95
| Am
| americium
| americiium
| merjinme
|
| americium
| Americio
| amerícium
| americijum
| америцијум
| americij
|-
| 96
| Cm
| curium
| kuriium
| jinmrkuri
|
| curium
| Curio
| kűrium
| kirijum
| киријум
| curij
|-
| 97
| Bk
| berkelium
| berkeliium
| jinmrberkeli
| berkeli'o
| berkelium
| Berkelio
| berkélium
| berklijum
| берклијум
| berkelij
|-
| 98
| Cf
| californium
| kaliforniium
| jinmrkaliforni
|
| californium
| Californio
| kalifornium
| kalifornijum
| калифорнијум
| kalifornij
|-
| 99
| Es
| einsteinium
| einsteiniium
| jinmrtainctaini
| ainctaini'o
| einsteinium
| Einstenio
| einsteinium
| ajnštajnijum
| ајнштајнијум
| einsteinij
|-
| 100
| Fm
| fermium
| fermiium
| jinmrfermi
| fermi'o
| fermium
| Fermio
| fermium
| fermijum
| фермијум
| fermij
|-
| 101
| Md
| mendelevium
| mendeleviium
| jinmrmendelevi
| mendelevi'o
| mendelevium
| Mendelevio
| mendelévium
| mendeljevijum
| мендељевијум
| mendelevij
|-
| 102
| No
| nobelium
| nobeliium
| jinmrnobeli
|
| nobelium
| Nobelio
| nobélium
| nobelijum
| нобелијум
| nobelij
|-
| 103
| Lr
| lawrencium
| laurenciium
| jinmrlorensi
|
| lawrencium
| Lawrencio
| laurencium
| lorencijum
| лоренцијум
| lawrencij
|-
| 104
| (Ku)
| (kurchatovium / rutherfordium)
| (kurtcatoviium / ruterfordiium)
| jinmlruterfordi
|
| unnilquadium
|
| unnilkvádium
| unilkvadijum
| унилквадијум
| unnilkvadij
|-
| 105
| (Ha)
| (hahnium)
| (xaniium)
| jinmrdubni
|
| unnilpentium
|
| unnilpentium
| unilpentijum
| унилпентијум
| unnilpentij
|-
| 106
| (Sg)
| (seaborgium)
| (siborgiium)
| jinmrsiborgi
|
| unnilhexium
|
| unnilhexium
| unilheksijum
| унилхексијум
| unnilheksij
|-
| 107
| (Ns)
| (nielsbohrium)
| (nilzboriium)
| jinmrbori
|
| unnilseptium
|
| unnilszeptium
| unilseptijum
| унилсептијум
| unnilseptij
|-
| 108
| (Hs)
| (hassium)
| (xasiium)
| jinmrxasi
|
| unniloctium
|
| unniloktium
| uniloktijum
| унилоктијум
| unniloktij
|-
| 109
| (Mt)
| (meitnerium)
| (meitneriium)
| jinmrmaitneri
|
| unnilennium
|
| unnilennium
| unilenijum
| униленијум
| unnilenij
|-
| 110
| Uun
| ununnilium
| ununiliium
| jinmrdarmctati
|
| ununnilium
|
| ununnilium
| ununilijum
| унунилијум
| ununnilij
|-
| 111
| Uuu
| unununium
| unununiium
|
|
| unununium
| Ununio
| unununium
| unununijum
| унунунијум
| unununij
|-
| 112
| Uub
| ununbium
| ununbiium
|
|
| ununbium
| Ununbio
| ununbium
| ununbijum
| унунбијум
| ununbij
|-
| 114
| Uuq
| ununquadium
| ununkuadiium
|
|
| ununquadium
| Ununquadio
| ununkvádium
| ununkvadijum
| унунквадијум
| ununkvadij
|-
| 116
| Uuh
| ununhexium
| ununxeksiium
|
|
| ununhexium
| Ununhexio
| ununhexium
| ununheksijum
| унунхексијум
| ununheksij
|-
| 118
| Uuo
| ununoctium
| ununoktiium
|
|
| ununoctium
| Ununoctio
| ununoktium
| ununoktijum
| унуноктијум
| ununoktij
|}

IRC Bots

2015-09-30T02:09:53Z

Durka42: /* tersmux */

A Guide to the IRC Bots of #lojban (also #ckule and ##jboselbau).

You might think all ~120 logged on users of #lojban are watching you and/or participating in the conversation. Well, no, we all live in different timezones and at any given moment of time most of them are inactive. But also, there are a bunch of robots! Some of them are even helpful. Read on for more.

==Lojban assistance==

==='''valsi'''===
This is a bidirectional Lojban-English dictionary. It works from a dump of [http://jbovlaste.lojban.org/ Jbovlaste], so it may not be completely up to date.

Run by [[la donri]] ([https://github.com/lojban/vlasisku/blob/master/vlasisku/irc.py source]).

You can invoke '''valsi''' in the channel by prefixing a message with "valsi ", or send a private message to the bot (with no prefix).

The content of the message is just a word. If it's a Lojban word, you'll get its definition. If it's an English word, you'll get a list of suggested translations.

Accepted options for Lojban word lookup: (you can give up to one option, in parentheses, e.g. "valsi lercu'aca'a (components)")
* affix
: Get the affix (rafsi) form of the word.
* class
: Get the selma'o (grammatical category) of the word.
* type
: Get the type (cmavo/gismu/lujvo/etc) of the word.
* notes
: Return the notes field of the definition (without this option it isn't shown).
* cll
: Get the link to the section of the CLL that discusses the word (not always accurate).
* url
: Get the link to Vlasisku's page for the word.
* components
: Break a lujvo into its component gismu (works on nonce lujvo). Beware: lujvo with missing hyphens are still parsed, so you can't rely on this to check your construction.
* rafsi
: Treat the word as a rafsi for the purposes of the search (many cmavo are also rafsi of other words).
:* I don't see this option in the source, so maybe what's running is a slightly different version? [[User:Durka42|Durka42]] ([[User talk:Durka42|talk]])
* You can also send queries in vlasisku's internal query language, like "valsi class:BAI" or "valsi affix:ka'i".
==='''vlaste'''===
Another instance of '''valsi''', run by [[la durka]], which contains an updated jbovlaste database, bug fixes and new features.

It supports the following additional commands, which '''valsi''' does not (until it is updated):
* lujvo
: Combine a tanru into a lujvo, using [[jvocu'adju]]. If the canonical form is defined, the definition is shown.
: Relatedly, if you ask '''vlaste''' for a lujvo not in canonical form, and no definition is found, it will try to help you by silently correcting it to canonical form.
* finti
: Show the [[jbovlaste]] user who created the word.

Also, its lujvo-breaking algorithm for ''(components)'' is backed by [[camxes]], so it will call you out on a badly-constructed lujvo (e.g. a [[tosmabru]]), unlike '''valsi'''.


==='''camxes'''===
A grammar checking bot based on [[camxes]].

Run by [[la durka]] ([https://github.com/lojban/ilmentufa/blob/master/ircbot/camxes-bot.js source]).

You can invoke '''camxes''' in the channel by prefix a message with "camxes: ", or send a private message to the bot (with no prefix).

The message is just a Lojban sentence. If it parses, you'll get the structure. If it doesn't parse, it'll try to tell you where you went wrong.

Accepted flags for parsing: (put them before the sentence, like "camxes: +s-f coi"; you can put any number of flags in any order)
* +s
: Show the [[selma'o]] of each word in the sentence.
* -f
: Don't show elidible terminators.
* +exp (or -std)
: Parse using the experimental grammar.
* -exp (or +std)
: Parse using the standard grammar (default).

==='''mensi''', '''livla'''===
Kitchen sink bot run by [[la gleki]] ([https://github.com/lagleki/glekitufa/tree/master/ircbot source]).

Commands recognized by mensi:
*"'''off:'''", "'''exp:'''"
**These are parser options based on [[camxes]]. '''off''' parses regular Lojban while '''exp''' has (most of?) the [[ELG]] implemented.
**You send this bot a sentence by prefixing it with the parser name and a colon, e.g. "off: coi". You can also private-message it (the prefixes are also needed there).
**Accepted options (put them before the sentence, like "off:+s coi"):
*** +s
**** Show the selma'o of each word.
*** -f
**** Don't show terminators.
*** -f+s
**** Both of the above.
*[[jbofihe]] parser
**"gerna:" parses using jbofihe, which was the de facto standard parser before camxes.
*[[John Cowan]]'s parser
**"cowan:" parses using the (very old) [[Official LLG Parser|official LLG parser]], based on the YACC grammar.
*Searching jbovlaste with mensi:
**Entering "en:coi" into the chat will output the English definition, notes and the author.
*showing etymology with mensi: "krasi:mlatu" will output Lojbanized sources for this gismu.
***lujvo are expanded and its structure is shown. If no lujvo is found it searches for other lujvo with the same se rafsi.
**Other languages are supported: "jbo:", "ja:" (Japanese), "ru:" (Russian), "fr-facile:" (Easy French), "de:" (German), "es:" (Spanish), "eo:" (Esperanto). The databases are autoupdated once every 3 days.
**"/full " flag performs a search for a given sequence in definitions and notes. E.g. "en:/full greets".
*"Tatoeba:" outputs an arbitrary Lojban sentence from Tatoeba with a substring given
*Alternative orthography with '''mensi''':
**"rot13:" prefix performs ROT13 encoding on a given string
**"mensi: j " performs [[jbopomofo]] encoding on a given string
**"mensi: r " performs Cyrillic encoding on a given string
*Messaging
** "mensi: doi <nick> <message>"
*** Delayed messaging service. Next time <nick> says something in the channel, '''mensi''' will relay the message. You can use regular expressions in the nick.
*Loglan to Lojban conversion
** "loi:" converts Lojban text to Loglan (not perfect!). Failed words are marked with "*".
** "coi:" converts Loglan text to Lojban (not perfect!). Failed words are marked with "*".
*Glossing
** "gloss:" converts Lojban text to glossed English words.
*lujvo building
** "lujvo:" combines a given tanru into a list of lujvo and cmevla with their scores, using a method similar to [[jvocuhadju]]. The first (with the lowest score) lujvo are preferable in speech.

In the channel ##jboselbau, '''livla''' repeats sentences from [[Tatoeba]] every few minutes. If you catch any mistakes, you should probably tell someone, since it means a Lojban entry on Tatoeba is wrong.

===tersmus/tersmux===

[https://github.com/lagleki/tersmu-0.2 tersmu] converts Lojban sentences into logic formulas. Type "tersmus: " or "tersmux: " followed by a sentence to use it publicly; drop the prefix in private messages. Add "jbo: " before the sentence for Lojbanized output.

===Experimental grammars===

Some bots are testbeds for experimental grammar that may or may not find its way into common use. Currently all of them are based on camxes, but not fully compatible with either ''off'' or ''exp'' camxes.

* '''[[zantufa]]'''
: Extensive reforms to basic sentence structure, connectives, and mekso. Most experimental cmavo listed on jbovlaste are supported. The bot uses the last stable release by default; adding "+exp " before the sentence switches to the unstable version. Adding "+mal " switches to '''maltufa''', a version meant for parsing older texts that lacks many of the reforms. There is detailed [[zantufa|documentation]].

* '''[https://github.com/lagleki/glekitufa alta]''' (part of '''mensi''')
: Attempts to restore omitted parts of a sentence, so that each selma'o introduces only one kind of structure. Connectives influenced by zantufa. Unstable, and development is sporadic.

* '''[https://github.com/mezohe/ilmentufa spagetufa]'''
: Morphology reform, allowing new word shapes while preserving existing ones. Several changes taken from zantufa and alta. [[ce ki tau jau]] available as a runtime switch (send "+help" in private for a list of switches). Unstable.

==Other==
* '''sidju'''
: This is an instance of the Phenny IRC bot.
: Run by [[Tene]] ([https://github.com/sbp/phenny source]).
: Common commands (see the source for full documentation):
** "sidju: tell <nick> <message>"
:: Delayed messaging service. Next time <nick> says something in the channel, '''sidju''' will relay the message. You can use * in the nick as a wildcard.
** Google/Wikipedia search: ".g <query>" or ".wik <query>"
:: Searches and returns a link to the first result.
** Link title lookup: ".title"
:: Opens the most recent link pasted in the channel, and retrieves its title.
* '''xorban'''
: Xorban is a parser bot for another logical language (you guessed it, called Xorban). It's actually the same bot as '''camxes''' but with a different grammar.
: Run by [[la selpa'i]].
* '''stetudu'''
: An instance of [[User:Leslie Beaumont|Randall Holmes]]'s [http://math.boisestate.edu/~holmes/loglan.org/holmes_stuff/cefli.html parser] for [[Loglan]]. Takes a Loglan sentence prefixed with "stetudu: " in the channel or without a prefix in private messages. Add "+s " before the sentence to show rule names.
* '''djisku'''
: Monitors the channel for new users. If a newbie doesn't get an answer within one minute of first talking, it posts a message asking for patience. You can have a PM sent to you whenever a newbie starts talking by saying "djisku: ko mi fanza". Unsubscribe with "djisku: ko mi na fanza".
* '''vreji'''
: Logs Lojban utterances in the channel at http://www.lojban.org/irclogs/.
: Run by a pile of Perl scripts.
: Does not respond to any commands, as far as I know.

Talk:zantufa/en

2015-08-15T14:27:18Z

Durka42:

[[La Bangu]] na bankle i tadji lo nu ctuca i seki'u bo lo nu cliva la bangu cu sinxa lo nu sa'u na pilno lo ctuca cukta
* je'e la gleki i mi pu zi stika mi'e la guskant te'i li 2015-08-13 11:02:49 tete'i UTC

* .i .oi mi tcidu le papri .i mi nelci la zantufa je lo se gunka be lo finti be ri ki'e zo'onai .iku'i lo remoi co notci cu jifyxusra lo du'u mi xebni gaje la zantufa gi lo se bacru be lo xindo (to mi merko toi) .i .e'apei mi pante ro lo remei
** ni'o pamai mu'i ma do pavmeigau lo .irci .i li'a lo nu zbasu cu zabnymau sai lo nu pante cusku po'o .iku'i pe'i lo ka tolzanru pajare lo se jdice be lo gentufa kei (noi mi ckaji) na ka xebni
** ni'o remai xu do ja'a djica lo ka karbi lo nu pante lo sely'akti be lo gentufa kei lo nu natmi damba
** ni'o .e'u ma'a sarxysi'u jecu jikca sezu'e lo nu gentufa zbasu .i ma'a ko'oi na jai gau porpi fai lo jbogu'e
* mu'o mi'e [[User:Durka42|Durka42]] ([[User talk:Durka42|talk]])
** je'e i mi pu stika tu'a lo glico jufra i lo xindo mupli zo'u mi baza pensi lo xauzma mupli i la zantufa cu na se stidi co gerna je cu po'o se pilno mi tezu'e lo nu genturfa'i lo cabna lojbo jufra i mi pu zu jdice lo du'u cliva lo ralju ke lojbo cecmu jecu xabju lo cmalu daplu noi stuzi be la zantufa kei iseni'ibo lo jbogu'e cu na'e ka'e porpi ri'a tu'a mi mi'e la guskant te'i li 2015-08-15 13:44:17 tete'i UTC
*** sa'u .a'o ca lo balvi ka'e jikca .i mi na xebni do ja lo me do moi .i ta'i ma cumki fa lo nu .u'ada'i .i'ida'i zbasu lo cripu fi lo daplu mu'o mi'e [[User:Durka42|Durka42]] ([[User talk:Durka42|talk]])

== xu lo prami be la bangu bi'ai xebni la zantufa ==

pe'i lo prenu na bi'ai se steci tu'a lo bangu i mu'a mi favgau li'a la bangu i ku'i mi lanli la zantufa gi'e no'e xebni ri i ji'a ke'u naku lo irci prenu bi'ai tavla fo la bangu ije ri tadji gi'enai bankle i e'u lu irci jbobau li'u i ku'i mi na djuno lo du'u ki'u makau do xusra lo du'u lo irci cu xebni la zantufa i mi na zgana lo simsa i na tugni so'o tcila vau ie i ku'i lo nu zebni zo'u pe'i nasai mu'o mi'e [[User:Gleki|La Gleki]] ([[User talk:Gleki|talk]]) 23:30, 14 avgusto 2015 (PDT)
* je'e i mi pu stika tu'a lo glico jufra i ganai da'i do nitcu gi mi baza finti lo liste be lo mabla se cusku be lo irci jo'u lo se mriste mi'e la guskant te'i li 2015-08-15 13:51:01 tete'i UTC

Talk:zantufa/en

2015-08-15T01:49:07Z

Durka42: /* jmina lo se du'u pante */

Phone Group topics

2015-08-10T23:18:18Z

Durka42: /* Ideas */

A number of the people who expressed interest in the [[Lojbanic Phone Group|Lojbanic Phone Group]] have expressed deep concern that they wouldn't have anything to talk about.

== le ralju javni -- The Most Important Rule ==

Whatever you talk about is good, as long as you ''talk''! No matter how asinine you feel your topic is, it ''doesn't matter''. We're here to talk in lojban, not to critique each other's conversational style. Just talk about ''something''!

=== Ideas ===
* Grab a line from the [https://web.archive.org/web/20040205095449/http://www.hogshead.demon.co.uk/NS_BaronMunchausenIdeas.htm Baron Munchausen Game extra lines page], and explain to the listener that you are about to tell them a story about the topic of the question you picked. This one is rather difficult simply because of the difficulty of translating the questions from their deliberately 18th century style. :-)
* [[Robin Lee Powell|Robin Lee Powell]]'ve had some success in person with a certain type of riddle. This is basically 20 questions, except with no restriction on the number of questions. In the Lojbanic form, the riddler presents his victim with the riddle, and the victim may ask any questions they like. However, the riddler can only answer with go'i, na go'i and na'i. na'i should be used liberally, in any situation where the riddler has to think for even a second to answer the question, because otherwise the pause for thought gives information away. I '''''finally''''' managed to find [http://www.kith.org/logos/things/sitpuz/situations.html good list of story riddles] online.
* Reviews. Movie reviews, book reviews, game reviews, ''whatever''. Anything that is interesting to you at the time is fair game. The reason is that all of these are relatively hard to explain in Lojban, because you can't rely on shared cultural context. They become even harder if one or both of you is not comfortable with on-the-spot lujvo or fu'ivla.
* [[Robin Lee Powell|Robin Lee Powell]] has created a program that generates a random tanru, which can then be used in discussion, by figuring out just what the heck it means.
* [[User:Theodore Alexander Reed|bancus]] suggests the possibility of shared stories, for group chat. (ie, each person takes turn in telling a group story)
* ju'i mi'e la stela selckiku ro do jai fenki .i mu'a lo nu do na'e jbota'a cu fenki li'a .i ta'i ma do binxo lo banzu be lo nu fonxa jbota'a be'o jbocre va'o lo za'i na'e lobypli .i re mai .e'u sai casnu lo se lifri be do be'o .e lo se cinmo be do .i ko ko casnu .i na xrani .i ko cusku lu mi gleki lo nu mi tavla do doi pendo li'u mu'a .i do na nitcu lo selkei lo nu jikca jbota'a .i ci mai lo nu jbota'a kei cu na'e sarcu lo pu'u jbope'o jikca .i ro ko foxna jikca .i ko na'e toldarsi .i ca'e cilce ke lojbo nu jikca ke'e cedra mi'e la stela selckiku mu'o
* [[Story Time With Uncle Robin|Story Time With Uncle Robin]] once was a recurring topic.
Feel free to add to this list.

BPFK Sections

2015-07-21T09:34:57Z

Durka42: /* Attitudinals And Discursives */ typo

=[[BPFK]] Sections=

See [[baupla fuzykamni]] and [[BPFK Procedures]].

Don't be afraid to improve a page if it's red! See [[BPFK Community Work]] for more information.

Red lines have no assigned member.
Green lines have been checkpointed at least once, and hence are expected to not suck too badly.
 Blue lines have been improved up to the standards of [[BPFK Community Work]].

There are sections, which are very granular, super-sections, which are less so, and super-super-sections, which are huge.

The idea is that in some cases proposals will cover a broad area of the language.

Please note that the sections are not actually named, for example, "Morphology". They are actually named "BPFK Section: Morphology".

==Special Sections==
* [[BPFK Section: Formal Morphology|Formal Morphology]]
* [[BPFK Section: Formal Grammar|Formal Grammar]]
* [[BPFK Section: gismu Issues|gismu Issues]]
* [[BPFK Section: New cmavo Proposals|New cmavo Proposals]]
* [[BPFK Section: Dictionary Preface|Dictionary Preface]]
* [[BPFK Section: Pedagogical Tags]]
* [[BPFK Section: Miscellaneous Notes And To-Dos]]
* For more general discussions of stuff we might want to fix some day, see [[jboske]]

==[[BPFK Super-Super-Section: sumtcita|sumtcita]]==

===[[BPFK Super-Section: BAI sumtcita| BAI sumtcita]]===
(See [[BAI subclasses]] for details on how these break up. The distinctions here are completely artificial, and exist simply because BAI is really, really huge.)
* [[BPFK Section: Causation sumtcita|Causation sumtcita]] BAI1 (Shepherd: [[BPFK Member: Theodore Alexander Reed|Theodore Reed]])
* [[BPFK Section: Epistemology sumtcita|Epistemology sumtcita]] BAI2 (Shepherd: [[BPFK Member: Robin Lee Powell|Robin Lee Powell]])
* [[BPFK Section: Case sumtcita|Case sumtcita]] BAI3 (Shepherd: [[BPFK Member: Robin Lee Powell|Robin Lee Powell]])
* [[BPFK Section: Tense sumtcita|Tense sumtcita]] BAI4 (Shepherd: [[BPFK Member: Arnt Johansen|Arnt Johansen]])
* [[BPFK Section: Relational sumtcita|Relational sumtcita]] BAI5 (Shepherd: [[BPFK Member: Robin Lee Powell|Robin Lee Powell]])
* [[BPFK Section: Quantity sumtcita|Quantity sumtcita]] BAI6 (Shepherd: [[BPFK Member: Arnt Johansen|Arnt Johansen]])

===[[BPFK Super-Section: Spatial sumtcita|Spatial sumtcita]]===
* [[BPFK Section: Compass Spatial|Compass Spatial]] FAhA1 (Shepherd: [[BPFK Member: Arnt Johansen|Arnt Johansen]])
* [[BPFK Section: Non-Contact Spatial|Non-Contact Spatial]] FAhA2 (Slight clarifications in the definitions are being considered, but otherwise this section could be green.) (Currently active vote)
* [[BPFK Section: Contact Spatial|Contact Spatial]] FAhA3 (Locked by [[BPFK Member: Arnt Johansen|Arnt Johansen]])
* [[BPFK Section: Directional Spatial|Directional Spatial]] FAhA4 FEhE MOhI (Shepherd: [[BPFK Member: Jorge Llambias|Jorge Llambias]])
* [[BPFK Section: Distance|Distance]] VA VEhA VIhA ZEhA ZI (Shepherd: [[BPFK Member: Jorge Llambias|Jorge Llambias]])

===[[BPFK Super-Section: Tense sumtcita|Tense sumtcita]] — This section is currently being actively voted on. See BPFK mailing list.===
* [[BPFK Section: Tense|Tense]] CUhE PU KI
* [[BPFK Section: Tense Interval|Tense Interval]] TAhE
* [[BPFK Section: Numeric Tense|Numeric Tense]] ROI (Shepherd: [[BPFK Member: Arnt Johansen|Arnt Johansen]])

===[[BPFK Super-Section: Other sumtcita|Other sumtcita]]===
* [[BPFK Section: Aspect|Aspect]] ZAhO (Shepherd: [[BPFK Member: Jorge Llambias|Jorge Llambias]])
* [[BPFK Section: Modal Aspects|Modal Aspects]] CAhA 
* [[BPFK Section: sumtcita Formants|sumtcita Formants]] FIhO FEhU (Shepherd: [[BPFK Member: Jorge Llambias|Jorge Llambias]]) (It doesn't match the CW template, but it says what it needs to and I see no need to change it at this point. --aionys) (Ready for voting)

==[[BPFK Super-Super-Section: Mathematics|Mathematics]]==

===[[BPFK Super-Section: Numbers|Numbers]]===
* [[BPFK Section: Digits|Digits]] PA1 PA2 (Shepherd: [[BPFK Member: Arnt Johansen|Arnt Johansen]])
* [[BPFK Section: Syntactic Numbers|Syntactic Numbers]] PA3
* [[BPFK Section: Inexact Numbers|Inexact Numbers]] PA4 PA3"> za'u, me'i (Shepherd: [[BPFK Member: Jorge Llambias|Jorge Llambias]])
* [[BPFK Section: Gradiated Numbers|Gradiated Numbers]] PA4"> so'V (Shepherd: [[BPFK Member: Jorge Llambias|Jorge Llambias]])
* [[BPFK Section: Mathematical Constants|Mathematical Constants]] PA5 (Shepherd: [[BPFK Member: Pierre Abbat|Pierre Abbat]])
* [[BPFK Section: Intervals|Intervals]] BIhI GAhO (Shepherd: [[BPFK Member: Pierre Abbat|Pierre Abbat]]) (Ready for voting)
* [[BPFK Section: Numeric selbri|Numeric selbri]] MOI ME MEhU (Shepherd: [[BPFK Member: Jorge Llambias|Jorge Llambias]]) (Ready for voting)

===[[BPFK Super-Section: mekso|mekso]]===
* [[BPFK Section: MEX|MEX]] BIhE FUhA JOhI KUhE MAhO MOhE NAhU NIhE NUhA PEhO TEhU VEI VEhO SEI"> ti'o
* [[BPFK Section: MEX Operators|MEX Operators]] VUhU0 VUhU1 VUhU2 VUhU3 VUhU4

===[[BPFK Super-Section: lerfu|lerfu]]===
* [[BPFK Section: lerfu Shifts|lerfu Shifts]] BY1 (Shepherd: [[BPFK Member: Rob Speer|Rob Speer]])
* [[BPFK Section: lerfu|lerfu]] BY2 BY* (Shepherd: [[BPFK Member: Theodore Reed|Theodore Reed]])
* [[BPFK Section: lerfu Forming cmavo|lerfu Forming cmavo]] BOI BU FOI LAU TEI (Shepherd: [[BPFK Member: Arnt Johansen|Arnt Johansen]])

==[[BPFK Super-Super-Section: Logic And Connectives|Logic And Connectives]]==

===[[BPFK Super-Section: Connectives|Connectives]]===
* [[BPFK Section: Logical Connectives|Logical Connectives]] A GA GIhA GUhA GI JA
* [[BPFK Section: Nonce Connectives|Nonce Connectives]] BAhE ZEI XI (Shepherd: [[BPFK Member: Robin Lee Powell|Robin Lee Powell]])
* [[BPFK Section: Non-logical Connectives|Non-logical Connectives]] JOI (Shepherd: [[BPFK Member: Jorge Llambias|Jorge Llambias]])

===[[BPFK Super-Section: Negators|Negators]]===
* [[BPFK Section: brivla Negators|brivla Negators]] NA NAhE (Shepherd: [[BPFK Member: Jorge Llambias|Jorge Llambias]])
* [[BPFK Section: General Negators|General Negators]] NAI
===[[BPFK Super-Section: Other Logic]]===
* [[BPFK Section: gadri|gadri]] LA LE (except lo'e and le'e) (Shepherd: [[BPFK Member: Jorge Llambias|Jorge Llambias]])
* [[BPFK Section: Typicals|Typicals]] lo'e and le'e (Shepherd: [[BPFK Member: Jorge Llambias|Jorge Llambias]])
* [[BPFK Section: Logical Variables|Logical Variables]] KOhA1 (Shepherd: [[BPFK Member: Jorge Llambias|Jorge Llambias]])
* [[BPFK Section: Scope cmavo|Scope cmavo]] BO CO CU KE KEhE KU VAU
==[[BPFK Super-Super-Section: References|References]]==

===[[BPFK Super-Section: Pro-sumti|Pro-sumti]]===
* [[BPFK Section: Utterance Pro-sumti|Utterance Pro-sumti]] KOhA2
* [[BPFK Section: Personal Pro-sumti|Personal Pro-sumti]] KOhA3
* [[BPFK Section: Anaphoric Pro-sumti|Anaphoric Pro-sumti]] KOhA4 KOhA5 KOhA6 (Shepherd: [[rab.spir|Rob Speer]]) (Ready for voting)
* [[BPFK Section: Grammatical Pro-sumti|Grammatical Pro-sumti]] KOhA7 (Shepherd: [[BPFK Member: Robin Lee Powell|Robin Lee Powell]])

===[[BPFK Super-Section: Other References|Other References]]===
* [[BPFK Section: Pro-bridi|Pro-bridi]] GOhA
* [[BPFK Section: Reference Regulators|Reference Regulators]] DAhO RAhO SOI
==[[BPFK Super-Super-Section: Attitudinals And Discursives|Attitudinals And Discursives]]==
* [[BPFK Section: Digressives|Digressives]] SEI SEhU TO TOI (Shepherd: [[BPFK Member: Jorge Llambias|Jorge Llambias]]) (Currently active vote)
* [[BPFK Section: Realis Attitudinals|Realis Attitudinals]] UI1realis (Shepherd: [[BPFK Member: Jorge Llambias|Jorge Llambias]]) (Currently active vote)
* [[BPFK Section: Irrealis Attitudinals|Irrealis Attitudinals]] UI1irrealis (Shepherd: [[BPFK Member: Jorge Llambias|Jorge Llambias]]) (Currently active vote)
* [[BPFK Section: Evidentials|Evidentials]] UI2 (Shepherd: [[BPFK Member: Arnt Johansen|Arnt Johansen]]) (Currently active vote)
* [[BPFK Section: Discursives|Discursives]] UI3 (Shepherd: [[BPFK Member: Arnt Johansen|Arnt Johansen]]) (Currently active vote)
* [[BPFK Section: Text Structure Discursives|Text Structure Discursives]] UI3a UI3c UI6 (Shepherd: [[BPFK Member: Jorge Llambias|Jorge Llambias]]) (Currently active vote)
* [[BPFK Section: Highlight Discursives|Highlight Discursives]] UI3b (Shepherd: [[BPFK Member: Jorge Llambias|Jorge Llambias]]) (Currently active vote)
* [[BPFK Section: Attitudinal Specifiers|Attitudinal Specifiers]] UI4 UI7 FUhE FUhO (Shepherd: [[BPFK Member: Adam Lopresto|Adam Lopresto]]) (Currently active vote)
* [[BPFK Section: Attitudinal Modifiers|Attitudinal Modifiers]] UI5 (Shepherd: [[BPFK Member: Theodore Alexander Reed|Theodore Reed]]) (Currently active vote)
* [[BPFK Section: Intensifiers|Intensifiers]] CAI (Shepherd: [[BPFK Member: Theodore Alexander Reed|Theodore Reed]]) (Currently active vote)
* [[BPFK Section: Vocatives|Vocatives]] COI DOI DOhU (Shepherd: [[BPFK Member: Jorge Llambias|Jorge Llambias]]) (Currently active vote)

==Miscellaneous==

===[[BPFK Super-Section: sumti cmavo|sumti cmavo]]===
* [[BPFK Section: Linkargs|Linkargs]] BE BEI BEhO (Shepherd: [[BPFK Member: Arnt Johansen|Arnt Johansen]]) (Currently active vote)
* [[BPFK Section: Place Structure cmavo|Place Structure cmavo]] FA JAI SE
* [[BPFK Section: Indirect Referers|Indirect Referers]] LAhE LUhU LI LOhO (Shepherd: [[BPFK Member: Jorge Llambias|Jorge Llambias]])

===[[BPFK Super-Section: All Abstractors|All Abstractors]]===
* [[BPFK Section: Abstractors|Abstractors]] NU KEI KOhA8 (Shepherd: [[BPFK Member: Robin Lee Powell|Robin Lee Powell]])
* [[BPFK Section: Aristotelean Abstractors|Aristotelean Abstractors]] NU1

===[[BPFK Super-Section: Text Structure|Text Structure]]===
* [[BPFK Section: Text Structure cmavo|Text Structure cmavo]] FAhO NIhO I MAI TUhE TUhU ZOhU (Shepherd: [[BPFK Member: Arnt Johansen|Arnt Johansen]])
* [[BPFK Section: Quotations|Quotations]] LU LOhU LEhU LIhU ZO ZOI (Shepherd: [[BPFK Member: Robin Lee Powell|Robin Lee Powell]])
* [[BPFK Section: Erasures|Erasures]] SI SA SU (Shepherd: [[BPFK Member: Robin Lee Powell|Robin Lee Powell]]) (Vote closed, no votes recorded)
* [[BPFK Section: ZOI|ZOI]] definition of a word inside ZOI (Shepherd: [[.alyn.post.]])

===Miscellaneous===
* [[BPFK Section: Termsets|Termsets]] CEhE NUhI NUhU PEhE
* [[BPFK Section: Subordinators|Subordinators]] NOI GEhU KUhO VUhO GOI ZIhE CEI (Shepherd: [[BPFK Member: Robin Lee Powell|Robin Lee Powell]])
** Technically, CEI has not been checkpointed; it got missed by accident. (Currently active vote)
* [[BPFK Section: Hesitation|Hesitation]] Y (Shepherd: [[BPFK Member: Robin Lee Powell|Robin Lee Powell]])

Sour Grapes

2015-07-16T21:30:58Z

Durka42: /* lo slari vanjba */

This is one of [[Aesop's fables]].

=Sour Grapes=
A hungry fox noticed a juicy bunch of grapes growing high on a grapevine. He leaped. He snapped. Drooling, he jumped to reach them, but try as he might, he could not obtain the tasty prize.

Disappointed by the fruitless efforts he'd made to get the grapes that day, he said, with a shrug, to comfort himself, "Oh, they were probably sour anyway!"

=Lojban Translations=

==loi slari vanjba==
(to [[la gleki]] cu traduki toi)

i lo lorxu, noi xagji, pu co'a sanji loi pa vanjba, poi jisra culno, gi'e ca'o galtu farvi, gi'e jorne lo stani. i le lorxu pu plipe. i le loxu pu bikla. i fau lo ka manci vau, le lorxu pu plipe te zu'e lo ka jgari lei vanjba. i je ku'i ja'e lo ka te rai troci vau, le lorxu nu'o snada lo ka lebna lo kukte se jdima.

i co'a lo ka badri lo na'e snada nu troci, poi le lorxu de'i zukte fi lo ka lebna li vanjba vau, le lorxu pu cusku fau lo ka co'a jdice je te zu'e lo ka co'a kufra vau, "lu y fau da'i ro da lei vanjba a'ucu'i slari li'u"

==ni'o da'o loi slari rutrviti==
to [[la ilmen]] cu fanva toi

ni'o ko'u noi lorxu gi'e xagji cu sanjycfa fo'i noi gunma lo'oi jisryvau rutrviti gi'e banro xoi galtu lo sparviti .i ko'u plipe .i ko'u bikla .i ko'u ca gi molylikpra gi plipe tezu'e lonu cpacu fo'i .ije ku'i ko'u ge tankomo loka troci ku loka kakne, ginai cpacu lo kukte terzilne'u

ni'o ko'u ca gi pacnytolcfa ki'u lonu na te snada fa lo cabdei ke nenxaksu nuntroci loka cpacu lo rutrviti, gi cusku, fau lo nu nalfaudri janmu'u ku, tezu'e lo nunkufra, lu .a'u cu'i slari la'a gi'e ja'ebo na selva'i li'u

==lo slari vanjba==
''sei la [[selpa'i]] cu fanva''

{| class="wikitable" border="0"
|style="width: 600px; background-color:#ffffcc;"|
ni'o lo pa xàgji lòrxu cu cfasànji da poi gìrzu lo jìsryvau vànjba gi'e gàltu bànro re'o lo skòspa .i ly bàtytoi .i ly fau lo nu lo molylìtki cu rìnci lo mòklu cu plìpe te zu'e lo nu ka'e cpàcu .i ku'i ro da poi ni tròci zo'u: da na bànzu lo nu snàda lo ka cpàcu lo kùkte seljì'a

ni'o lo lòrxu fau lo nu nalfàudri lo nu snàda lo se tròci poi ly ca lo càbdei cu tròci te zu'e tu'a lo vànjba cu cùsku fau lo nu jànco slìgau je te zu'e lo nu drijdìkygau lo sèvzi kei «lu .a'u cu'i la'a ta slàri va'o ro lo re da li'u»
|}

==loi slari vanjba==
(to [[User:Spheniscine|la zipcpi]] cu fanva .i jo'au [[gadganzu]] toi)

ni'o lo lorxu poi xagji co'a sanji lo gunma be lo vanjba be'o poi se jisra je poi ga'usai banro ra'i lo skospa .i le lorxu cu plipe .i ly bikla .i ly cupra lo molylitki jecu plipe tezu'e lo ka jgari lei vanjba .iku'i lau'u na banzu lo nu ly snada lo ka lebna le kukte se jdima

ni'o fau le nu ly badri le'e nu fliba iau, ly jangalgau je cu cusku, tezu'e lo ka kufra kei, lu «ne'au la'a ro le'i vanjba cu slari a'unai» li'u

==lo slari vanjba==
(to [[User:durka42|la durkavore]] cu fanva .i jo'au [http://selpahi.weebly.com/lojban/how-to-substantially-simplify-the-lojban-connective-system-my-connective-system la .jacus. noi terjonma'o ciste] je lo ga'ezeilerfu basyvla je [[new_soi|lo cnino me zo soi]] toi)

ni'o lo lorxu ca gi xagji gi co'a sanji lo jisryclu vanjba sormei be re'o lo skospa bei ga'u sai
.i L plipe .i L sutra batci
.i soi falpu'u L plipe tezu'e lo nu kuspe V jecuku'i na vanjba cpacu kakne to'eki'unai lo nu troci tankomo

ni'o L badri lo vanjbacau ke vanjbacpa nuntoi jecu ca gi jangalgau gi tezu'e gi sezykufygau gi cusku lu .a'ucu'i la'a V slari fau ro da li'u

Sour Grapes

2015-07-16T21:26:15Z

Durka42:

This is one of [[Aesop's fables]].

=Sour Grapes=
A hungry fox noticed a juicy bunch of grapes growing high on a grapevine. He leaped. He snapped. Drooling, he jumped to reach them, but try as he might, he could not obtain the tasty prize.

Disappointed by the fruitless efforts he'd made to get the grapes that day, he said, with a shrug, to comfort himself, "Oh, they were probably sour anyway!"

=Lojban Translations=

==loi slari vanjba==
(to [[la gleki]] cu traduki toi)

i lo lorxu, noi xagji, pu co'a sanji loi pa vanjba, poi jisra culno, gi'e ca'o galtu farvi, gi'e jorne lo stani. i le lorxu pu plipe. i le loxu pu bikla. i fau lo ka manci vau, le lorxu pu plipe te zu'e lo ka jgari lei vanjba. i je ku'i ja'e lo ka te rai troci vau, le lorxu nu'o snada lo ka lebna lo kukte se jdima.

i co'a lo ka badri lo na'e snada nu troci, poi le lorxu de'i zukte fi lo ka lebna li vanjba vau, le lorxu pu cusku fau lo ka co'a jdice je te zu'e lo ka co'a kufra vau, "lu y fau da'i ro da lei vanjba a'ucu'i slari li'u"

==ni'o da'o loi slari rutrviti==
to [[la ilmen]] cu fanva toi

ni'o ko'u noi lorxu gi'e xagji cu sanjycfa fo'i noi gunma lo'oi jisryvau rutrviti gi'e banro xoi galtu lo sparviti .i ko'u plipe .i ko'u bikla .i ko'u ca gi molylikpra gi plipe tezu'e lonu cpacu fo'i .ije ku'i ko'u ge tankomo loka troci ku loka kakne, ginai cpacu lo kukte terzilne'u

ni'o ko'u ca gi pacnytolcfa ki'u lonu na te snada fa lo cabdei ke nenxaksu nuntroci loka cpacu lo rutrviti, gi cusku, fau lo nu nalfaudri janmu'u ku, tezu'e lo nunkufra, lu .a'u cu'i slari la'a gi'e ja'ebo na selva'i li'u

==lo slari vanjba==
''sei la [[selpa'i]] cu fanva''

{| class="wikitable" border="0"
|style="width: 600px; background-color:#ffffcc;"|
ni'o lo pa xàgji lòrxu cu cfasànji da poi gìrzu lo jìsryvau vànjba gi'e gàltu bànro re'o lo skòspa .i ly bàtytoi .i ly fau lo nu lo molylìtki cu rìnci lo mòklu cu plìpe te zu'e lo nu ka'e cpàcu .i ku'i ro da poi ni tròci zo'u: da na bànzu lo nu snàda lo ka cpàcu lo kùkte seljì'a

ni'o lo lòrxu fau lo nu nalfàudri lo nu snàda lo se tròci poi ly ca lo càbdei cu tròci te zu'e tu'a lo vànjba cu cùsku fau lo nu jànco slìgau je te zu'e lo nu drijdìkygau lo sèvzi kei «lu .a'u cu'i la'a ta slàri va'o ro lo re da li'u»
|}

==loi slari vanjba==
(to [[User:Spheniscine|la zipcpi]] cu fanva .i jo'au [[gadganzu]] toi)

ni'o lo lorxu poi xagji co'a sanji lo gunma be lo vanjba be'o poi se jisra je poi ga'usai banro ra'i lo skospa .i le lorxu cu plipe .i ly bikla .i ly cupra lo molylitki jecu plipe tezu'e lo ka jgari lei vanjba .iku'i lau'u na banzu lo nu ly snada lo ka lebna le kukte se jdima

ni'o fau le nu ly badri le'e nu fliba iau, ly jangalgau je cu cusku, tezu'e lo ka kufra kei, lu «ne'au la'a ro le'i vanjba cu slari a'unai» li'u

==lo slari vanjba==
(to [[User:durka42|la durkavore]] cu fanva .i jo'au [http://selpahi.weebly.com/lojban/how-to-substantially-simplify-the-lojban-connective-system-my-connective-system la .jacus. noi terjonma'o ciste] je [[new_soi|lo cnino me zo soi]] je lo ga'ezeilerfu basyvla toi)

ni'o lo lorxu ca gi xagji gi co'a sanji lo jisryclu vanjba sormei be re'o lo skospa bei ga'u sai
.i L plipe .i L sutra batci
.i soi falpu'u L plipe tezu'e lo nu kuspe V jecuku'i na vanjba cpacu kakne to'eki'unai lo nu troci tankomo

ni'o L badri lo vanjbacau ke vanjbacpa nuntoi jecu ca gi jangalgau gi tezu'e gi sezykufygau gi cusku lu .a'ucu'i la'a V slari fau ro da li'u

BPFK Section: Subordinators

2015-06-24T22:22:06Z

Durka42: /* Formal Definitions */ table syntax

== Proposed Definitions And Examples ==

=== Proposed Definition of ''noi'' ===

;'''noi''' (NOI):Incidental (non-restrictive) relative clause marker.

** The "relative" part means that it relates a clause to a sumti. It attaches to a sumti to provide additional information about the referents of that sumti.

** The "clause" part means that it is followed by a full bridi (which means it sometimes must be terminated with ku'o, the NOI selma'o terminator, or vau, the general bridi terminator, particularily if one wishes to add another sumti to the outer bridi).

** The "non-restrictive" part means that the information in the ''noi'' clause is not used to restrict the set of things that the sumti ''noi'' is attached to refers to. The ''noi'' bridi gives additional information about the referents of the sumti ''noi'' is attached to.

** Inside a ''noi'' clause, ''ke'a'' indicates the precise place of the bridi that the sumti is intended to fill.

** For logical scoping purposes, the scope of a ''noi'' clause is entirely outside the scope of the statement in which it is contained; its scope occurs at the point immediately after the scope in which it was contained ends. The ''noi'' clause should be considered, for scoping purposes, as occuring in its own virtual sentence (technically, its own "statement" production in the formal grammar) after both the one in which it is contained and all further statements that are logically connected to the one in which it was contained.

** ''noi'' immediately follows a simple sumti. With description sumti, the relative clause can also be attached inside the sumti, before or after the selbri; when attached before the selbri (right after the gadri) it is equivalent to a clause attached after the terminated sumti (after the terminator ''ku''); when attached after the selbri (before the terminator ''ku'') the clause applies to all the referents of the sumti, whether there is an outer quantifier or not.

** For ''la'' description sumti, any ''noi'' clause that occurs before the terminator ''ku'' is considered part of the name.

** When attached to a description sumti with no explicit terminators, a ''noi'' clause is considered to be inside the terminator ''ku''.

=== Examples of ''noi'' Usage ===

le gerku noi blanu cu barda

''The dog, which incidentally is white, is big.''

la alis noi ru'i senci cu sezysku

''Alice, who was continuously sneezing, said to herself.''

ro bifce noi pendo mi cu ji'a xebni lo sigja

''All bees, which are friends of mine, also hate cigars.''

This sentence was taken from the #lojban IRC channel, and asserts that every bee (or wasp or hornet) that exists (ignoring metaphysical issues) is both a friend of the speaker and hates cigars. This is probably not what the author intended.

la fengu lo smacu noi fy ke'a cpacu cu penmi le zdani

''Fury met a mouse, F (Fury) got it (the mouse), in the house.''

Had to re-order the translation a bit to make the English work; in the Lojban the "met" part comes after the comma-delimited clause.

=== Proposed Definition of ''poi'' ===

;'''poi''' (NOI):Restrictive relative clause marker.

** The "relative" part means that it relates a clause to a sumti. It attaches to a sumti to provide specifying information about the referents of that sumti.

** The "clause" part means that it is followed by a full bridi (which means it sometimes must be terminated with ''ku'o'', the NOI elma'o terminator, or ''vau'', the general bridi terminator, particularily if one wishes to add another sumti to the outer bridi).

** The "restrictive" part means that the information in the ''poi'' clause is used to restrict the set of things that the sumti ''poi'' is attached to refers to. In other words, out of the referents of the sumti that ''poi'' is attached to (which, for example, in the case of ''lo dacti'' can be a great many things indeed) the sumti is actually intended by the speaker to refer only to those things for which the bridi in the ''poi'' clause is also true.

** Inside a ''poi'' clause, ''ke'a'' indicates the precise place of the bridi that the sumti is intended to fill.

** For unquantified sumti, the clause selects from all the referents of the sumti just those that satisfy it; when an inner quantifier is present it indicates how many those referents are. For quantified sumti, the quantification is over just those referents of the sumti that satisfy the clause.

** ''poi'' immediately follows a simple sumti. With description sumti, the relative clause can also be attached inside the sumti, before or after the selbri; when attached before the selbri (right after the gadri) it is equivalent to a clause attached after the terminated sumti (after the terminator ''ku''); when attached after the selbri (before the terminator ''ku''), the inner quantifier indicates the number of referents that satisfy the clause even if there is an outer quantifier.

** For ''la'' description sumti, any ''poi'' clause that occurs before the terminator ''ku'' is considered part of the name.

** When attached to a description sumti with no explicit terminators, a ''poi'' clause is considered to be inside the terminator ''ku''.

=== Examples of ''poi'' Usage ===

mi djica lo skami tanxe poi cmalu

''I want a computer box which is small.''

pau re'i pat ta poi zvati le canko cu mo

''Question to Pat: that which at the window is what?''

''Pat: What is that at the window?''

abu tavla le mensi ro le cizra se lifri poi do ke'a puzi ca'o tcidu

''A (for Alice) talked to the (her) sister about all the strange experiences which you about them have just been reading.''

da poi gerku zo'u da vasxu

''There exists at least one thing which is a dog; this thing breathes.''

=== Proposed Definition Of ''voi'' ===

;'''voi''' (NOI):Descriptive (non-veridical) restrictive relative clause marker.

** The "relative" part means that it relates a clause to a sumti. It attaches to a sumti to provide specifying information about the referents of that sumti.

** The "clause" part means that it is followed by a full bridi (which means it sometimes must be terminated with ku'o, the NOI

selma'o terminator, or vau, the general bridi terminator, particularily if one wishes to add another sumti to the outer bridi).

** The "restrictive" part means that the information in the ''voi'' clause is used to restrict the set of things that the sumti ''voi'' is attached to refers to. In other words, out of all the possible things the sumti that ''voi'' is attached to could refer to (which, for example, in the case of ''lo dacti'' is a great many things indeed) the sumti is actually intended by the speaker to refer only to those things that the sumti could refer to for which the bridi in the ''voi'' clause is also true.

** The ''non-veridical'' part means that the speaker is making no claime that the bridi in the ''voi'' clause actually matches objective reality.

** Inside a ''voi'' clause, ''ke'a'' indicates the precise place of the bridi that the sumti is intended to fill.

** For unquantified sumti, the clause selects from all the referents of the sumti just those that satisfy it; when an inner quantifier is present it indicates how many those referents are. For quantified sumti, the quantification is over just those referents of the sumti that satisfy the clause.

** ''voi'' immediately follows a simple sumti. With description sumti, the relative clause can also be attached inside the sumti, before or after the selbri; when attached before the selbri (right after the gadri) it is equivalent to a clause attached after the terminated sumti (after the terminator ''ku''); when attached after the selbri (before the terminator ''ku''), the inner quantifier indicates the number of referents that satisfy the clause even if there is an outer quantifier.

** For ''la'' description sumti, any ''voi'' clause that occurs before the terminator ''ku'' is considered part of the name.

** When attached to a description sumti with no explicit terminators, a ''voi'' clause is considered to be inside the terminator ''ku''.

=== Examples of ''voi'' Usage ===

ti voi nanmu cu ninmu

''This which is (non-veridically) a man is a woman.''

The classic example of ''voi'' usage, presumably referring to a case of mistaken identity or a transvestite or transgendered individual.

mi xagji .iku'i .oisai ponse no da voi cidja

''I am hungry. However, horrors!, posses no thing which is food.''

This is presumably intended to handle under-exaggeration; the speaker probably has '''something''' that could be eaten. This is a quote from the #lojban IRC channel.

mrilu su'o ciki'o da voi festi mi

''Mail, three thousand of them which are waste products of me.''

This case, also from the #lojban IRC channel, is probably intended to deal with very loose usage of ''festi'', and is probably intended to mean "Three thousand pieces of spam e-mail".

ganse vasxu le nicte vacri voi ranti

''Breathing the night air, which is soft.''

Presumably, ''voi'' is being used to deal with the fact that ''ranti'' probably does not literally apply to air.

ku'i ro da voi vi selsnu zo'u .ai skicu da fo ledu'u xukau catni

''However, all things which are here-at subjects of conversation: it is intended that they will be described as to whether they are official.''

This is from the Lojban translation of the lojban.org web site, and the ''voi'' is being used to deal with the usage of ''vi'' to translate the English "here on this site", when a web site has no physical location. The original had zu'o instead of zo'u, which I have corrected.

=== Proposed Definition for ''ne'' ===

;'''ne''' (GOI):Incidental (non-restrictive) relative phrase marker.

** The "relative" part means that it relates a phrase to a sumti. It attaches to a sumti to provide additional information about the referents of that sumti.

** The "phrase" part means that it is followed by another sumti.

** The meaning of ''ne'' is that the attached sumti is relevant to or associated with the first sumti in some way.

** The "non-restrictive" part means that the information in the ''ne'' phrase is not used to restrict the set of things that the sumti ''ne'' is attached to refers to. The attached phrase gives additional information about the sumti ''no'u'' is attached to.

** ''ne'' is often used for the loosest form of possession, such as that between a person and the chair they happen to be sitting in at the moment, but can be used for any form of association at all. It is essentially equivalent to ''noi srana''.

** Instead of attaching a sumti, ''ne'' can be used to attach a sumtcita clause, in which case the sumtcita clause is said to apply only to the sumti it is attached to.

** ''ne'' immediately follows a simple sumti. With description sumti, the relative phrase can also be attached inside the sumti, before or after the selbri; when attached before the selbri (right after the gadri) it is equivalent to a phrase attached after the terminated sumti (after the terminator ''ku''); when attached after the selbri (beforep the terminator ''ku'') the claupse applies to all the referents of the sumti, whether there is an outer quantifier or not.

** For ''la'' description sumti, any ''ne'' phrase that occurs before the terminator ''ku'' is considered part of the name.

** When attached to a description sumti with no explicit terminators, a ''ne'' phrase is considered to be inside the terminator ''ku''.

=== Examples of ''ne'' Usage ===

le blabi gerku ne mi cu batci do

''The white dog, which incidentally is associated with me, bit you.''

This need not be "my" dog in the English sense, but could be the dog I'm walking for a friend, or the dog closest to me, or whatever.

le nuntra be la uiliam ca le nu cfari cu fadni i ku'i le nuntolclite be lai norman ne ubu

''The behaviour of William during the beginning is ordinary. However the rudeness of Norman, which incidentally is associated with him (William).''

ti'e ko'a ne li 2.6 cu mutce sutra

''I hear that it, which has something to do with the number 2.6, is very fast.''

xu naku me le cnano pe le tai tcima ne vi do

''Is it not the case that those among the norm which is associated with the form of the weather, which is near you?''

''Don't you normally have such weather?''

=== Proposed Definition for ''pe'' ===

;'''pe''' (GOI):Restrictive phrase. ''pe'' is one of Lojban's restrictive relative phrase markers.

** The "relative" part means that it relates a phrase to a sumti. It attaches to a sumti to provide specifying information about the referents of that sumti.

** The "phrase" part means that it is followed by another sumti.

** The meaning of ''pe'' is that the attached sumti is relevant to or associated with the first sumti in some way.

** The "restrictive" part means that the information in the ''pe'' phrase is used to restrict the set of things that the sumti ''pe'' is attached to refers to. In other words, out of all the possible things the sumti that ''pe'' is attached to could refer to (which, for example, in the case of ''lo dacti'' is a great many things indeed) the sumti is actually intended by the speaker to refer only to those things that the sumti could refer to which are associated with the sumti marked by ''pe''.

** ''pe'' is often used for the loosest form of possession, such as that between a person and the chair they happen to be sitting in at the moment, but can be used for any form of association at all. It is essentially equivalent to ''poi srana''.

** Instead of attaching a sumti, ''pe'' can be used to attach a sumtcita clause, in which case the sumtcita clause is said to apply only to the sumti it is attached to.

** ''pe'' immediately follows a simple sumti. With description sumti, the relative phrase can also be attached inside the sumti, before or after the selbri; when attached before the selbri (right after the gadri) it is equivalent to a phrase attached after the terminated sumti (after the terminator ''ku''); when attached after the selbri (before the terminator ''ku''), the inner quantifier indicates the number of referents that satisfy the phrase even if there is an outer quantifier.

** For ''la'' description sumti, any ''pe'' phrase that occurs before the terminator ''ku'' is considered part of the name.

** When attached to a description sumti with no explicit terminators, a ''pe'' phrase is considered to be inside the terminator ''ku''.

=== Examples of ''pe'' Usage ===

le kabri pe le mi pendo cu cmalu

''My friend's cup is small.''

Presumably the friend does not own the cup, but is merely holding it, or something similar.

le mi pendo pe le kabri cu cmalu

''The cup's my friend is small.''

''My friend which is associated with the cup is small.''

This illustrates one of the non-English-like ways ''pe'' can operate.

le lisri pe mi cu clani je se badri

''The story associated with me is long and sad.''

le gerku pe le mi pendu cu prami lo cakla

''The dog of my fiend loves chocolate.''

It is likely that ''po'', which indicates stronger possession, was wanted here.

mi viska le cripu pe vi le rirxe

''I see the bridge which is near the river.''

=== Proposed definition for ''no'u'' ===

;'''no'u''' (GOI):Incidental identity. ''no'u'' is Lojban's non-restrictive appositive phrase marker.

** The "relative" part means that it relates a phrase to a sumti. It attaches to a sumti to provide additional information about the referents of that sumti.

** The "phrase" part means that it is followed by another sumti.

** The meaning of ''no'u'' is that the attached sumti has exactly the same refferents as the first sumti, which is what the "appositive" part means.

** The "non-restrictive" part means that the information in the ''no'u'' clause is not used to restrict the set of things that the sumti ''no'u'' is attached to refers to. The attached phrase gives additional information about the sumti ''no'u'' is attached to.

** It exactly equates two sumti referents, and is often used to mention names of things in passing. It is essentially equivalent to ''noi du".

** ''no'u'' immediately follows a simple sumti. With description sumti, the relative phrase can also be attached inside the sumti, before or after the selbri; when attached before the selbri (right after the gadri) it is equivalent to a phrase attached after the terminated sumti (after the terminator ''ku''); when attached after the selbri (beforep the terminator ''ku'') the claupse applies to all the referents of the sumti, whether there is an outer quantifier or not.

** For ''la'' description sumti, any ''no'u'' phrase that occurs before the terminator ''ku'' is considered part of the name.

** When attached to a description sumti with no explicit terminators, a ''no'u'' phrase is considered to be inside the terminator ''ku''.

=== Examples of ''no'u'' Usage ===

le nanmu no'u la djim. cu terpemci

''The man, who incidentially is Jim, is a poet.''

.au mi ka'e jarco le mi'a mlatu no'u la dinas do

''[[Desire.|Desire.]] I could show you our cat, Dina.''

mi ba stidi so'u cnino gismu no'u zo nagra e zo narga e zo ranga e zo ragna

''I will suggest a few new gismu: nagra, narga, ranga, and ragna.''

=== Proposed definition for ''po'u'' ===

;'''po'u''' (GOI):Restrictive identity. ''po'u'' is Lojban's restrictive appositive phrase marker.

** The "relative" part means that it relates a phrase to a sumti. It attaches to a sumti to provide specifying information about the referents of that sumti. ''po'u'' immediately follows a simple sumti; for descriptions sumti it can appear in a variety of places, the semantics of which are beyond the scope of this definition.

** The "phrase" part means that it is followed by another sumti.

** The meaning of ''po'u'' is that the referents of the sumti that the ''po'u'' clause is attached to are limited to those that are identical to the referents of the ''po'u'' phrase, which is what the "appositive" part means.

** The "restrictive" part means that the information in the ''po'u'' phrase not used to restrict the set of things that the sumti ''po'u'' is attached to refers to.

** It exactly equates two sumti referents, and is often used to mention names of things in passing. It is essentially equivalent to ''poi du".

** ''po'u'' immediately follows a simple sumti. With description sumti, the relative phrase can also be attached inside the sumti, before or after the selbri; when attached before the selbri (right after the gadri) it is equivalent to a phrase attached after the terminated sumti (after the terminator ''ku''); when attached after the selbri (before the terminator ''ku''), the inner quantifier indicates the number of referents that satisfy the phrase even if there is an outer quantifier.

** For ''la'' description sumti, any ''po'u'' phrase that occurs before the terminator ''ku'' is considered part of the name.

** When attached to a description sumti with no explicit terminators, a ''po'u'' phrase is considered to be inside the terminator ''ku''.

=== Examples of ''po'u'' Usage ===

le gerku po'u le mi pendo cu cinba mi

''The dog which is my friend kisses me.''

This is actually a somewhat strange use of ''po'u''; ''poi se pendo mi'' is much more common for this sort of thing.

la blabi ractu sepi'o le kinli je cmalu voksa cu bacru tcidu le cmene po'u zo alis

''The white rabbit in a sharp, small voice loudly read the name, "Alice".''

mi cusku za'u pa le jufra .i do tugni ma po'u le mi jufra

''I said more than one sentence. You agree with what which is a sentence of mine?''

Note that the first ''le'' should really be ''lo''. ''za'u jufra'' would be even better.

=== Proposed definition for ''po'' ===

;'''po''' (GOI):Is specific to. ''po'' is one of Lojban's restrictive relative phrase markers.

** The "relative" part means that it relates a phrase to a sumti. It attaches to a sumti to provide specifying information about the referents of that sumti.

** The "phrase" part means that it is followed by another sumti.

** The meaning of ''po'' is that the attached sumti is '''specifically''' relevant to or associated with the first sumti in some way.

** The "restrictive" part means that the information in the ''po'' phrase is used to restrict the set of things that the sumti ''po'' is attached to refers to. In other words, out of all the possible things the sumti that ''po'' is attached to could refer to (which, for example, in the case of ''lo dacti'' is a great many things indeed) the sumti is actually intended by the speaker to refer only to those things that the sumti could refer to which are associated with the sumti marked by ''po''.

** ''po'' is often used for the standard sense of possession, i.e. physical or legal ownership. It is essentially equivalent to ''poi traji lo ka ce'u ckini ke'a vau fa''.

** ''po'' immediately follows a simple sumti. With description sumti, the relative phrase can also be attached inside the sumti, before or after the selbri; when attached before the selbri (right after the gadri) it is equivalent to a phrase attached after the terminated sumti (after the terminator ''ku''); when attached after the selbri (before the terminator ''ku''), the inner quantifier indicates the number of referents that satisfy the phrase even if there is an outer quantifier.

** For ''la'' description sumti, any ''po'' phrase that occurs before the terminator ''ku'' is considered part of the name.

** When attached to a description sumti with no explicit terminators, a ''po'' phrase is considered to be inside the terminator ''ku''.

=== Examples of ''po'' Usage ===

le botpi po mi cu spofu

''My bottle is broken.''

mi troci le nu jimpe le krinu po le do cortu

''I try to understand the reason / justification associated with your pain.''

Probably ''rinka be'' was meant, rather than ''krinu po''.

xu do tcidu le samselmri po la noras

''Have you read Nora's e-mail?''

=== Proposed definition for ''po'e'' ===

;'''po'e''' (GOI):Which belongs to. ''po'e'' is one of Lojban's restrictive relative phrase markers.

** The "relative" part means that it relates a phrase to a sumti. It attaches to a sumti to provide specifying information about the referents of that sumti.

** The "phrase" part means that it is followed by another sumti.

** The meaning of ''po'e'' is that the attached sumti is '''inalienably''' associated with the first sumti in some way. An inalienable association is one that cannot be taken away, such as the association between you and your arm.

** The "restrictive" part means that the information in the ''po'e'' phrase is used to restrict the set of things that the sumti ''po'e'' is attached to refers to. In other words, out of all the possible things the sumti that ''po'e'' is attached to could refer to (which, for example, in the case of ''lo dacti'' is a great many things indeed) the sumti is actually intended by the speaker to refer only to those things that the sumti could refer to which are associated with the sumti marked by ''po'e''.

** ''po'e'' is used for things like people's limbs or parental relationships or other inalienable things. It is essentially equivalent to ''poi jinzi ke se steci srana''.

** ''po'e'' immediately follows a simple sumti. With description sumti, the relative phrase can also be attached inside the sumti, before or after the selbri; when attached before the selbri (right after the gadri) it is equivalent to a phrase attached after the terminated sumti (after the terminator ''ku''); when attached after the selbri (before the terminator ''ku''), the inner quantifier indicates the number of referents that satisfy the phrase even if there is an outer quantifier.

** For ''la'' description sumti, any ''po'e'' phrase that occurs before the terminator ''ku'' is considered part of the name.

** When attached to a description sumti with no explicit terminators, a ''po'e'' phrase is considered to be inside the terminator ''ku''.

=== Examples of ''po'e'' Usage ===

le birka po'e mi cu spofu

''My arm is broken.''

mi kucli le du'u ki'u makau le xriso cu krici le du'u le malcevni cu djica le pruxi po'e mi

''I am curious as to why Christians believe that the devil wants my soul.''

le galxe po'e mi cu kanro

''My throat is healthy.''

=== Proposed Definition for ''vu'o'' ===

;'''vu'o''' (VUhO):Long scope relative clause/phrase marker. Normally, a relative clause or phrase sumti binds to the last sumti to its immediate left, regardless of sumti connectors. To have a relative clause or phrase bind to every member of a connected group of sumti, place vu'o after the sumti and before the relative clause or phrase cmavo.

=== Examples of ''vu'o'' Usage ===

la frank. .e la djordj. vu'o noi nanmu cu klama le zdani

''Frank and George, who are both men, go to the house.''

la eduin joi la morkar vu'ono'u lei turni be la mersias fa'u la nortumbrias

''Edwin along with Morkar (?), who are the rulers of Mersia (?) and Northumbria, respectively''

mi na jimpe le du'u makau nilbra be le plini .e le gerku vu'o noi se tavla do

''I don't understand how big the planet and the dog, which you are talking about, are.''

=== Proposed Definition for ''zi'e'' ===

;'''zi'e''' (ZIhE):Relative clause/phrase joiner. Normally, a relative clause or phrase sumti binds to the last sumti to its immediate left, which means that it is impossible to apply more than one relative marker to the same simple sumti (description sumti are a bit more complicated, and the ways in which one can attach a relative clause or phrase to one are beyond the scope of this definition). To attach another relative marker to the same sumti, place ''zi'e'' after the end of the first relative marker's data (which normally needn't be terminated) and place the next relative marker immediately after the ''zi'e''. Using zi'e to mix ''poi'' and ''noi'' clauses (or pe and ne, and so on) is, for very subtle reasons, not well defined.

=== Examples of ''zi'e'' Usage ===

le botpi po mi zi'e poi blanu cu spofu

''My blue bottle is broken.''

do ponse ma poi drata zi'epe ne'i le do daski

''You have what else that has to do with the inside of your pocket?''

je'u ro lo prenu poi mi xamgu djuno zi'e poi ponse le slanu kerfa zi'e poi ponse lo blabi skapi cu pilno ry. vau .u'isai

''Truthfully, all the people which I know well and who have dreadlocks and are white use bicycles [[Amusement|Amusement]].''

The author has special insight into this sentence, which was found on the #lojban IRC channel, having wrote it. ''ry'' refers to ''lo relxilma'e''.

=== Proposed Definition for ''ge'u'' ===

;'''ge'u''' (GEhU):End relative phrase. ''ge'u'' is an elidable terminator that indicates the end of relative or sumtcita phrases. It is usually elidable in simple situations. It (or possibly another teminator, such as ''ku'') is required, however, when one wishes to apply a logical connective to a sumti that has a relative or modal phrase attached (otherwise you are simply added an additional part to the phrase).

=== Examples of ''ge'u'' Usage ===

li'o pensi le cmalu no'u la alis ge'u e ro le abu se manci se lifri

''... thinking about the small thing which is Alice, and all of her wondrous experiences.''

pilno le vlaturge'a pe la guaspis ge'u .e le lojbo gerna .ui

''Use the word structure of Gua\spi and the grammar of Lojban. [[Happiness|Happiness]]''

Note that the original did '''not''' have the ge'u, which made it mean something like "Use the word structure of both ( Gua\spi and Lojban grammar)", which is basically nonsense.

=== Proposed Definition for ''ku'o'' ===

;'''ku'o''' (KUhO):End relative clause. ''ku'o'' is an elidable terminator that indicates the end of NOI relative clauses. It can always be replaced by some other combination of terminators (''ku'', ''vau'', and ''kei'' in particular are often relevant), but its use is preferred in complex clauses, where it can often replace several other terminators.

=== Examples of ''ku'o'' Usage ===

la djan. cu lafti da poi grana ku'o gi'e desygau da

''John lifts at least one thing which is a pole and shakes it.''

so'o jinru minji noi nenri le xamsi ku'o e so'o verba noi kakpa lo canre le loldi lo mudri canpa ku'o e li'o

''Several wet machines, which are in the sea, and several children, which dig in sand out of the floor with wooden shovels, and ...''

pe'i do poi merko ku'o sipna

''I opine that those of you who are American are sleeping.''

=== Proposed Definition for ''goi'' ===

;'''goi''' (GOI):Pro-sumti assign. ''goi'' is used to define or assign {ko'a} and {fo'a} series pro-sumti. The two sumti before and after ''goi'' are intended to refer to the same thing; in computer science terminology, ''goi'' unifies its arguments if either one is undefined. If both arguments are already defined, it is assumed that a re-definition is taking place, and the right-hand argument takes on the value of the left-hand argument (essentially matching the English ", which we'll call "). For explicit re-definition and cancellation of definition, refer to {da'o}. ''goi'' is approximately equivalent to the Latin word "sive".

=== Examples of ''goi'' Usage ===

la .alis. goi ko'a klama le zarci .i ko'a cu blanu

''Alice, who we'll call "she", goes to the store. She is blue.''

Note that the second sentence refers to the literal color blue.

ma goi ko'a

''What is it that ko'a refers to?''

xy. goi le xrabo bangu

''X, which I am using to indicate the Arabic language''

=== Issues ===

* [http://groups.google.com/group/lojban/tree/browse_frm/month/2007-07/ce9b22d578419522?rnum=11&_done=%2Fgroup%2Flojban%2Fbrowse_frm%2Fmonth%2F2007-07%3F#doc_04422a4a473dca31 hat is the scope of goi exactly?]

=== Proposed Definition for ''cei'' ===

;'''cei''' (CEI):broda series pro-selbri assign. ''cei'' is used to define or assign brodV series variables. The two selbri before and after ''cei'' are intended to refer to the same thing; in computer science terminology, ''cei'' unifies its arguments if either one is undefined. If both arguments are already defined, it is assumed that a re-definition is taking place, and the right-hand argument takes on the value of the left-hand argument (essentially matching the English ", which we'll call "). For explicit re-definition and cancellation of assignment, refer to {da'o}. ''cei'' is approximately equivalent to the Latin word "sive".

=== Examples of ''cei'' Usage ===

broda cei slilu .i brode cei sedu'u lu le'o ro le do zbepi du selponse mi'a 

(translate please) 

 

.i donri cei broda .i xu la broda cu du la donri 

"It's a daytime, which we'll call 'broda'. Is "Broda" the same body as "Daytime"? 

=== Notes ===

http://groups.google.com/group/lojban/browse_thread/thread/407835fad414fc6a 

Previous issues. cei binds to nearest selbri and needs ke + ke'e for binding tanru.

== Formal Definitions ==

(AKA conversion formulas)

{| class="wikitable"
! NOI !! example !! expansion
|-
| noi || ''sumti'' noi ke'a broda || ''sumti'' to ri xi rau broda toi
|-
| poi + PA ''sumti'' || PA ''sumti'' poi broda || PA da poi ge me ''sumti'' gi broda
|-
| poi + ''sumti'' (no PA) || ''sumti'' poi broda || lo me ''sumti'' je broda
|-
| poi + ro da || ro da poi broda cu brode || ro da zo'u ganai da broda gi da brode
|-
| poi + su'o da || su'o da poi broda cu brode || su'o da zo'u ge da broda gi da brode
|-
| voi || voi ke'a broda || poi skicu ke'a fo lo ka ce'u broda
|-
| ne || ne ''sumti'' || noi ke'a srana ''sumti''
|-
| pe || pe ''sumti'' || poi ke'a srana ''sumti''
|-
| no'u || no'u ''sumti'' || noi ke'a du ''sumti''
|-
| po'u || po'u ''sumti'' || poi ke'a du ''sumti''
|-
| po || po ''sumti'' || poi ''sumti'' cu traji lo ka ce'u ckini ke'a
|-
| po'e || po'e ''sumti'' || poi ke'a jinzi ke se steci srana ''sumti''
|-
| vu'o || ''sumti'' vu'o ''relative-clauses'' || lo me ''sumti'' me'u ku ''relative-clauses''
|-
| goi, ko'a unassigned || ko'a goi ''sumti'' / ''sumti'' goi ko'a || ''sumti'' noi ca'e ko'a du ke'a
|-
| goi, both unassigned || ko'a goi ko'e || sei ca'e zo ko'a zo ko'e co'a snidu'i se'u
|-
| goi, both assigned || ko'a goi ko'e || sei ca'e zo ko'e co'a sinxa ko'a se'u
|-
| zi'e + noi || ''sumti'' noi ''subsentence1'' zi'e noi ''subsentence2'' || ''sumti'' noi ge ''subsentence1'' gi ''subsentence2''
|-
| zi'e + poi || ''sumti'' poi ''subsentence1'' zi'e poi ''subsentence2'' || ''sumti'' poi ge ''subsentence1'' gi ''subsentence2''
|-
| zi'e + PA poi + noi || PA ''sumti'' poi ke'a broda zi'e noi ke'a brode || PA lo me ''sumti'' je broda ku to ri xi rau brode toi
|-
| zi'e + noi + poi || ''sumti'' noi ke'a broda zi'e poi ke'a brode || lo me ''sumti'' to ri broda toi je brode
|-
| zi'e + PA noi + poi || PA ''sumti'' noi ke'a broda zi'e poi ke'a brode || undefined
|}

* It is possible to build conversion formulas for "PA da poi", for each PA, but many of those formula will be different from each other. The two given here are representative, and are the two important ones. Others should be handled on a case-by-case basis, or just considered irreducable, as necessary.

* Making the zi'e work requires doing the other expansions first. The zi'e expansions are not generalized to more than two links, but it shouldn't be hard to figure out.

* The "ri xi rau" in "zi'e + PA poi + noi" is intended to count back to the outer "lo me".

* The "ri xi rau" in "noi" is intended to count back to the preceding ''sumti''.

* The definitions with "me" in them rely on CLL-style "me" being selected by the BPFK (in particular, over ma'oste-style "me"). Any other choice will require revisiting of those definitions.

* The "both unassigned" and "both assigned" "goi" forms are rather wierd and to be avoided in normal speech (although they may make more sense in programmatic or mathematical contexts).

== Notes ==

* Many of these definitions are substantially similar. Please bear in mind that they will normally be used in isolation.

* Example of the difference between noi and poi: "ro prenu noi xamgu cu klama" is a '''monumentally''' different claim from "ro prenu poi xamgu cu klama". The former is "All people are good, and they go." The latter is "All the good people go". Formally, the former is "ro prenu ge xamgu gi klama", and the latter is "ro da poi prenu zo'u da ga nai brode gi brodi&quot;. With su'o, however, they are equivalent.

* ''voi'' is pretty amazingly useless. This is borne out by the amount of usage it has seen: I have collected above, as far as I can tell, more than 80% of the extant usages of it. ''ne'' is, if anything, '''worse''' (i.e. less used). ''po'e'' is not much used either, but that's hardly a surprise. ''vu'o'' seems to be underutilized as well, but I suspect that's more in error than anything else. The winner of the no-usage prize, however, seems to be ''ge'u''. This, however, seems to have been an error in many cases: {mi po do ge'u .e da} means something completely different than {mi po do .e da}.

* I don't know who cares that ''goi'' is Latin 'sive', but I'm sure it's not me.

* I have no idea why only ''pe'' and ''ne'' can be used with sumtcita clauses.

* While the definitions are lovely, please make a plain-English explanation of how NOI's relative position to {ku} affects the quantifier (IE that pa lo ci gerku noi zvati ku is one of [[three dogs which attend|three dogs which attend]] and that pa lo ci gerku ku noi zvati is one dog [[of three|of three]] which attends). This is one of those little things that newbies overlook and is rather important. - Lindar

== Impact ==

* WRT ''goi'', the right-leaning specification in the case of both arguments being defined is wholly new.

* ''po'' in CLL was stated to mean "se steci srana", but no-one really understood what that meant. I believe that the change (to traji lo ka ce'u ckini) covers the CLL meaning better and changes no usage.

* I am aware of no other substantial impacts of this proposal.

{MODULE(module=>BPFK_Poll'''Subordinators)}BPFK Poll: Subordinators{MODULE}

[[Category:BPFK Section]]

BPFK Section: Realis Attitudinals

2015-06-21T17:15:28Z

Durka42: /* Usage Examples */ je'urja'o => seljetnu

{{BPFK Section from tiki|BPFK Section: Realis Attitudinals|51}}
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=== cmavo: .a'a (UI1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to express attentiveness / payment-of-attention / heed / concentration.

==== See Also ====
* {jundi}
* {re'i}

==== Proposed Keywords ====

==== Usage Examples ====
; .a'a .i ko di'a co'e .i ba ku ma fasnu : ''Aha, go on, what happened next?''
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=== cmavo: .a'a cu'i (UI*1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to express inattentiveness / distraction / non-payment of attention / heedlessness.

==== See Also ====
* {nalju'i}
* {re'i nai}

==== Proposed Keywords ====

==== Usage Examples ====
; .a'a cu'i ko denpa lo nu mi mulgau ti : ''Eh, just a second, let me finish this.''
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=== cmavo: .a'a nai (UI*1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to express avoidance / evasion / dodging.

==== See Also ====
* {rivbi}

==== Proposed Keywords ====

==== Usage Examples ====
; .a'a nai mi na tirna. : ''La, la, la, I'm not listening.''
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=== cmavo: .a'e (UI1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to express alertness / awareness / enthusiasm / liveliness / eagerness / readiness.

==== See Also ====
* {cikna}
* {sanji}

==== Proposed Keywords ====

==== Usage Examples ====
; .a'e le cabdei ba xamgu djedi : ''Today is going to be a good day!''
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=== cmavo: .a'e nai (UI*1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to express exhaustion / tiredness / weariness / fatigue / lassitude / prostration / burnout

==== See Also ====
* {tatpi}

==== Proposed Keywords ====

==== Usage Examples ====
; .a'e nai mi klama lo ckana : ''Yaaaawn... I'm going to bed.''
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=== cmavo: .a'u (UI1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to express interest / curiosity / concern / preoccupation.

==== See Also ====
* {selci'i}
* {kurji}

==== Proposed Keywords ====

==== Usage Examples ====
; .a'u ma ba'o se lifri do : ''What happened to you?''
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=== cmavo: .a'u cu'i (UI*1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to express disinterest / uninterest / unconcern / apathy / detachment / indifference.

==== See Also ====
* {nalselci'i}

==== Proposed Keywords ====

==== Usage Examples ====
; .a'u cu'i na cuntu mi : ''That's none of my business.''
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=== cmavo: .a'u nai (UI*1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to express repulsion / aversion / disgust / distaste / repugnance.

==== See Also ====
* {selrigni}

==== Proposed Keywords ====

==== Usage Examples ====
; .a'u nai ta panci simsa lo kalci : ''Yuck, that smells like shit!''
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=== cmavo: .i'a (UI1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to express acceptance / acknowledgement / admission / assent / consent / acquiescence / conformity / satisfaction

==== See Also ====
* {selmansa}
* {nalpro}
* {no'epro}
* {nalzugjdi}
* {fi'i}

==== Proposed Keywords ====

==== Usage Examples ====
; .i'a ta banzu : ''Okay, that will do.''
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=== cmavo: .i'a nai (UI*1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to express refusal / rejection / eschewal / resistance / dissatisfaction / blame / incrimination / inculpation

==== See Also ====
* {tolselmansa}
* {fi'i nai}

==== Proposed Keywords ====

==== Usage Examples ====
; .i'a nai ta mi za'o na mansa : ''No, that still doesn't satisfy me.''
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=== cmavo: .i'e (UI1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to express approval / endorsement / sanction / support / approbation / favor / praise / applause / acclaim.

==== See Also ====
* {zanru}

==== Proposed Keywords ====

==== Usage Examples ====
; .i'e do xautce gunka : ''Very good! You did an excellent job.''
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=== cmavo: .i'e cu'i (UI*1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to express neither approval nor disapproval / impartiality / neutrality / nonpartisanship / objectivity.

==== See Also ====
* {nutli}
* {norzau}

==== Proposed Keywords ====

==== Usage Examples ====
; .i'e cu'i lo cmaci ka'e cfipu lo co'a ve ckule : ''Speaking objectively, math can be confusing for 1st graders.''
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=== cmavo: .i'e nai (UI*1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to express disapproval / criticism / disapprobation / disfavor / opposition / condemnation / reprobation.

==== See Also ====
* {tolzau}

==== Proposed Keywords ====

==== Usage Examples ====
; .i'e nai le pixra cu korcu dandu : ''Hm, the picture is hanging crooked.''
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=== cmavo: .i'i (UI1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to express togetherness / unanimity / communion / unity / comradeship / camaraderie / conviviality / gregariousness / sociability

==== See Also ====
* {gunma}
* {kansa}

==== Proposed Keywords ====

==== Usage Examples ====
; .i'i mi ba jinga : ''Yay! We're gonna win!''

;.i'i mi mi'ecpe lo se pleji nu zenba : ''We demand a raise!''
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=== cmavo: .i'i nai (UI*1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to express privacy / aloofness / privateness / isolation / solitude / seclusiveness / reclusiveness / secrecy / retirement / withdrawal (selsivni, sepli

==== Proposed Keywords ====

==== Usage Examples ====
; .i'i nai ko cliva : ''Go away, I want to be alone!''
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=== cmavo: .i'o (UI1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to express appreciation / recognition / valuation / thanks / gratitude.

==== See Also ====
* {ckire}

==== Proposed Keywords ====

==== Usage Examples ====
; .i'o do je'a pendo : ''Ah, you're a true friend.''
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=== cmavo: .i'o nai (UI*1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to express envy / jealousy / resentment / bitterness

==== See Also ====
* {jilra}

==== Proposed Keywords ====

==== Usage Examples ====
; .i'o nai do ro roi se funca lo zabna : ''Damn you, you always have good luck!''
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=== cmavo: .i'u (UI1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to express familiarity / acquaintanceship / recognition / conversance / grasp / ken / knowledge.

==== See Also ====
* {selsau
* {nalselni'o}
* {kufra}
* {djuno}

==== Proposed Keywords ====

==== Usage Examples ====
; .i'u mi ta xabju ze'a lo nanca be li so'i : ''Yes, I lived there for many years.''
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=== cmavo: .i'u nai (UI*1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to express unfamiliarity / ignorance / unknowingness / mystification / mystery.

==== See Also ====
* {termipri}

==== Proposed Keywords ====

==== Usage Examples ====
; .i'u nai no da sidbo fi mi lo du'u pleji ma kau fo ta : ''I have no idea how much they are paying for that.''
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=== cmavo: ii (UI1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to express fear / alarm / anxiety / fright / horror / panic / terror / apprehension / dread / phobia.

==== See Also ====
* {terpa}

==== Proposed Keywords ====

==== Usage Examples ====
; ii le tirxu cu xruti : ''Oh, no! The tiger is back!''
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=== cmavo: ii nai (UI*1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to express security / safeness / invulnerability

==== See Also ====
* {snura}

==== Proposed Keywords ====

==== Usage Examples ====
; ii nai le ctuca na ba tolcri mi'o ti : ''Heh, the teacher won't find us here.''
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=== cmavo: io (UI1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to express respect / regard / courtesy / consideration / deference / homage / kudos / recognition / obeisance / obligingness / veneration / reverence / civility / urbanity / gallantry / politeness / friendliness / affability / corteousness / cordiality / complaisance / solicitude.

==== See Also ====
* {sinma}
* {clite}
* {ga'i nai}

==== Proposed Keywords ====

==== Usage Examples ====
; io ko mi jersi doi nolnau : ''This way, Sir, if you please.''
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=== cmavo: io nai (UI*1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to express disrespect / contempt / discourtesy / scorn / impertinence / insolence / impoliteness / irreverence / derision / disparagement / disdain.

==== See Also ====
* {tolsi'a}
* {ga'i}

==== Proposed Keywords ====

==== Usage Examples ====
; io nai ko ti klama doi bebna : ''Get your ass over here, you idiot!''
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=== cmavo: iu (UI1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudina.: Used to express love / esteem / adoration / worship / devotion / affection / fondness / sympathy

==== See Also ====
* {prami}
* {pendo}

==== Proposed Keywords ====

==== Usage Examples ====
; iu do melbi : ''You're beautiful.''
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=== cmavo: iu nai (UI*1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to express hatred / abhorrence / antipathy / bitterness / detestation / hate / loathing / odium

==== See Also ====
* {xebni}

==== Proposed Keywords ====

==== Usage Examples ====
; iu nai do palci : ''You're evil.''
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=== cmavo: .o'a (UI1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to express pride / dignity / self-confidence / smugness / bravado / grandiloquence / pomposity / cockiness / conceit / arrogance.

==== See Also ====
* {jgira}
* {ga'i}

==== Proposed Keywords ====

==== Usage Examples ====
; .o'a ju'i mamta mi kakne lo nu tcidu : ''Look Mummy, I can read!''
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=== cmavo: .o'a cu'i (UI*1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to express modesty / humility / humbleness / discreetness / meekness / unpretentiousness / reserve

==== See Also ====
* {cumla}
* {ga'i nai}

==== Proposed Keywords ====

==== Usage Examples ====
; .o'a cu'i ba'e mi lumci pi su'o po'o le loldi : ''Oh, *I* mopped only some part of the floor.''
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=== cmavo: .o'a nai (UI*1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to express shame / abashment / embarrassment / humiliation / mortification

==== See Also ====
* {ckeji}

==== Proposed Keywords ====

==== Usage Examples ====
; .o'a nai mi mrilu le notci lo srera noigri : ''Oops, I posted the message to the wrong newsgroup.''
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=== cmavo: .o'e (UI1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to express intimacy / closeness / affinity / sympathy / rapport.

==== See Also ====
* {cnijbi}
* {cnikansa}

==== Proposed Keywords ====

==== Usage Examples ====
; .o'e mi do ba kansa lo nu vitke lo mikce : ''I'll go with you to see the doctor.''
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=== cmavo: .o'e nai (UI*1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to express distance / aloofness / coldness / antipathy.

==== See Also ====
* {cnida'o}

==== Proposed Keywords ====

==== Usage Examples ====
; .o'e nai doi dirba mi to'e cinmo : ''Frankly, my dear, I don't give a damn.''
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=== cmavo: .o'i (UI1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to express caution / carefulness / prudence / vigilance.

==== See Also ====
* {seljde}
* {capyrivbi}
* {capfanta}
* {srerivbi}
* {srefanta}
* {naldarsi}

==== Proposed Keywords ====

==== Usage Examples ====
; .o'i le loldi cu se sakli : ''Careful! The floor is slippery.''
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=== cmavo: .o'i nai (UI*1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to express rashness / audacity / dauntlessness / temerity / recklessness / imprudence / impetuosity / impulsiveness / overconfidence.

==== See Also ====
* {darsi}

==== Proposed Keywords ====

==== Usage Examples ====
; .o'i nai ko gunta : ''Charge!''
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=== cmavo: .o'o (UI1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to express patience / forbearance / leniency / benevolence / indulgence / magnanimity.

==== See Also ====
* {xendo}
* {de'acni}

==== Proposed Keywords ====

==== Usage Examples ====
; .o'o ko za'u re'u troci : ''Ok, try again.''
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=== cmavo: .o'o cu'i (UI*1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to express tolerance / open-mindedness / moderation / fairness / reasonableness / mildness

==== See Also ====
* {racli}
* {to'ersteba}

==== Proposed Keywords ====

==== Usage Examples ====
; .o'o cu'i ma pu mukti fi do : ''So, what drove you to do it?''
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=== cmavo: .o'o nai (UI*1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to express anger / annoyance / exasperation / fury / rage / impatience / indignation / irascibility / irritation / outrage / vexation / wrath / ire / intolerance.

==== See Also ====
* {fengu}

==== Proposed Keywords ====

==== Usage Examples ====
; .o'o nai lo xanto cu fanta lo nu mi pagre : ''Damn, the elephants are blocking my way!''
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=== cmavo: .o'u (UI1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to express relaxation / leisure / repose / peacefulness / serenity / calmness / placidity / tranquility / quietude

==== See Also ====
* {surla}

==== Proposed Keywords ====

==== Usage Examples ====
; .o'u ti zabna se lifri : ''Ah, this is the life!''
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=== cmavo: .o'u cu'i (UI*1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to express composure / aplomb / balance / equanimity / imperturbability / nonchalance / sobriety / stability / phlegm.

==== See Also ====
* {cnilanxe}

==== Proposed Keywords ====

==== Usage Examples ====
; .o'u cu'i mi pu tinbe lo selfla : ''I followed the law.''
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=== cmavo: .o'u nai (UI*1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to express stress / anxiety / anguish / chagrin / distress / tension / worry.

==== See Also ====
* {dunku}

==== Proposed Keywords ====

==== Usage Examples ====
; .o'u nai le mi bersa cu zvati ma : ''Where is my son?''
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=== cmavo: .oi (UI1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to express displeasure / discomfort / pain / discontentment / frustration / complaint / protestation.

==== See Also ====
* {pante}

==== Proposed Keywords ====

==== Usage Examples ====
; .oi mi cortu le kanla : ''Ouch! My eyes hurt.''
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=== cmavo: .oi nai (UI*1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to express pleasure / comfort / contentment / delectation / delight / gratification / relish / enjoyment

==== See Also ====
* {selpu'a}
* {kufra}

==== Proposed Keywords ====

==== Usage Examples ====
; .oi nai glare cakla : ''Mmm, hot chocolate!"
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=== cmavo: .u'a (UI1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to express gain / triumph / success

==== See Also ====
* {jinga}
* {selne'u}
* {prali}

==== Proposed Keywords ====

==== Usage Examples ====
; .u'a la'e di'u se jetnu lo du'u mi pu drani : ''Hah, that proves I was right!''
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=== cmavo: .u'a nai (UI*1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to express loss / desolation / melancholy / disconsolation / lamentation / mourning

==== See Also ====
* {cirko}

==== Proposed Keywords ====

==== Usage Examples ====
; .u'a nai la rover pu xamgu gerku : ''Snif, Rover was a good dog.''
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=== cmavo: .u'e (UI1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to express wonder / admiration / amazement / awe / marvel / astoundment

==== See Also ====
* {selmanci}

==== Proposed Keywords ====

==== Usage Examples ====
; .u'e ze prenu cu zvati : ''Wow, there are seven people here!''

; .u'e le va gerku cu mutce stati : ''Wow, that dog is really talented!''
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=== cmavo: .u'e nai (UI*1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to express that something is commonplace / humdrum / unexceptional / prosaic

==== See Also ====
* {tolselmanci}
* {fadni}

==== Proposed Keywords ====

==== Usage Examples ====
; .u'e nai xu ta xagrai lo se kakne be do : ''Pshaw, is that the best you can do?''
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=== cmavo: .u'i (UI1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to express amusement / hilarity / merriment / mirth / laughter

==== See Also ====
* {selzdi}
* {selxajmi}
* {xalbo}

==== Proposed Keywords ====

==== Usage Examples ====
; .u'i ta cusku zo ganxo : ''Heh, heh, he said "arsehole".''
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=== cmavo: .u'i nai (UI*1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to express weariness / boredom / tediousness / tedium / ennui

==== See Also ====
* {tolselzdi}

==== Proposed Keywords ====

==== Usage Examples ====
; .u'i nai banzu ca le cabdei : ''Yawn, that's enough for today.''
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=== cmavo: .u'o (UI1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to express courage / boldness / bravery / valor / daring

==== See Also ====
* {virnu}

==== Proposed Keywords ====

==== Usage Examples ====
; .u'o mi do pu'o nurgau : ''I'm coming to your rescue!''
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=== cmavo: .u'o cu'i (UI*1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to express timidity / shyness / unassertiveness / inhibition / timorousness

==== See Also ====
* {jikterpa}

==== Proposed Keywords ====

==== Usage Examples ====
; .u'o cu'i xu mi zifre lo nu stali : ''Erm, may I stay here?''
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=== cmavo: .u'o nai (UI*1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to express cowardice

==== See Also ====
* {tolvri}

==== Proposed Keywords ====

==== Usage Examples ====
; .u'o nai mi na nerkla ta : ''Oh no, I'm not going in there.''
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=== cmavo: .u'u (UI1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to express repentance / regret / contrition / remorse / guiltiness

==== See Also ====
* {xenru}
* {zugycni}

==== Proposed Keywords ====

==== Usage Examples ====
; .u'u mi pu na jundi : ''Sorry, I wasn't paying attention.''
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=== cmavo: .u'u cu'i (UI*1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to express innocence / blamelessness / clear conscience / righteousness / naïveté

==== See Also ====
* {nalselra'u}

==== Proposed Keywords ====

==== Usage Examples ====
; .u'u cu'i mi zukte no da : ''I didn't do anything!''
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=== cmavo: .u'u nai (UI*1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to express lack of regret / remorselessness / defiance / spite / provocation / unrepentance

==== See Also ====
* {talsa}

==== Proposed Keywords ====

==== Usage Examples ====
; .u'u nai mi pu zi stapa le do jamfu i do ba zukte ma : ''Yeah, I just stepped on your foot. What are you going to do about it?''
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=== cmavo: ua (UI1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to express discovery / realization / recognizance / recollection / understanding

==== See Also ====
* {facki}

==== Proposed Keywords ====

==== Usage Examples ====
; ua ba'e ta do mensi : ''Ah, so *that*'s your sister.''
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=== cmavo: ua nai (UI*1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to express confusion / searching / disorientation / befuddlement / perplexity / puzzlement / bewilderment

==== See Also ====
* {cfipu}
* {sisku}
* {ki'a}

==== Proposed Keywords ====

==== Usage Examples ====
; ua nai la'e di'u vajni fi ma : ''Huh? How is that relevant?''
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=== cmavo: ue (UI1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to express surprise / astonishment / unexpectedness / shock / stupefaction.

==== See Also ====
* {selspaji}

==== Proposed Keywords ====

==== Usage Examples ====
; ue ta lenku : ''Oo, that's cold!''
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=== cmavo: ue cu'i (UI*1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to express indifference / impassiveness / insensitivity / unresponsiveness / oblivion / not being really surprised

==== See Also ====
* {norselspaji}

==== Proposed Keywords ====

==== Usage Examples ====
; ue cu'i ma cnino : ''So what's new?''
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=== cmavo: ue nai (UI*1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to express expectation / expectedness / confirmation.

==== See Also ====
* {tolselspaji}

==== Proposed Keywords ====

==== Usage Examples ====
; ue nai ro da pu prane : ''Everything was perfect, just as I expected.''
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=== cmavo: ui (UI1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to express happiness / joy / glee / bliss / delight / ecstasy / exultation / jubilation / cheerfulness

==== See Also ====
* {gleki}

==== Proposed Keywords ====

==== Usage Examples ====
; ui mi pu klama le zarci : ''Yay, I went to the store!''
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=== cmavo: ui nai (UI1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to express unhappiness / sadness / sorrow / depression / gloominess / woe / heartache / anguish

==== See Also ====
* {badri}

==== Proposed Keywords ====

==== Usage Examples ====
; ui nai ti pu melbi jarbu : ''Sigh, this used to be a nice neighbourhood.''
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=== cmavo: uo (UI1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to express completion / achievement / consummation / fulfillment / accomplishment / termination / culmination

==== See Also ====
* {snada}
* {mulno}
* {mansa}
* {fanmo}

==== Proposed Keywords ====

==== Usage Examples ====
; uo di'u clani jufra : ''Pfew, that was a long sentence!''
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=== cmavo: uo nai (UI*1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to express incompleteness / deficiency / lack / insufficiency

==== See Also ====
* {fliba}

==== Proposed Keywords ====

==== Usage Examples ====
; uo nai do tu na ru'e darxi : ''Oh, you almost hit it.''
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=== cmavo: uu (UI1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to express pity / kindness / mercy / gentleness / compassion / sensitiveness

==== See Also ====
* {kecti}

==== Proposed Keywords ====

==== Usage Examples ====
; uu mi ba dunda lo boxfo do : ''Oh you poor thing! I'll get you a blanket.''
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=== cmavo: uu nai (UI*1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to express cruelty / callousness / hardheartedness / insensibility / insensitiveness / mercilessness / ruthlessness / unkindness / malice / evilness / wickedness

==== See Also ====
* {kusru}

==== Proposed Keywords ====

==== Usage Examples ====
; uu nai mi ba ponse lo do pruxi : ''Mwa, ha, ha, ha, ha! Your soul will be mine!''
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=== Associated predicates ===

{| class="wikitable"
| || ja'ai || cu'i || nai
|-
| .a'a || jundi || nalju'i || rivbi
|-
| .a'e || cikna || || tatpi
|-
| .a'i || troci || selfrili || cando
|-
| .a'u || selci'i || nalselci'i || selrigni
|-
| .i'a || selmansa || || tolselmansa
|-
| .i'e || zanru || nutli || tolzau
|-
| .i'i || gunma || || selsivni
|-
| .i'o || ckire || || jilra
|-
| .i'u || selsau || || termipri
|-
| .ii || terpa || || snura
|-
| .io || sinma || || tolsi'a
|-
| .iu || prami || || xebni
|-
| .o'a || jgira || cumla || ckeji
|-
| .o'e || cnijbi || || cnida'o
|-
| .o'i || seljde || || darsi
|-
| .o'o || xendo || racli || fengu
|-
| .o'u || surla || cnilanxe || dunku
|-
| .oi || pante || || selpu'a
|-
| .u'a || jinga || || cirko
|-
| .u'e || selmanci || || tolselmanci
|-
| .u'i || selzdi || || tolselzdi
|-
| .u'o || virnu || jikterpa || tolvri
|-
| .u'u || xenru || nalselra'u || talsa
|-
| .ua || facki || || selfi'u
|-
| .ue || selspaji || norselspaji || tolselspaji
|-
| .ui || gleki || || badri
|-
| .uo || snada || || fliba
|-
| .uu || kecti || || kusru
|}
{{BPFK Section box close}}

=== Notes ===

* '''iu cu'i''' was removed from the list because the keyword "no love lost" was too confusing, its meaning is fairly obvious anyway, and no usage was found.

* '''.u'u cu'i''' and '''.u'u nai''' were interchanged.

=== Section Issues ===

* [http://groups.google.com/group/lojban/browse_thread/thread/dc6bb04a6f9167f3 The realis/irrealis distinction] has been rather hotly debated over the years. It is my ( Lindar ) opinion that the reality/irreality of the UI is dependent upon the reality/irreality of the jufra, and can be indicated with da'i/da'inai or some other kind of marker. This way ''ni'o .a'o mi klama'' can mean ''I hope I go.'' in one instance and ''I'm going, about which I feel hopeful.'' for another, rather than being restricted to one meaning.

* [https://groups.google.com/group/lojban/tree/browse_frm/month/2005-05/85f8b775047c0d5c?rnum=21&_done=%2Fgroup%2Flojban%2Fbrowse_frm%2Fmonth%2F2005-05%3F#doc_85f8b775047c0d5c The +nai meanings could use some review and cementing.]
* [http://groups.google.com/group/lojban/browse_thread/thread/b96c7bc00213773c Explicit UI linking?]

=== Poll ===

{{BPFK Section poll| {POLL(pollId=>23)}BPFK Poll: Realis Attitudinals{POLL} }}

LLG 2014 Annual Meeting Minutes

2015-06-21T02:44:04Z

Durka42: /* Jbovlaste changes */ typo "concerned" => "concern"

'''(UNAPPROVED DRAFT)'''

This is a summary of the 2014 Annual Meeting of the members of the Logical Language Group, as conducted on the llg-members mailing list from November 3, 2014 to April 20, 2015.

== Announcement ==

The 2014 Annual Meeting was [[LLG Meeting Announcement 2014|announced]] November 2, 2014, to commence on November 3, 2014.

== Call to order ==

The meeting began on November 3, 2014 with a call to order by president Robert LeChevalier. The agenda was projected to include:

* clarification of the status of bylaw changes approved at the 2003 Annual Meeting
* election of a new board of directors, to follow the addition of new members
* discussion of [[BPFK]] the [[Official Baseline Statement (2002/2003)|baseline policy]], to include at least one IRC session

== Roll call ==

=== Members ===

16 of 17 voting members of LLG responded directly to the roll call:

* Robert LeChevalier
* Ali Sajid Imami
* Jorge Llambías
* John Cowan
* Theodore Reed
* Matt Arnold
* Timo Paulssen
* Veijo Vilva
* And Rosta
* Arnt Richard Johansen
* Pierre Abbat
* Craig Daniel
* TommyLee Whitlock
* Robin Lee Powell
* Mark Shoulson
* Nora LeChevalier

Paul Swift, also a member, sent word via Riley Martinez-Lynch that he was following the meeting but was unable to directly participate due to email problems.

Quorum was established, and the 15 days advance notice for annual meetings required by the bylaws were waived.

=== Observers ===

10 non-members indicated their presence at the meeting:

* Jacob Errington
* Alex Burka
* Riley Martinez-Lynch
* Mitsuko Wate
* Ozymandias Haynes
* Arkadii Balandin
* Miles Forster
* Adam Lopresto
* Andrew Browne
* Curtis Franks

== Reading of minutes ==

The president waived a reading of the minutes, citing the tradition that the logs of the llg-members mailing list have been deemed to satisfy the requirement for formal minutes.

Riley announced that he had, with assistance from Robin and Ali, compiled summaries for five prior annual meetings of the membership, and asked for a motion that they be accepted as minutes:

* [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/LLG+Meeting+Summary+2008 LLG 2008 Meeting]
* [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/LLG+Meeting+Summary+2010 LLG 2010 Meeting]
* [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/LLG+Meeting+Summary+2011 LLG 2011 Meeting]
* [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/LLG+Meeting+Summary+2012 LLG 2012 Meeting]
* [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/LLG+Meeting+Summary+2013 LLG 2013 Meeting]

Ali raised such a motion. It was seconded by Tommy and passed without objection.

== Officers' reports ==

=== President ===

<blockquote>
I have little to report as President, since I haven't been particularly active in part because of my irregular health problems. I have continued to fill a small number of orders for CLL, as well as attempted to keep amazon.com well-supplied with books. Amazon currently has around 35 books in stock which should last into next year; we have
tended to average 6-10 copies per month sold. I have two back-orders at present that I need to fill on my own - one from PayPal, and one received by mail early this year that I rediscovered last week; the
money order not having been deposited. There have also been 48 sales of the introductory book through Lightning Source.
</blockquote>

=== Secretary/Treasurer ===

Riley reported the quarterly finances on behalf of the Secretary/Treasurer. The 2014 Q3 Virginia sales tax report was settled with a $10 penalty. The 2014 Q4 report, to be filed January 20, covered a period with no taxable sales. The balance in LLG's bank account was $13,839.71, and the balance in LLG's PayPal account was $2,966.66.

== Committee reports ==

=== LBCK (lojbo bangu cipra kamni) ===

Pierre reported on behalf of the LBCK (language proficiency test committee).

<blockquote>
la gleki in September expressed interest in a proficiency test. I mentioned where the mailing list is, but no one's posted anything there since. The project is stalled with some of the rating scales defined and others not. … For now the test is only written, possibly with listening comprehension questions (there is nothing in the database schema yet about audio recordings).
</blockquote>

=== BPFK (baupla fuzykamni) ===

Robin, chair of BPFK (language planning committee), notified the president that he would not be actively participating in the meeting.

== Election of new members ==

Craig moved that the following observers who had expressed an interest in joining LLG be admitted as members.

* Arkadii Balandin
* Alex Burka
* Sylvain Déjardin
* Jacob Errington
* Miles Forster
* Ozymandias Haynes
* Adam Lopresto
* Riley Martinez-Lynch
* Mitsuko Wate

The motion was seconded by And and Ali, and passed without objection.

==Removal of old members==

John Cowan and Matt Arnold resigned their memberships during the meeting, as did Ozymandias Haynes, who had joined during the meeting.

==Election of the Board==

The following members volunteered to stand for election to the Board of Directors:

* Arkadii Balandin
* Craig Daniel
* Ozymandias Haynes
* Ali Sajid Imami
* Robert LeChevalier
* Riley Martinez-Lynch
* Timo Paulssen
* And Rosta

Robin Lee Powell was presumed to stand for re-election.

Ahead of the election, Veijo Vilvo submitted his resignation from the board and the office of vice president. Arnt Johansen also resigned from the Board at this time.

There was a discussion of the election procedures: Each member could vote for up to seven candidates; the three candidates who received the most votes would be elected; up to four additional candidates who received a majority of votes would also be elected. The following members were elected:

* Arkadii Balandin
* Craig Daniel
* Ali Sajid Imami
* Robert LeChevalier
* Riley Martinez-Lynch
* Timo Paulssen
* And Rosta

== Old business ==

=== Republication of CLL ===

Bob reported that there are around 100 copies of the original edition of CLL remaining, which at the current rate of sales, is less than a year's supply.

Robin reported progress on preparing CLL for republication: "It needs significant review, but it's definitely reached the *not terrible* stage of things." He reported that LLG has 8 registered ISBNs left:

* 0-9660283-2-5
* 0-9660283-3-3
* 0-9660283-4-1
* 0-9660283-5-X
* 0-9660283-6-8
* 0-9660283-7-6
* 0-9660283-8-4
* 0-9660283-9-2

The forthcoming edition of the CLL will be printed via Lightning Source, and will be assigned the first of these ISBNs. The initial test print will cost ~$150, and additional test prints will cost $40. A license for Prince, the printable HTML/CSS publishing software, will cost $500. He indicated that if the republished book is sold for $50 (approximating the industry-standard 55% wholesale discount), each book sold will yield a profit of $7.

The president asked for a motion to acknowledge Robin's report and authorizing a budget for his efforts. Matt proposed a $2,000 budget, which Robin indicated was more than was needed. Nora seconded, and the motion passed without objection.

There was considerable discussion of the question of whether CLL should continue to include the formal grammars in BNF and YACC form, given the number of pages that they require: They add weight and cost to each copy of the book. An informal majority supporting republishing with BNF but leaving out YACC as a downloadable supplement.

There was also discussion of the importance of making CLL available as an e-book.

Alternatives to publication via Lightning Source were discussed, including CreateSpace, which can ship from Europe.

There was limited discussion of the question of the extent of changes in CLL 1.1 relative to the first edition, including whether it would reflect xorlo, or just incorporate errata.

=== Republication of "What is Lojban?" ===

Robin suggested that LLG evaluate saving money by republishing "What is Lojban?" as a softcover edition with CreateSpace, Amazon's self-publishing division.

== New business ==

=== Archgrammarian: John Cowan ===

The president asked for a motion thanking John Cowan "for his many years as a member and officer, and hoping for his continued involvement in other aspects of the language". Riley moved that a permanent honorary position be created to recognize John Cowan's sustained efforts. Craig seconded. And propoposed the title "archgrammarian", which Pierre lojbanized as {balgenpre}. John indicated that the title was acceptable. The motion passed without objection, granting the position to John, which includes the authorization to sign official LLG communication channels using the new title.

=== Project manager proposal ===

Ali proposed that LLG consider hiring a project manager with responsibilities to include:

* maintaining a list of official projects, with updated status reports
* maintaining an updated list of lojban-related activities around the world
* administering LLG's social media accounts

He described a particular candidate that he had in mind for the role.

Gleki advocated using a wiki or issue tracker to centralize project tracking information. He also suggested keeping track of contacts with newcomers to the lojban community. Matt questioned whether such a role would in fact address LLG's needs.

No motion was raised or seconded.

=== BPFK reauthorization ===

Craig suggested that the ZG (interim baseline) policy, which was intended to provide a way for the membership to ratify BPFK consensus, might need a rewrite.

The president proposed an IRC session to be held January 18, 2015 at 4pm UST to discuss the future of BPFK. A second session was held February 1. Before the initial session, Riley circulated a draft motion to reauthorize BPFK.

There was significant discussion about the question of how to determine the membership of the committee. la selpa'i proposed that upon reauthorization, any previous or current members be removed so as to resolve present ambiguities about who is a voting member. Based on inputs from Bob, la gleki, la selpa'i and la guskant, the reauthorization motion was revised to devolve power to appoint members from the chair to the committee itself.

Another issue of debate was the role of the chair relative to the body of the committee, and the qualifications for the role. Bob and Craig expressed concerns that the character and commitment of the chair may outweigh particular policies in determining the effectiveness of BPFK. la selpa'i suggested that it is important that the chair of BPFK has some facility in the lojban language, as well as a familiarity with the history of problems which have been raised in the language and the solutions which have accumulated.

The amended motion to reauthorize BPFK was passed. Bob announced that a rump committee, headed by Robin Powell, will have the remaining task of producing CLL version 1.1 for publication.

==== BPFK elections ====

Following the passage of the BPFK reauthorization, an election for BPFK chair was held. la selpa'i was nominated by la xorxes, seconded by la guskant, and elected by majority vote.

The following slate of members was then elected:

* Pierre Abbat
* Arkadii Balandin
* Alex Burka
* Sylvain Déjardin
* Jorge Llambías
* Adam Lopresto
* And Rosta
* Mitsuko Wate

=== Jbovlaste changes ===

The role of the LLG in maintaining "official definitions" in jbovlaste was raised in the first IRC session, and again on the mailing list. la durka moved that the newer definitions of {zabna} and {mabla} in jbovlaste be recognized as official. la selpa'i described the harmful effects of propagating definitions as "official" when they no longer correspond to usage.

la guskant proposed that all experimental cmavo and gismu in jbovlaste should require definitions in the lojban language. la durka and la xorxes spoke in support of soliciting, if not requiring, lobjan definitions for new words. Pierre added that words should also be defined in all six of lojban's gismu source languages.

la gleki raised a concern that a substantial discussion on issues of general interest like this one should not be limited to the private llg-members mailing list.

Craig asserted that jbovlaste is not managed by the LLG membership. Bob pointed out that historically, jbovlaste's only relationship with LLG is as an "official project", and opposed granting it further status. No motions were raised or seconded.

=== Web site issues ===

la gleki proposed migrating the wiki from Tiki to MediaWiki. Robin objected that this was a technical matter not governed by LLG process.

Robin announced that he would gladly install an SSL certificate if one was to be provided.

=== Other issues ===

A motion was raised to recognize Riley's integration of the 2003 Bylaw amendments into the text of the official bylaws. The motion was seconded by Craig. It passed without objection.

la guskant raised a concern about isolation of non-English-speaking lojbanic communities, including two Japanese communities that aren't in contact with each other, and a Chinese community in Taiwan and Hong Kong.

Bob called attention to an organization called Noolearn that is using lojban in its pilot program for an online educational platform.

la selpa'i called attention to a proposal that LLG institute an annual award to recognize achievements in the development, use and propagation of the lojban language. He indicated he would raise the question again after the meeting had concluded.

== Adjournment ==

The meeting was adjourned by the president on April 20, 2015.

{{LLG}}

BPFK Section: Numeric selbri

2015-06-08T04:01:43Z

Durka42: /* Usage Examples */ typo fix: da => do

{{BPFK Section from tiki|BPFK Section: Numeric selbri|22}}
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=== cmavo: me (ME) ===

==== Proposed Definition ====
Converts a sumti into a tanru-unit with place structure ''"x1 is/are among the referents of the sumti"''.

==== Proposed Tag ====

==== See Also ====
* {me'u}
* {mei}
* {moi}
* {gunma}
* {cmima}
==== Proposed Keywords ====

==== Usage Examples ====
;xu do djica lo nu do me mi'a:"Do you want to be one of us?"

==== Notes ====

==== Issues ====

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=== cmavo: me'u (MEhU) ===

==== Proposed Definition ====
Terminator for ME.

==== Proposed Tag ====

==== See Also ====
* {me}

==== Proposed Keywords ====
* terminator
==== Usage Examples ====
;to lo me zo ku me'u pe di'u cu jai seldji vau li'a sai .u'i toi:''(The 'ku' of the previous sentence was intentional indeed lol)''

==== Notes ====

==== Issues ====

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=== cmavo: moi (MOI) ===

==== Proposed Definition ====
Converts a number, lerfu-string or ME-converted sumti into a tanru-unit. The place structure in the case of a number is ''"x1 is/are the ''[number]''th among x2 by rule x3"''. More generally, for any sumti the place structure is ''"x1 is/are the one(s) among x2 that correspond(s) to ''[number/lerfu/sumti]'' by rule x3"''.

==== Proposed Tag ====

==== See also ====
* {me}
* {mei}
* {si'e}
* {cu'o}
* {va'e}

==== Proposed Keywords ====

==== Usage Examples ====
;ma xamoi le te minde i xamoi le te minde fa lo nu na catra:"Which is the sixth commandment? The sixth commandment is, Thou shalt not kill."

;ju'i do'u do tolcliva le ba'e romoi be le papri be la internet i a'o do pu zanfri lo nu catlu i caku ko tolcikygau le do skami gi'e barkla gi'e kelci:"Attention: You have reached the very last page of the Internet. We hope you have enjoyed your browsing. Now turn off your computer and go outside and play."

;la cerni tarci cu romoi lo tarci poi ka'e se viska pu lo nu co'a donri:"The morning star is the last star that's visible before the dawning of the day."

;le mi dinju cu da'apamoi le zunle:"My building is the one before last on the left hand side."

;le ro relselxi'u cu mitsi'umlu i ta'i ma da djuno lo du'u makau me do moi:"All the bicycles looked alike. How could you tell which one was yours!"

;ta me mi moi:"That's mine."

==== Notes ====

==== Issues ====
klaku: The moi3 is not very well defined. Is it a process by which to order? In that case, describing the process will lead to a very long sumti, which is not practical. I suggest that it is a {ka}, so that lo moi is ordered such that those with most of the property are before those with less of the property. Thus, "second in shortness" is {remoi fi loka tordu}, rather than something involving a description of an elobate process.

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=== cmavo: mei (MOI) ===

==== Proposed Definition ====
Converts a number, lerfu-string or ME-converted sumti into a tanru-unit. The place structure in the case of a number is ''"x1 are ''[number]'' in number and are among x2"''. In general for any sumti the place structure is ''"x1 is/are among x2, quantified by ''[number/lerfu/sumti]''"''.

==== Proposed Tag ====

==== See Also ====
* {me}
* {moi}
* {si'e}
* {cu'o}
* {va'e}

==== Proposed Keywords ====

==== Usage Examples ====
;ko drisla lo nuntolji'a ki'u lo nu ri so'i mei .i ku'i ko geisla lo nunji'a ki'u lo nu ri so'u mei:"Mourn the losses because they are many but celebrate the victories because they are few."

==== Notes ====

==== Issues ====
* [http://groups.google.com/group/lojban/browse_thread/thread/3006bf2178e9175e Issues]

klaku: The definitions for this cmavo are many and contradicting. CLL states 3 or four te sumti, this page's definition 2, and valsi/vlasisku states 3 te sumti. Also, it is not clear what mei3 is supposed to be. I suggest the other definitions be changed to match this one, with only 2 te sumti.

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=== cmavo: si'e (MOI) ===

==== Proposed Definition ====
Converts a number, lerfu-string or ME-converted sumti into a tanru-unit. The place structure in the case of a number is ''"x1 is/are a ''[number]''th of x2"''. In general for any sumti the place structure is ''"x1 is a part/fraction of x2, quantified by ''[number/lerfu/sumti]''"''.

==== Proposed Tag ====

==== See Also ====
* {me}
* {mei}
* {moi}
* {cu'o}
* {va'e}

==== Proposed Keywords ====

==== Usage Examples ====
;lo so'i tadni cu zabna se ctuca lo gubni ckule .i ku'i lo go'i cu mo'a si'e lo ro mei:"Many students get a first-rate education in the public schools, but they represent too small a fraction of the whole."

==== Notes ====

==== Issues ====

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=== cmavo: cu'o (MOI) ===

==== Proposed Definition ====
Converts a number, lerfu-string or ME-converted sumti into a tanru-unit with place structure is ''"x1 has an expectation/probability ''[number/lerfu/sumti]'' under conditions x2"''.

==== Proposed Tag ====

==== See Also ====
* {me}
* {mei}
* {moi}
* {si'e}
* {va'e}

==== Proposed Keywords ====

==== Usage Examples ====
;la'e di'u cu mu no ce'i cu'o :"That has a fifty percent chance of happening."

==== Notes ====

==== Issues ====

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=== cmavo: va'e (MOI) ===

==== Proposed Definition ====
Converts a number, lerfu-string or ME-converted sumti into a tanru-unit with place structure ''"x1 has value ''[number/lerfu/sumti]'' on scale x2"''.

==== Proposed Tag ====

==== See Also ====
* {me}
* {moi}
* {mei}
* {si'e}
* {cu'o}

==== Proposed Keywords ====

==== Usage Examples ====
;ui lo mi prosa cu .abu va'e:"Yay! My essay was graded with an 'A'."

==== Notes ====

==== Issues ====

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=== Issues ===
The CLL has:

* lei ratcu poi zvati le panka cu so'umei lo'i ratcu
* The-mass-of rats which are-in the park are a-fewsome with-respect-to the-set-of rats.
* The rats in the park are a small number of all the rats there are.

Which I don't think fits with mei as we use it at all; either the definition here or the CLL needs changing.

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===Formal definitions ===

{| class="wikitable"
|colspan=1| MOI
|-
| ''x1'' ''number'' moi ''x2'' ''x3'' || ''x1'' me ''x2'' gi'e lidne da'a ''number'' me ''x2'' ''x3''
|-
| ''x1'' ''number'' mei ''x2'' || ''x1'' me ''x2'' gi'e klani li ''number'' lo se gradu be ''x2''
|-
| ''x1'' ''number'' si'e ''x2'' || ''x1'' pagbu ''x2'' gi'e klani li ''number'' lo se gradu be ''x2''
|-
| ''x1'' ''number'' cu'o ''x2'' || ''x1'' se pacna zi'o li ''number'' va'o ''x2''
|-
| ''x1'' ''number'' va'e ''x2'' || ''x1'' se merli zi'o li ''number'' ''x2''
|}

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=== General Section Notes ===

# The definition of '''me''' corresponds to the basic relation __''Among''__ as formalized in the book ''Plural Predication'' (Oxford University Press, 2006) by [http://thecollege.syr.edu/profiles/pages/mckay-thomas.html Thomas McKay], which also agrees with the definition as given in CLL. See [[gadri: an unofficial commentary from a logical point of view]] for a precise discussion on plural quantification and '''me'''.
# The interpretation proposed for a ME-converted sumti with '''moi''' is an extension of the definition for n-moi as n-th.
# The second argument of '''mei''' is changed with respect to CLL, to make it more useful and more in line with the rest of the system.
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== Poll ==
{{BPFK Section poll| {POLL(pollId=>49)}{POLL} }}

User:Cadgu'a

2015-06-03T23:19:10Z

Durka42: Creating user page for new user.

BPFK Section: Tense Interval

2015-05-26T16:59:55Z

Durka42: typo fix taggin => tagging

{{BPFK Section from tiki|BPFK Section: Tense Interval|31}}
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=== cmavo: di'i (TAhE) ===

==== Proposed Definition ====
Regularly. Subjective time tense. Indicates that the event occurs regularly over a certain interval. When tagging a sumti, the sumti specifies the interval.

==== Proposed Tag ====
fi'o jai ze'a dikni

==== See Also ====
* {na'o}
* {ru'i}
* {ta'e}

==== Proposed Keywords ====
* regularly
* steadily

==== Usage Examples ====
;.i ku'i mi di'i malsenva .oi:''However, I regularly have crappy dreams... ugh.''

;mi di'i lo prula'i nanca cu xadzenzu'e pa roi ro detydei:''For the last year, I regularly exercised once per day.''

==== Notes ====

==== Issues ====

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=== cmavo: di'inai (TAhE*) ===

==== Proposed Definition ====
Irregularly. Subjective time tense. Indicates that the event occurs irregularly over a certain interval. When tagging a sumti, the sumti specifies the interval.

==== Proposed Tag ====
fi'o jai ze'a naldikni

==== See Also ====
* {di'i}
* {na'o}
* {ru'i}
* {ta'e}

==== Proposed Keywords ====
* irregularly

==== Usage Examples ====
;lo smani cu di'i nai troci lo ka cpacu lo narge:''The monkey irregularly attempted to obtain the nuts.''

==== Notes ====

==== Issues ====
I don't think this needs a separate definition. Under the regularized meaning of {nai} with tenses, the meaning is self-explanatory. It should be listed under NAI, not under TAhE.

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=== cmavo: na'o (TAhE) ===

==== Proposed Definition ====
Typically. Subjective time tense. Indicates that the event is typical. When tagging a sumti, the sumti specifies the interval during which the typical event occurs.

==== Proposed Tag ====
fi'o jai ze'a cafne
==== See Also ====
* {di'i}
* {ru'i}
* {ta'e}

==== Proposed Keywords ====
* typically
* ordinarily
* usually

==== Usage Examples ====
;.i a'u mi na'o nelci lo skefi'a:"(With interest:) I typically like science-fiction."
;.i xu do na'o djica le nu sorpa'i:"Do you typically desire polyamity?"
;.i ta'o mi na'o se cmene zo teneb .a zo tenen lo jbopre:"By the way, I am typically called "teneb" or "tenen" by Lojbanists."

==== Notes ====

==== Issues ====

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=== cmavo: na'onai (TAhE*) ===

==== Proposed Definition ====
Atypically. Subjective time tense. Indicates that the event is atypical over a certain interval. When tagging a sumti, the sumti specifies the interval.
==== Proposed Tag ====
fi'o jai ze'a nalcafne
==== See Also ====

==== Proposed Keywords ====
* oddly
* unusually
* atypically

==== Usage Examples ====
;.i mi na'o nai birti:''I'm rarely sure.''

==== Notes ====

==== Issues ====
I don't think this needs a separate definition. Under the regularized meaning of {nai} with tenses, the meaning is self-explanatory. It should be listed under NAI, not under TAhE.

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=== cmavo: ru'i (TAhE) ===

==== Proposed Definition ====
Continuously. Subjective time tense. Indicates that the event occurs continuously over a certain interval. When tagging a sumti, the sumti specifies the interval.

==== Proposed Tag ====
fi'o se ranji

==== See Also ====
* {di'i}
* {na'o}
* {ta'e}

==== Proposed Keywords ====
* continuously
* over and over
* all the time

==== Usage Examples ====
;.i .oi lo li'i mi ru'i jbobau ctuca cu se jalge lo nu mi ru'i jdika lo ka glico certu:''Ugh! Constantly teaching Lojban is what's causing my continuous decline in English proficiency.''

==== Notes ====

==== Issues ====

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=== cmavo: ru'inai (TAhE*) ===

==== Proposed Definition ====
Occasionally. Subjective time tense. Indicates that the event occurs occasionally over a certain interval. When tagging a sumti, the sumti specifies the interval.

==== Proposed Tag ====
fi'o se nalra'i

==== See Also ====
* {di'i}
* {na'o}
* {ta'e}

==== Proposed Keywords ====
* occasionally
* now and then
* once and a while
* from time to time
* sometimes
* sporadically

==== Usage Examples ====
;.i mi ru'i nai jundi:''I pay attention sporadically.''

==== Notes ====

==== Issues ====
I don't think this needs a separate definition. Under the regularized meaning of {nai} with tenses, the meaning is self-explanatory. It should be listed under NAI, not under TAhE.

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=== cmavo: ta'e (TAhE) ===

==== Proposed Definition ====
Habitually. Subjective time tense. Indicates that the event occurs habitually over a certain interval. When tagging a sumti, the sumti specifies the interval.

==== Proposed Tag ====
fi'o jai ze'a tcaci

==== See Also ====
* {di'i}
* {na'o}
* {ru'i}

==== Proposed Keywords ====
* habitually
* habit
* out of habit

==== Usage Examples ====
;.i .ai mi ba ta'e snaveigau lo mi selsku ca lo nu cadzu:"I intend to habitually record my utterances during my walks."

==== Notes ====

==== Issues ====
The sense of "habit" is commonly ignored in usage in favor of a more general word indicating that the event is common/normal/ordinary. Otherwise it would make little sense to use it for events that don't involve an agent. The difference between {ta'e}'s usage and the intended meaning of {na'o} is almost undistinguishable as things stand. Current usage has {ta'e} as {fi'o jai ze'a fadni} and {na'o} is almost never used.

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=== cmavo: ta'enai (TAhE*) ===

==== Proposed Definition ====
Non-habitually. Subjective time tense. Indicates that the event occurs non-habitually over a certain interval. When tagging a sumti, the sumti specifies the interval.

==== Proposed Tag ====
fi'o jai ze'a naltcaci

==== See Also ====
* {di'i}
* {na'o}
* {ru'i}

==== Proposed Keywords ====
* non-habitually

==== Usage Examples ====
;.i mi ta'e nai na'e morji fi le selsne be mi gi'a na senva:"I'm not in the habit of misremembering my dreams or not dreaming at all."

==== Notes ====

==== Issues ====
I don't think this needs a separate definition. Under the regularized meaning of {nai} with tenses, the meaning is self-explanatory. It should be listed under NAI, not under TAhE.

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=== General Section Issues ===
The question has been brought up, "What do these mean as tcita?". Our best guess so far has been the time during which the interval takes place. {.i broda ta'e lo brode} is {.i ta'e broda ca lo brode} (best I can explain). Note, this has actually NOT been covered in CLL. It does not state in Chapter 10, nor anywhere else in the book that I've found, that TAhE can actually be used as a tcita (it can, says machine grammar) or what it means semantically. - lindar

== Poll ==
{{BPFK Section poll| {POLL(pollId=>44)}{POLL} }}

Proposal: loi lerfu tcita detri; the final word on the problem of dates and times

2015-05-18T15:21:50Z

Durka42: #REDIRECT

#REDIRECT [[Proposal:_loi_lerfu_tcita_detri;_the_final_word_on_the_problem_of_dates_and_times%3F]]

Ambiguous sentences in English

2015-05-17T20:00:21Z

Durka42: english grammar fix

Ambiguous sentences in English with solutions to some of them.
* I don't drink alcohol for religious reasons.
**'''ki'u tu'a lo lijda mi na pinxe lo xalka''' = ''Because of religious reasons I don't drink alcohol.''
**'''mi na pinxe lo xalka ki'u tu'a lo lijda i ki'u lo drata ja'a go'i''' = ''I don't drink alcohol for religious reasons. I drink it for other reasons.''
* A logician is having a baby. His friend asks him, "Is it a boy or a girl?" The logician says, "Yes."
**'''xu lo nakni jonai lo fetsi i je'u''' = ''Is it male or female? - Yes.''
**'''xu lo nakni ji lo fetsi i lo fetsi''' = ''Is it male or female? - Female.''
* My brother and I are getting married this summer.
** '''mi e lo bruna be mi co'a se spani ca lo bavlamji crisa''' = ''I am getting married this summer and my brother is getting married this summer.''
** '''mi ce lo bruna be mi cu simxu lo ka se speni vau ca lo bavlamji crisa''' = ''My brother and I are getting married to each other this summer.''
* The man knocked on the front door and housekeeper Sarah Lim came down the stairs in a nightgown and opened it to let the visitor in.
** Housekeeper Sarah Lim walked downstairs in her nightgown and opened the front door after the man knocked on it.
* Mano met a woman with a wooden leg named Aminah.
**'''la manos pu penmi lo ninmu poi se tuple lo mudri gi'e se cmene zo aminax''' = ''Mano met a woman who had a wooden leg and had the name "Aminah".''
**'''la manos pu penmi lo ninmu poi se tuple lo mudri poi se cmene zo aminax''' = ''Mano met a woman who had a wooden leg that had the name "Aminah".''
* The lady hit the man with an umbrella.
**'''le nobli ninmu pu darxi le nanmu sepi'o lo santa''' = ''The lady hit the man using an umbrella.''
**'''le nobli ninmu pu darxi le nanmu pe ka'ai lo santa''' = ''The lady hit the man who had an umbrella.''
* They are looking for teachers of French, German and Japanese.
** '''le za'umei ca ca'o mitysisku lo ctuca be lo fraso e lo dotco e lo ponjo''' = ''They are looking for teachers of French, teachers of German and teachers of Japanese.''
** '''le za'umei ca ca'o mitysisku lo ctuca be lo fraso jo'u lo dotco jo'u lo ponjo''' = ''They are looking for those who teach all of the three languages: French, German and Japanese.''
* Fred saw the plane flying over Zurich.
**'''la fred. pu viska lo vinji ca lo ka ca'o vofli ga'u la .Tsurix.''' = ''Fred saw a plane when he was flying over Zurich.''
**'''la fred. pu viska lo vinji noi ca'o vofli ga'u la .Tsurix.''' = ''Fred saw a plane that was flying over Zurich.''
* Fred saw the mountains flying over Zurich.
**'''la fred. pu viska le za'u cmana ca lo ka ca'o vofli ga'u la .Tsurix.''' = ''Fred saw the mountains when he was flying over Zurich.''
* The police arrested the demonstrators because they committed violence.
**lei pulji pu kavbu lo za'u pante i ki'u bo lo se go'i cu zukte lo vlile
* The police arrested the demonstrators because they feared violence.
**lei pulji pu kavbu lo za'u pante i ki'u bo lo go'i cu terpa lo vlile
* Mary saw the dog in the store window and wanted it.
**'''la .maris. pu viska le gerku pe le zarci canko gi'e djica tu'a gy.''' = ''Mary saw the dog in the store window and wanted that dog.''
**'''la .maris. pu viska le gerku pe le zarci canko gi'e djica tu'a ri''' = ''Mary saw the dog in the store window and wanted that window.''
* Mary saw the dog in the store window and pressed her nose up against it.
* Some children may not swim because they won't behave. May children who will go home?
* A newspaper has an exclusive report about a country’s top general revisiting his troops on the battlefront after a briefing with his president. The headline says "General flies back to front". This sounds all right but it looks ambiguous, because the sentence can mean that the general was seated facing the rear of the aircraft during the flight to the war zone.
** "General returns to war zone".
* The peeping tom looked at the girl as she undressed and then saw three police officers watching.
** The peeping tom was looking at the girl as she undressed, when he suddenly saw three police officers watching him.
* The exhausted mountain climbers saw a row of emergency-rescue huts walking down the steep, snowy slopes.
** As the exhausted mountain climbers walked down the steep, snowy slopes, they saw a row of emergency-rescue huts.
* The safari guide pointed to the lion while the king of beasts sat with its pride and said: “What a beautiful sight!”
** “What a beautiful sight,” said the safari guide, pointing to the lion while the king of beasts sat with its pride.
* In 1999, there were 2000 accidents and in 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006.
** In 1999, there were 2,000 accidents, and in 2001, 2,002; in 2003, 2,004; and in 2005, 2,006.
* Travelling from Kuala Lumpur to Butterworth, the countryside attractions and views were simply spectacular.
** The travellers enjoyed the countryside attractions and views while they were en route from KL to Butterworth.
* The burglar watched the millionaire walk upstairs through the keyhole of the mansion door.
** Through the keyhole of the mansion door, the burglar watched the millionaire walk upstairs.
*Attorney: ALL your responses MUST be oral OK? What school did you go to? - Witness: Oral.
**Attorney: ALL your responses MUST be "oral".
**Attorney: ALL your responses MUST be oral.
*He has married friends.
**He has friends who are married.
**He got married to some of his friends.
*I'd like to watch a movie with my girlfriend. Can anyone recommend me a girlfriend?
=Converting from ambiguity to vagueness=
Note that the following example although considered syntactically ambiguous can be made explicitly [[Vagueness and ambiguity|vague]]:
{{mu|la fred pu viska lo vinji ca lo nu lo se xi vei mo'e zo'e no'a cu vofli ga'u la .Tsurix.|Fred saw the plane flying over Zurich.}}
It can be made more precise:
{{mu|la fred. pu viska lo vinji ca lo nu fy. vofli ga'u la .Tsurix.|Fred saw a plane when he was flying over Zurich.}}
{{mu|la fred. pu viska lo vinji ca lo nu vy. vofli ga'u la .Tsurix.|Fred saw a plane, which was flying over Zurich.}}
{{mu|la fred. pu viska le za'u cmana ca lo ka vofli ga'u la .Tsurix.|Fred saw the mountains when he was flying over Zurich.}}

=Links=
*https://sites.google.com/site/bustmog/one-liners
*http://www.thestar.com.my/Story/?file=%2F2008%2F1%2F3%2Flifefocus%2F19802080
*https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposite_(semantics)#Auto-antonyms

Ambiguous sentences in English

2015-05-17T19:59:09Z

Durka42: lo fetsi na festi

Ambiguous sentences in English with solutions to some of them.
* I don't drink alcohol for religious reasons.
**'''ki'u tu'a lo lijda mi na pinxe lo xalka''' = ''Because of religious reasons I don't drink alcohol.''
**'''mi na pinxe lo xalka ki'u tu'a lo lijda i ki'u lo drata ja'a go'i''' = ''I don't drink alcohol for religious reasons. I drink it for other reasons.''
* A logician is having a baby. His friend asks him, "Is it a boy or a girl?" The logician says, "Yes."
**'''xu lo nakni jonai lo fetsi i je'u''' = ''Is it male or female? - Yes.''
**'''xu lo nakni ji lo fetsi i lo fetsi''' = ''Is it male or female? - Female.''
* Me and my brother are getting married this summer.
** '''mi e lo bruna be mi co'a se spani ca lo bavlamji crisa''' = ''I am getting married this summer and my brother is getting married this summer.''
** '''mi ce lo bruna be mi cu simxu lo ka se speni vau ca lo bavlamji crisa''' = ''Me and my brother are getting married to each other this summer.''
* The man knocked on the front door and housekeeper Sarah Lim came down the stairs in a nightgown and opened it to let the visitor in.
** Housekeeper Sarah Lim walked downstairs in her nightgown and opened the front door after the man knocked on it.
* Mano met a woman with a wooden leg named Aminah.
**'''la manos pu penmi lo ninmu poi se tuple lo mudri gi'e se cmene zo aminax''' = ''Mano met a woman who had a wooden leg and had the name "Aminah".''
**'''la manos pu penmi lo ninmu poi se tuple lo mudri poi se cmene zo aminax''' = ''Mano met a woman who had a wooden leg that had the name "Aminah".''
* The lady hit the man with an umbrella.
**'''le nobli ninmu pu darxi le nanmu sepi'o lo santa''' = ''The lady hit the man using an umbrella.''
**'''le nobli ninmu pu darxi le nanmu pe ka'ai lo santa''' = ''The lady hit the man who had an umbrella.''
* They are looking for teachers of French, German and Japanese.
** '''le za'umei ca ca'o mitysisku lo ctuca be lo fraso e lo dotco e lo ponjo''' = ''They are looking for teachers of French, teachers of German and teachers of Japanese.''
** '''le za'umei ca ca'o mitysisku lo ctuca be lo fraso jo'u lo dotco jo'u lo ponjo''' = ''They are looking for those who teach all of the three languages: French, German and Japanese.''
* Fred saw the plane flying over Zurich.
**'''la fred. pu viska lo vinji ca lo ka ca'o vofli ga'u la .Tsurix.''' = ''Fred saw a plane when he was flying over Zurich.''
**'''la fred. pu viska lo vinji noi ca'o vofli ga'u la .Tsurix.''' = ''Fred saw a plane that was flying over Zurich.''
* Fred saw the mountains flying over Zurich.
**'''la fred. pu viska le za'u cmana ca lo ka ca'o vofli ga'u la .Tsurix.''' = ''Fred saw the mountains when he was flying over Zurich.''
* The police arrested the demonstrators because they committed violence.
**lei pulji pu kavbu lo za'u pante i ki'u bo lo se go'i cu zukte lo vlile
* The police arrested the demonstrators because they feared violence.
**lei pulji pu kavbu lo za'u pante i ki'u bo lo go'i cu terpa lo vlile
* Mary saw the dog in the store window and wanted it.
**'''la .maris. pu viska le gerku pe le zarci canko gi'e djica tu'a gy.''' = ''Mary saw the dog in the store window and wanted that dog.''
**'''la .maris. pu viska le gerku pe le zarci canko gi'e djica tu'a ri''' = ''Mary saw the dog in the store window and wanted that window.''
* Mary saw the dog in the store window and pressed her nose up against it.
* Some children may not swim because they won't behave. May children who will go home?
* A newspaper has an exclusive report about a country’s top general revisiting his troops on the battlefront after a briefing with his president. The headline says "General flies back to front". This sounds all right but it looks ambiguous, because the sentence can mean that the general was seated facing the rear of the aircraft during the flight to the war zone.
** "General returns to war zone".
* The peeping tom looked at the girl as she undressed and then saw three police officers watching.
** The peeping tom was looking at the girl as she undressed, when he suddenly saw three police officers watching him.
* The exhausted mountain climbers saw a row of emergency-rescue huts walking down the steep, snowy slopes.
** As the exhausted mountain climbers walked down the steep, snowy slopes, they saw a row of emergency-rescue huts.
* The safari guide pointed to the lion while the king of beasts sat with its pride and said: “What a beautiful sight!”
** “What a beautiful sight,” said the safari guide, pointing to the lion while the king of beasts sat with its pride.
* In 1999, there were 2000 accidents and in 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006.
** In 1999, there were 2,000 accidents, and in 2001, 2,002; in 2003, 2,004; and in 2005, 2,006.
* Travelling from Kuala Lumpur to Butterworth, the countryside attractions and views were simply spectacular.
** The travellers enjoyed the countryside attractions and views while they were en route from KL to Butterworth.
* The burglar watched the millionaire walk upstairs through the keyhole of the mansion door.
** Through the keyhole of the mansion door, the burglar watched the millionaire walk upstairs.
*Attorney: ALL your responses MUST be oral OK? What school did you go to? - Witness: Oral.
**Attorney: ALL your responses MUST be "oral".
**Attorney: ALL your responses MUST be oral.
*He has married friends.
**He has friends who are married.
**He got married to some of his friends.
*I'd like to watch a movie with my girlfriend. Can anyone recommend me a girlfriend?
=Converting from ambiguity to vagueness=
Note that the following example although considered syntactically ambiguous can be made explicitly [[Vagueness and ambiguity|vague]]:
{{mu|la fred pu viska lo vinji ca lo nu lo se xi vei mo'e zo'e no'a cu vofli ga'u la .Tsurix.|Fred saw the plane flying over Zurich.}}
It can be made more precise:
{{mu|la fred. pu viska lo vinji ca lo nu fy. vofli ga'u la .Tsurix.|Fred saw a plane when he was flying over Zurich.}}
{{mu|la fred. pu viska lo vinji ca lo nu vy. vofli ga'u la .Tsurix.|Fred saw a plane, which was flying over Zurich.}}
{{mu|la fred. pu viska le za'u cmana ca lo ka vofli ga'u la .Tsurix.|Fred saw the mountains when he was flying over Zurich.}}

=Links=
*https://sites.google.com/site/bustmog/one-liners
*http://www.thestar.com.my/Story/?file=%2F2008%2F1%2F3%2Flifefocus%2F19802080
*https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposite_(semantics)#Auto-antonyms

Talk:pronunciation guide in English

2015-05-16T02:47:30Z

Durka42: /* Issues */

= Issues =
Some of the vowels here were wrong. I switched the "preferred" and "allowed" versions of {a} and added a cautionary note to the "allowed" entry for {e}.

= Update 12-21-14 =
<pre>
This is a first draft.
I have created a table structure that is easy to read and edit.
I have added an IPA column.
I have created a tag system that will help avoid long comments in the table.
</pre>

--[[User:Ravas|Ravas]] ([[User talk:Ravas|talk]]) 21:46, 21 decmbero 2014 (UTC)

<pre>
I decided to split the vowel table into 'preferred' and 'allowed' tables.
I added a name column and embedded links in each name.
I will reorganize the other tables tomorrow.
</pre>

--[[User:Ravas|Ravas]] ([[User talk:Ravas|talk]]) 08:40, 22 decmbero 2014 (UTC)

It'd be nice to upload and embed into the page audio recording of those sounds (can be taken from wikipedia) so that users wouldn't need to perform redirects to other websites.[[User:Gleki|La Gleki]] ([[User talk:Gleki|talk]]) 09:43, 24 decmbero 2014 (UTC)

: I agree with you. I was also thinking about adding an extra column for lojban example words (with audio). --[[User:Ravas|Ravas]] ([[User talk:Ravas|talk]]) 20:03, 24 decmbero 2014 (UTC)

pronunciation guide in English

2015-05-16T02:43:41Z

Durka42:

=Tags=

Examples are either tagged with a [http://loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php language code] or [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart_for_English_dialects English dialect]. Any example that is not tagged is considered "General American" (GA).

Tags currently used:

* (AuE) = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_English_phonology Australian English]
* (ScE) = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_English Scottish English]
* (WaE) = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_English Welsh English]

=Tables=

Vowels (preferred)

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! scope="col" width="64px" | lojban
! scope="col" width="64px" | IPA
! scope="col" width="256px" | Names
! scope="col" width="224px" | Examples
|-
! a
| [ɑ]
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel Open back unrounded vowel]
| a in father
|-
! e
| [ɛ]
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel Open-mid front unrounded vowel]
| ''e'' in ''bed''
|-
! i
| [i]
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel Close front unrounded vowel]
| ''ee'' in ''free''
|-
! o
| [o]
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel Close-mid back rounded vowel]
| ''aw'' in y''aw''n (AuE), ''o'' in ''go'' (ScE)
|-
! u
| [u]
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel Close back rounded vowel]
| ''oo'' in ''boot''
|-
! y
| [ə]
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-central_vowel Mid-central vowel]
| ''a'' in ''above''
|}

Vowels (allowed)

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! scope="col" width="64px" | lojban
! scope="col" width="64px" | IPA
! scope="col" width="256px" | Names
! scope="col" width="224px" | Examples
! scope="col" width="200px" | Notes
|-
! a
| [a]
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel Open front unrounded vowel]
| ''a'' in ''hat'' (WaE)
|-
! e
| [e]
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel Close-mid front unrounded vowel]
| ''ay'' in pl''ay'' (ScE, not GA)
| Be careful not to confuse with the diphthong {ei}!
|-
! o
| [ɔ]
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel Open-mid back rounded vowel]
| ''o'' in n''o''t (AuE, not GA)
|}

Diphthongs

A diphthong is a vowel sound that consists of two elements: a short vowel sound and a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semivowel glide]. A labial (IPA [w]) or palatal (IPA [j]) glide either precedes (an on-glide) or follows (an off-glide) the main vowel. Diphthongs always constitute a single syllable.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! lojban
! IPA
! Examples
|-
! ai
| [aj]
| high, Taipei
|-
! ei
| [ɛj]
| weigh, Taipei
|-
! oi
| [oj]
| boy
|-
! au
| [aw]
| cow
|-
! ia
| [ja]
| yard
|-
! ie
| [jɛ]
| yell
|-
! ii
| [ji]
| hear ye
|-
! io
| [jo]
| yogurt
|-
! iu
| [ju]
| beauty
|-
! ua
| [wa]
| wander
|-
! ue
| [wɛ]
| well
|-
! ui
| [wi]
| weak
|-
! uo
| [wo]
| woe
|-
! uu
| [wu]
| woo
|-
! iy
| [jə]
|-
! uy
| [wə]
| was
|}

Sibilants

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! scope="col" width="64px" | lojban
! scope="col" width="64px" | IPA
! scope="col" width="256px" | Names
! scope="col" width="224px" | Examples
|-
! c
| [ʃ]
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_palato-alveolar_sibilant Voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant]
| sh in shape
|-
! j
| [ʒ]
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_palato-alveolar_sibilant Voiced palato-alveolar sibilant]
| s in measure, j in déjà vu
|-
! s
| [s]
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative Voiceless alveolar sibilant]
| s in soon
|-
! z
| [z]
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative Voiced alveolar sibilant]
| z in zinc
|}

Fricatives

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! scope="col" width="64px" | lojban
! scope="col" width="64px" | IPA
! scope="col" width="256px" | Names
! scope="col" width="224px" | Examples
|-
! f
| [f]
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative Voiceless labiodental fricative]
| f in fall
|-
! v
| [v]
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative Voiced labiodental fricative]
| v in voice
|-
! x
| [x]
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative Voiceless velar fricative]
| ch in loch (ScE)
|-
! <nowiki>'</nowiki>
| [h]
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative Voiceless glottal fricative]
| h in hose
|}

Affricates

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! scope="col" width="64px" | lojban
! scope="col" width="64px" | IPA
! scope="col" width="256px" | Names
! scope="col" width="224px" | Examples
|-
! dj
| [dʒ]
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_palato-alveolar_affricate Voiced palato-alveolar affricate]
| j in joke
|-
! tc
| [tʃ]
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_palato-alveolar_affricate Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate]
| ch in chat
|-
! dz
| [ʣ]
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate Voiced alveolar affricate]
| ds in pads
|-
! ts
| [ʦ]
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate Voiceless alveolar affricate]
| ts in cats
|}

Rhotic

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! lojban
! IPA
! Examples
|-
! r
| [r], [ɹ], [ɾ], [ʀ], [r̩], [ɹ̩], [ɾ̩], [ʀ̩]
| rock
|}

Nasals

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! lojban
! IPA
! Examples
|-
! n
| [n], [n̩], [ŋ̍], [ŋ̩]
| nose
|-
! m
| [m], [m̩]
| move
|-
|}

Approximant

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! lojban
! IPA
! Examples
|-
! l
| [l], [l̩]
| l in lake
|}

Stops

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! lojban
! IPA
! Examples
|-
! b
| [b]
| bottle
|-
! d
| [d]
| dance
|-
! g
| [g]
| goose
|-
! k
| [k]
| keen
|-
! p
| [p]
| powder
|-
! t
| [t]
| time
|}

=External Links=

* [http://lojban.github.io/cll/3/10/ Notes on IPA symbols used here.]
* [http://lojban.github.io/cll/3/2/ Alphabet]
* [http://lojban.github.io/cll/3/4/ Diphthongs]

Talk:pronunciation guide in English

2015-05-16T02:34:46Z

Durka42:

= Issues =
A lot of the vowels here are wrong. For example, {a} is "a" as in "father", not as in "hat" (any dialect). And "play" is not an acceptable allophone of {e}, because it would be confused with {ei}.

= Update 12-21-14 =
<pre>
This is a first draft.
I have created a table structure that is easy to read and edit.
I have added an IPA column.
I have created a tag system that will help avoid long comments in the table.
</pre>

--[[User:Ravas|Ravas]] ([[User talk:Ravas|talk]]) 21:46, 21 decmbero 2014 (UTC)

<pre>
I decided to split the vowel table into 'preferred' and 'allowed' tables.
I added a name column and embedded links in each name.
I will reorganize the other tables tomorrow.
</pre>

--[[User:Ravas|Ravas]] ([[User talk:Ravas|talk]]) 08:40, 22 decmbero 2014 (UTC)

It'd be nice to upload and embed into the page audio recording of those sounds (can be taken from wikipedia) so that users wouldn't need to perform redirects to other websites.[[User:Gleki|La Gleki]] ([[User talk:Gleki|talk]]) 09:43, 24 decmbero 2014 (UTC)

: I agree with you. I was also thinking about adding an extra column for lojban example words (with audio). --[[User:Ravas|Ravas]] ([[User talk:Ravas|talk]]) 20:03, 24 decmbero 2014 (UTC)

rafsi zi'evla

2015-05-15T16:44:15Z

Durka42:

Talking about rafsi in Lojban can get inconvenient. Not only must some rafsi be quoted like cmevla (e.g. {zo .lob. rafsi zo lojbo}), but rafsi of the form CCV can't be quoted at all. This caused the experimental {ra'oi} to be invented, but that's not necessarily a pretty solution because it still requires obnoxious quoting.

I therefore had the idea to use a simple, predictable algorithm that lets us refer to any rafsi via a regularly generated zi'evla. The system is simple:

# Use the zi'evla prefix -rafr- or -rafsr- (it doesn't matter).
# Add the rafsi. If the rafsi begins with r, use the zi'evla prefix -rafn- (or -rafsn- instead)
# If the rafsi ends in a consonant, add any of the five normal vowels. Probably -i is preferable, since it's also the last vowel of {rafsi}.

That's it.

Here are some examples that use each type of rafsi:

{| class="wikitable"
!'''rafsi''' !! '''zi'evla'''
|-
| -bal- || rafrbali
|-
| -tsa- || rafrtsa
|-
| -bi'o- || rafrbi'o
|-
| -gai- || rafrgai
|-
| -ro'u- || rafnro'u
|}

Now you can talk about rafsi without ever needing to quote them:

lo rafrlo'i cu rafsi zo bloti

"-lo'i- is the rafsi of {bloti}"

You can even easily use them in tanru now:

lo nintadni cu su'o roi rafrpi'o se cfipu

"Beginners sometimes are confused about -pi'o-"

rafsi zi'evla

2015-05-15T16:43:10Z

Durka42:

Talking about rafsi in Lojban can get inconvenient. Not only must some rafsi be quoted like cmevla (e.g. {zo .lob. rafsi zo lojbo}), but rafsi of the form CCV can't be quoted at all. This caused the experimental {ra'oi} to be invented, but that's not necessarily a pretty solution because it still requires obnoxious quoting.

I therefore had the idea to use a simple, predictable algorithm that lets us refer to any rafsi via a regularly generated zi'evla. The system is simple:

# Use the zi'evla prefix -rafr- or -rafsr- (it doesn't matter).

# Add the rafsi. If the rafsi begins with r, use the zi'evla prefix -rafn- (or -rafsn- instead)

# If the rafsi ends in a consonant, add any of the five normal vowels. Probably -i is preferable, since it's also the last vowel of {rafsi}.

That's it.

Here are some examples that use each type of rafsi:

{| class="wikitable"
!'''rafsi''' !! '''zi'evla'''
|-
| -bal- || rafrbali
|-
| -tsa- || rafrtsa
|-
| -bi'o- || rafrbi'o
|-
| -gai- || rafrgai
|-
| -ro'u- || rafnro'u
|}

Now you can talk about rafsi without ever needing to quote them:

lo rafrlo'i cu rafsi zo bloti

"-lo'i- is the rafsi of {bloti}"

You can even easily use them in tanru now:

lo nintadni cu su'o roi rafrpi'o se cfipu

"Beginners sometimes are confused about -pi'o-"

What Is Lojban?, The Book

2015-05-13T19:08:17Z

Durka42: /* Downloading What is Lojban? */

''What is Lojban?'' Now Available For Purchase!

== General Information ==

We, the Logical Language Group, are proud to announce the publication of our new book, ''What is Lojban? / .i la lojban. mo''. The book is the work of many hands, but the editors are Nick Nicholas and John Cowan. It is intended as a concise introduction to Lojban, providing a taste of the language for those who may decide to take an interest in it.

== Purchasing Information ==

The ISBN is 0-9660283-1-7; the book is distributed in the U.S. by Lightning Source, which means that any bookstore can order it. [http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0966028317 t is available from Amazon.com].

The book is a paperback, about 8-1/3 by 6-1/2 inches (212 mm by 165 mm). The list price is US$10.00.

==== European Websites Selling ''What is Lojban?'' ====

This list was graciously provided by Martin Norbck originally,

although it has since been updated a bit.

* [http://www.adlibris.se/shop/product.asp?isbn=0966028317 dlibris.se] (Sweden only, 89 kr)
* [http://www.bokus.com/cgi-bin/more_book_info.cgi?ISBN=0966028317 okus.com] (Sweden only, 98 kr)

* [http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/ASIN/0966028317 mazon.co.uk] (£6.23)
* [http://www.jpc.de/ pc.de] (Germany, EUR 6.30)

* [http://www.a amazon.ca] (Canada, CDN$ 9.36)

==== Asian Websites Selling ''What Is Lojban?'' ====

* [http://www.amazon.co.jp/exec/obidos/ASIN/0966028317/ mazon.co.jp] (Japan, ￥852)

=== Detailed Information ===

Here is a precis of the book's sections:

* The Introduction is structured as questions and answers, and provides basic information on the language and its purposes, its overall structure, its relationship to other languages, its history, and contact information for the Logical Language Group and the Lojban community.
* The Overview of Lojban Grammar is a grammar sketch, with information on phonology, morphology, and syntax, including a detailed explanation of the various Lojban technical terms used in descriptions of the language.

* The Diagrammed Grammar Summary goes into more detail about the syntax, with lots of examples and a glossary explaining the words used in the examples.
* The Linguistic Issues section consists of more questions and answers of a more technical linguistic nature, including some discussions of Lojban's possible interest as an experimental linguistics testbed.

* The Lojban Sample Texts are four short pieces with detailed glosses and smooth translations, illustrating original Lojban poetry, dialogue, and one of Aesop's fables translated from Greek.
* Finally, the Complete Pronunciation Guide explains the pronunciation of Lojban using both IPA and natural-language examples: examples are given in Arabic, Chinese, Hindi/Urdu, Russian, and Spanish.

== Downloading What is Lojban? ==

{| class="wikitable"
! Format !! View !! zip
|-
| HTML || [http://lojban.org/publications/level0/brochure/book1.html read] || [http://lojban.org/publications/level0/lojban.level0.html.zip download]
|-
| HTML (unicode) || [http://lojban.org/publications/level0/brochure-utf/book1.html read] || [http://lojban.org/publications/level0/lojban.level0.html.utf.zip download]
|-
| DocBook (source) || [https://github.com/lojban/lojban-cvs//brochure CVS] || [http://lojban.org/publications/level0/lojban.level0.zip download]
|-
| RTF || || [http://lojban.org/publications/level0/lojbanLevel0.doc.rtf download]
|-
| RTF (mac) || || [http://lojban.org/publications/level0/lojbanLevel0.doc.mac.rtf download]
|-
| RTF (paperback size) || || [http://lojban.org/publications/level0/lojbanLevel0.paperback.rtf download]
|-
| RTF (paperback size) (mac) || || [http://lojban.org/publications/level0/lojbanLevel0.paperback.mac.rtf download]
|-
| PDF || || [http://lojban.org/publications/level0/lojbanLevel0.pdf download]
|-
| PDF (paperback size) || || [http://lojban.org/publications/level0/lojbanLevel0.paperback.pdf download]
|-
| TeX || || [http://lojban.org/publications/level0/lojbanLevel0.doc.tex download]
|}

User:Ramcinfo/fancu staile

2015-04-15T02:30:50Z

Durka42: /* Recursion (again) */ ja'e => je'a

This is an attempt to use lojban as a functional programming language. It was in part inspired by [[Missing_predicates#List|Tsani’s recursive predicate]] and, while developed mostly independently, many things are done the same.

Let us think about selbri as function taking its terbri as arguments and returning the predication, or bridi. This predication can be then claimed in context, returning truth-value of resulting bridi in that context.

function tavla(speaker, listener, subject, language) {...} // returns predication
function claim(predication, context) {...} // returns boolean
claim(tavla("me", "you", "lojban", "lojban"), context);

To build functions returning other things, we can use {lo}. Let us not go into intricacies of descriptors and pretend what {lo selbri} returns simply ''some'' value s1 such that claim(selbri(s1, s2...sx), context) will be true for ''some'' values of s2...sx and claimed with ''some'' context. Arguments other than context could be restricted with {be...bei...be'o}. So {lo selbri be sumti2 bei sumti3 be'o} is x1 = selbri1(sumti2, sumti3).

{loka}- and {me'ei}-abstractions, then, are predication-returning functions as first-class values. {me'au} with these abstractions is function application; {kai'u} is immediate function application.

== apply ==
We are now ready to construct functions taking functions as arguments and/or returning other functions. Let's start with ''apply'' (for unary function):

lo goi la pliri'a ge'u ka la jalge la fancu la sumti ce'ai
la jalge cu me'au la fancu la sumti kei

function apply(fun, arg) {
return fun(arg); }

Now we can use it as such:

lo me'au la pliri'a me'u be me'ei tavla bei mi be'o

It could be rewritten in CLL Lojban, but would be (even) less readable:
cylylypapi'epa jo'au
lo ka bridi ce'u ce'u ce'o ce'u kei goi ko'a
zo'u co'e zo'e poi bridi be ko'a bei lo ka ce'u tavla ce'u ku ce'o ke'a ce'o mi

== compose ==

Function composition, ''compose'' (for unary functions, still):
lo goi la finti ge'u ka la jalge la fancu xipa la fancu xire ce'ai
la jalge cu ka la jalge xipa la sumti ce'ai
la jalge xipa cu me'au la fancu xipa lo me'au la fancu xire ku be la sumti kei kei

function compose(fun, fuun) {
return function (arg) {
return fun(fuun(arg)); }}

== Recursion ==

Infinite recursion (do not try it at home):

lo goi la cimnrekursi ge'u ka me'au la cimnrekursi kei

function infRec() {
infRec();
}

I am not sure of the last one. Maybe {goi} works only forward in scope. {me'au lo ka nei} (or simply {nei}) will do almost the same, I guess.

== if ==

Confitional (taken from Tsani’s recursive predicate definition, replacing {ckaji} with {du}):

lo goi la cuxna ge'u ka la jalge la krinu by boi cy ce'ai
ge ganai me'au la krinu gi la jalge cu du by
gi ga me'au la krinu gi la jalge cu du cy kei

(What if replace {du} with {me'au}?)
Maybe also la gleki's {ifle} will work:

lo goi la cuxna ge'u ka la jalge la krinu by boi cy ce'ai
la krinu cu ifle
lo du'u la jalge cu du by kei
lo du'u la jalge cu du cy kei kei

== Recursion (again) ==

Now we are ready to build a simple recursion. {krasi} and {fanmo} are used to get first and last elements of sequence, respectively; I am not very sure if this is appropriate. Now if the style is to be developed in the direction of LISP, then functions working on sequences, like ''head'', ''tail'' and ''cons'' are to be defined.

{je'abo goi} is a hack even dirtier than it is usual for these matters; it is used to both a) group the sequence as one sumti to attach relative clause to it and b) to move that clause to the front.

lo goi la kancu ge'u ka la jalge la porsi la cabna ce'ai
la jalge cu me'au la cuxna lo du'u la cabna cu fanmo la porsi kei li pa
lo sumji be li pa lo me'au la kancu ku
be la porsi bei lo bavla'i be la cabna bei la porsi kei
je'abo goi la mupli ge'u by ce'o cy ce'o dy zo'u
li ci cu me'au la kancu la mupli lo krasi be la mupli

// approximately
function len(list, item) {
return (list.indexOf(item) === list.length - 1) ? 1 :
1 + len(list, list[list.indexOf(item)] + 1); }
var sample = ["b", "c", "d"];
assert(3 === len(sample, sample[0]));

== curry ==
For now, let us pretend that we already have function for ''cons'', being {la zbasu} (x1 is sequence with head x2 and tail sequence x3. We'll also use {tersu'imei} for getting function (selbri) arity (we could use {lo se pormei be lo se zilbri be lo ka broda}, or above defined {la kancu} instead of {se pormei}).

lo goi la karis. ge'u ka
la jalge la fancu ce'oi
lo goi la karis.xipa ge'u ka
la jalge xipa la fancu xipa la terbri ce'oi
la jalge xipa cu ka
la jalge xire la sumti ce'oi
lo goi la terbri xipa ge'u poi'i
ke'a me'au la zbasu me'u la sumti la terbri kei zo'u
la jalge xire cu me'au la cuxna me'u
lo du'u lo se tersu'imei be la fancu xipa cu dubdu'i
lo se pormei be la terbri xipa kei
lo poi'i ke'a bridi la fancu xipa la terbri xipa kei
lo poi'i ke'a me'au la karis.xipa me'u la fancu xipa la terbri xipa kei kei kei zo'u
la jalge cu me'au la karis.xipa me'u la fancu lo kutpoi kei

function curry(fun) {
function curry1(fun, args) {
return function (arg) {
var args1 = args;
args1.unshift(arg);
if (fun.length == args1.length) {
return fun(args1)
} else {
return curry1(fun, args1);
}
}
}
return curry1(fun, []);
}

Usage:
la fanxu xinu cu me'au la karis. me'u la fancu
.i la fanxu xipu cu me'au la fancu xinu me'u li pu
.i la fanxu xire cu me'au la fancu xipu me'u li re
.i la jalge cu me'au la fanxu xire me'u li ci

var curriedFun = curry(fun);
var curriedFun1 = curriedFun(1);
var curriedFun2 = curriedFun(2);
var result = curriedFun(3);

Conditional could be rewritten shorter, but more cryptically (as this style is new):
lo goi la karis. ge'u ka
la jalge la fancu ce'oi
lo goi la karis.xipa ge'u ka
la jalge xipa la fancu xipa la terbri ce'oi
la jalge xipa cu ka
la jalge xire la sumti ce'oi
lo goi la terbri xipa ge'u poi'i
ke'a me'au la zbasu me'u la sumti la terbri kei zo'u
la jalge xire cu me'au lo me'au la cunxa me'u
lo du'u lo se tersu'imei be la fancu xipa cu dubdu'i
lo se pormei be la terbri xipa kei
me'ei bridi la karis.xipa me'u la fancu xipa la terbri xipa kei kei zo'u
la jalge cu me'au la karis.xipa me'u la fancu lo kutpoi kei

//function apply(fun, args) {return fun.apply(this, args); }
function curry(fun) {
function curry1(fun, args) {
return function (arg) {
var args1 = args;
args1.unshift(arg);
return ((fun.length == args1.length) ? apply : curry1)(fun, args1);
}
}
return curry1(fun, []);
}

== Notes ==
For conversion between predicate taking sequence as argument and n-ary predicate, {brije'u} (alias {zilbri}) is most natural way:

a'y konkatena byboi cyboi dyboi ... ≡ me'ei konkatena cu brije'u by ce'o cy ce'o dy ...

Various ways to call a function:

'''lo''' me'au la ''fancu'' me'u '''be''' ''la sumti'' '''bei''' ''la sumti'' '''be'o'''

'''lo poi'i ke'a''' me'au la ''fancu'' me'u ''la sumti'' ''la sumti'' '''kei'''

'''lo kai'u ce'u''' me'au la ''fancu'' me'u ''la sumti'' ''la sumti'' '''kei'''

'''lo'oi ke'a''' me'au la ''fancu'' me'u ''la sumti'' ''la sumti'' '''ku'au'''

== buboi ==
In the first version of this draft, {cizra} consctruction {NAME buboi} was used for variable names. It was a hack, but I knew no better way to assign more-or-less meaningful names to assignable variables. Without {buboi}, I'd be up to my neck in {ko'a}s. Luckily, la menli proposed assigning values with {goi} to cmene. Though {goi} behavior is not fully standardized <ref>http://mw.lojban.org/papri/Lojban_application_issues</ref>, I consisently place name to be assigned after it, and value being assigned before.

[[Image:aulbuboi.jpg|thumb|100px| ]]
== References ==
<references/>

User:Ramcinfo/fancu staile

2015-04-15T01:46:46Z

Durka42: /* Recursion */ me'oi => me'au

This is an attempt to use lojban as a functional programming language. It was in part inspired by [[Missing_predicates#List|Tsani’s recursive predicate]] and, while developed mostly independently, many things are done the same.

Let us think about selbri as function taking its terbri as arguments and returning the predication, or bridi. This predication can be then claimed in context, returning truth-value of resulting bridi in that context.

function tavla(speaker, listener, subject, language) {...} // returns predication
function claim(predication, context) {...} // returns boolean
claim(tavla("me", "you", "lojban", "lojban"), context);

To build functions returning other things, we can use {lo}. Let us not go into intricacies of descriptors and pretend what {lo selbri} returns simply ''some'' value s1 such that claim(selbri(s1, s2...sx), context) will be true for ''some'' values of s2...sx and claimed with ''some'' context. Arguments other than context could be restricted with {be...bei...be'o}. So {lo selbri be sumti2 bei sumti3 be'o} is x1 = selbri1(sumti2, sumti3).

{loka}- and {me'ei}-abstractions, then, are predication-returning functions as first-class values. {me'au} with these abstractions is function application; {kai'u} is immediate function application.

== apply ==
We are now ready to construct functions taking functions as arguments and/or returning other functions. Let's start with ''apply'' (for unary function):

lo goi la pliri'a ge'u ka la jalge la fancu la sumti ce'ai
la jalge cu me'au la fancu la sumti kei

function apply(fun, arg) {
return fun(arg); }

Now we can use it as such:

lo me'au la pliri'a me'u be me'ei tavla bei mi be'o

It could be rewritten in CLL Lojban, but would be (even) less readable:
cylylypapi'epa jo'au
lo ka bridi ce'u ce'u ce'o ce'u kei goi ko'a
zo'u co'e zo'e poi bridi be ko'a bei lo ka ce'u tavla ce'u ku ce'o ke'a ce'o mi

== compose ==

Function composition, ''compose'' (for unary functions, still):
lo goi la finti ge'u ka la jalge la fancu xipa la fancu xire ce'ai
la jalge cu ka la jalge xipa la sumti ce'ai
la jalge xipa cu me'au la fancu xipa lo me'au la fancu xire ku be la sumti kei kei

function compose(fun, fuun) {
return function (arg) {
return fun(fuun(arg)); }}

== Recursion ==

Infinite recursion (do not try it at home):

lo goi la cimnrekursi ge'u ka me'au la cimnrekursi kei

function infRec() {
infRec();
}

I am not sure of the last one. Maybe {goi} works only forward in scope. {me'au lo ka nei} (or simply {nei}) will do almost the same, I guess.

== if ==

Confitional (taken from Tsani’s recursive predicate definition, replacing {ckaji} with {du}):

lo goi la cuxna ge'u ka la jalge la krinu by boi cy ce'ai
ge ganai me'au la krinu gi la jalge cu du by
gi ga me'au la krinu gi la jalge cu du cy kei

(What if replace {du} with {me'au}?)
Maybe also la gleki's {ifle} will work:

lo goi la cuxna ge'u ka la jalge la krinu by boi cy ce'ai
la krinu cu ifle
lo du'u la jalge cu du by kei
lo du'u la jalge cu du cy kei kei

== Recursion (again) ==

Now we are ready to build a simple recursion. {krasi} and {fanmo} are used to get first and last elements of sequence, respectively; I am not very sure if this is appropriate. Now if the style is to be developed in the direction of LISP, then functions working on sequences, like ''head'', ''tail'' and ''cons'' are to be defined.

{ja'ebo goi} is a hack even dirtier than it is usual for these matters; it is used to both a) group the sequence as one sumti to attach relative clause to it and b) to move that clause to the front.

lo goi la kancu ge'u ka la jalge la porsi la cabna ce'ai
la jalge cu me'au la cuxna lo du'u la cabna cu fanmo la porsi kei li pa
lo sumji be li pa lo me'au la kancu ku
be la porsi bei lo bavla'i be la cabna bei la porsi kei
je'abo goi la mupli ge'u by ce'o cy ce'o dy zo'u
li ci cu me'au la kancu la mupli lo krasi be la mupli

// approximately
function len(list, item) {
return (list.indexOf(item) === list.length - 1) ? 1 :
1 + len(list, list[list.indexOf(item)] + 1); }
var sample = ["b", "c", "d"];
assert(3 === len(sample, sample[0]));

== curry ==
For now, let us pretend that we already have function for ''cons'', being {la zbasu} (x1 is sequence with head x2 and tail sequence x3. We'll also use {tersu'imei} for getting function (selbri) arity (we could use {lo se pormei be lo se zilbri be lo ka broda}, or above defined {la kancu} instead of {se pormei}).

lo goi la karis. ge'u ka
la jalge la fancu ce'oi
lo goi la karis.xipa ge'u ka
la jalge xipa la fancu xipa la terbri ce'oi
la jalge xipa cu ka
la jalge xire la sumti ce'oi
lo goi la terbri xipa ge'u poi'i
ke'a me'au la zbasu me'u la sumti la terbri kei zo'u
la jalge xire cu me'au la cuxna me'u
lo du'u lo se tersu'imei be la fancu xipa cu dubdu'i
lo se pormei be la terbri xipa kei
lo poi'i ke'a bridi la fancu xipa la terbri xipa kei
lo poi'i ke'a me'au la karis.xipa me'u la fancu xipa la terbri xipa kei kei kei zo'u
la jalge cu me'au la karis.xipa me'u la fancu lo kutpoi kei

function curry(fun) {
function curry1(fun, args) {
return function (arg) {
var args1 = args;
args1.unshift(arg);
if (fun.length == args1.length) {
return fun(args1)
} else {
return curry1(fun, args1);
}
}
}
return curry1(fun, []);
}

Usage:
la fanxu xinu cu me'au la karis. me'u la fancu
.i la fanxu xipu cu me'au la fancu xinu me'u li pu
.i la fanxu xire cu me'au la fancu xipu me'u li re
.i la jalge cu me'au la fanxu xire me'u li ci

var curriedFun = curry(fun);
var curriedFun1 = curriedFun(1);
var curriedFun2 = curriedFun(2);
var result = curriedFun(3);

Conditional could be rewritten shorter, but more cryptically (as this style is new):
lo goi la karis. ge'u ka
la jalge la fancu ce'oi
lo goi la karis.xipa ge'u ka
la jalge xipa la fancu xipa la terbri ce'oi
la jalge xipa cu ka
la jalge xire la sumti ce'oi
lo goi la terbri xipa ge'u poi'i
ke'a me'au la zbasu me'u la sumti la terbri kei zo'u
la jalge xire cu me'au lo me'au la cunxa me'u
lo du'u lo se tersu'imei be la fancu xipa cu dubdu'i
lo se pormei be la terbri xipa kei
me'ei bridi la karis.xipa me'u la fancu xipa la terbri xipa kei kei zo'u
la jalge cu me'au la karis.xipa me'u la fancu lo kutpoi kei

//function apply(fun, args) {return fun.apply(this, args); }
function curry(fun) {
function curry1(fun, args) {
return function (arg) {
var args1 = args;
args1.unshift(arg);
return ((fun.length == args1.length) ? apply : curry1)(fun, args1);
}
}
return curry1(fun, []);
}

== Notes ==
For conversion between predicate taking sequence as argument and n-ary predicate, {brije'u} (alias {zilbri}) is most natural way:

a'y konkatena byboi cyboi dyboi ... ≡ me'ei konkatena cu brije'u by ce'o cy ce'o dy ...

Various ways to call a function:

'''lo''' me'au la ''fancu'' me'u '''be''' ''la sumti'' '''bei''' ''la sumti'' '''be'o'''

'''lo poi'i ke'a''' me'au la ''fancu'' me'u ''la sumti'' ''la sumti'' '''kei'''

'''lo kai'u ce'u''' me'au la ''fancu'' me'u ''la sumti'' ''la sumti'' '''kei'''

'''lo'oi ke'a''' me'au la ''fancu'' me'u ''la sumti'' ''la sumti'' '''ku'au'''

== buboi ==
In the first version of this draft, {cizra} consctruction {NAME buboi} was used for variable names. It was a hack, but I knew no better way to assign more-or-less meaningful names to assignable variables. Without {buboi}, I'd be up to my neck in {ko'a}s. Luckily, la menli proposed assigning values with {goi} to cmene. Though {goi} behavior is not fully standardized <ref>http://mw.lojban.org/papri/Lojban_application_issues</ref>, I consisently place name to be assigned after it, and value being assigned before.

[[Image:aulbuboi.jpg|thumb|100px| ]]
== References ==
<references/>

Texts in Lojban

2015-03-30T03:28:50Z

Durka42: Redirected page to te gerna la lojban

#REDIRECT [[te gerna la lojban]]

Texts in Lojban

2015-03-30T03:27:33Z

Durka42: Redirected page to Texts In Lojban

#REDIRECT [[Texts In Lojban]]

magical penis

2015-03-04T01:29:27Z

Durka42:

{|class='wikitable'
|+Topic for #lojban is '''ko jai jufra'''
|-
! width="10%" | cmene
! width="40%" | jbobau
! width="40%" | glibau
|-
|tene
|coi sanxiyn.
|Hi, Sanxyin!
|-
|sanxiyn
|coi tenes.
|Hi, Tene!
|-
|sanxiyn
|mi na jufra
|I am not a sentence.
|-
|tene
|.i mi jufra
|And I am.
|-
|sanxiyn
|.ue mi na pu djuno le du'u le tavla jufra cu zasti
|Oh? I didn' know that the talking sentences exist.
|-
|tene
|.i mi zasti .ije mi tavla .ije mi jufra
|I exist. And talk. And am a sentence.
|-
|tene
|.i seni'ibo lo tavla jufra cu zasti
|Hence, talking sentences exist.
|-
|sanxiyn
|doi tenes. sepi'o ma pu'i tavla
|How do you talk, Tene?
|-
|tene
|.i xu mi tavla sepi'o le mi moklu
|I talk with my mouth, don't I?
|-
|sanxiyn
|mi na djuno
|I dunno.
|-
|sanxiyn
|xu do go'i
|You do or you don't.
|-
|tene
|mi na djuno
|I dunno.
|-
|tene
|.i se cumki lo su'u makfa
|Maybe magic?
|-
|sanxiyn
|ma te makfa do
|Who's making magic with you?
|-
|tene
|.u'i .ju'o la robin
|Heh! Robin, for sure!
|-
|sanxiyn
|.ii la robin. cu mafpre
|Robin - IS - a magician???
|-
|tene
|.i go'i
|Yep.
|-
|sanxiyn
|mi pu jinvi le du'u le mafpre cu cfika
|And I thought, magicians are from fairy-tales.
|-
|entrop
|do srera
|You were wrong.
|-
|sanxiyn
|.ie
|Yes.
|-
|tene
|.i la robin. kakne lo nu djuno tu'a lo se pensi be da
|And Robin's able to read other people's thoughts.
|-
|tene
|.i ji'a la robin kakne lo nu vofli
|And he can also fly.
|-
|tene
|ju'o sai
|100%.
|-
|tene
|.i mi djuno lo du'u se nandu lo nu krici .i ku'i jetnu
|I know it is difficult to believe -- however, that is true.
|-
|entrop
|xu la robin pilno cu vinji
|''ungrammatical'' Is Robin, use, be an airplane?
|-
|tene
|na go'i
|Nope.
|-
|sanxiyn
|le nu vofli sepi'o le vinji na cinri
|Flying on airplanes isn't interesting.
|-
|sanxiyn
|se cumki le du'u ry sevzi vofli
|Maybe he flies himself?
|-
|bancus
|vofli sepi'o le pinji
|Flies using his penis (''pun: '''vinji''' (airplane) - '''pinji''' (penis)'').
|-
|bancus
|mutce nandu
|Very difficult.
|-
|sanxiyn
|doi tenes. xu la robin. crida
|Listen, Tene, is Robin a fairy?
|-
|tene
|.i cumki
|Possibly.
|-
|tene
|.i mi na djuno
|I dunno.
|-
|tene
|ju'i robin. xu do crida
|Hey, Robin, are you a fairy?
|-
|entrop
|la robin palci pruxi
|An evil spirit, he is.
|-
|tene
|.i ji'a cumki
|Yeah, possibly.
|-
|tene
|.ii sai
|I'm really afraid.
|-
|sanxiyn
|la robin. te makfa ma poi drata
|What other kinds of magic can Robin perform? (''Incorrect usage of place structure. Should be '''la robin. te makfa fi ma poi drata''''')
|-
|tene
|.i ry kakne lo nu pagre lo bitmu
|He also is able to pass through walls.
|-
|tene
|.i mutce lakne kakne
|Very likely able.
|-
|entrop
|la robin tcidu .i do morsi
|Robin reads, you are dead. (''Should use '''naja''''')
|-
|sanxiyn
|xu ry kakne catra le drata prenu sepi'o le nu tcidu
|Can Robin kill other people by reading?
|-
|sanxiyn
|ma se tcidu ca le la robin. nu catra
|What is being read during killing of/by Robin?
|-
|entrop
|va'o lo nu do tavla fi tu'a le xlali be la robin kei
|It's when you talk bad things about Robin.
|-
|entrop
|ry catra do
|Robin will kill you.
|-
|tene
|.i la robin. djuno ro da
|Robin knows everything.
|-
|sanxiyn
|ti'e la santas. djuno le du'u do xamgu gi'i kau palci
|I heard that Santa knows whether you are good or bad.
|-
|sanxiyn
|ji'a ti'u le cabdei ti'e la robin. djuno ro da
|Besides, today, I heard, Robin knows everything.
|-
|tene
|go'i
|Yeah.
|-
|sanxiyn
|xu le nu la robin. djuno cu tamsmi da pe la santas.
|Is the way of knowing by Robin same as of Santa?
|-
|tene
|.i xu la santas vofli
|Does Santa fly?
|-
|sanxiyn
|doi tenes. da xusra le du'u go'i
|Tene, something asserts that fact.
|-
|tene
|a'u sai
|Very interesting.
|-
|sanxiyn
|sy vofli ca le nu kansa la rudolf. poi mirli
|Santa flies when accompanying Rudolf the deer.
|-
|tene
|.i xu do stidi le nu mi se zbasu sy
|Do you suggest the event that I am made by Santa?
|-
|sanxiyn
|na go'i
|No.
|-
|tene
|.i mi tcica kargau lo stela
|I deceptively open the lock.
|-
|tene
|oi sai mi bazico'a binxo ke menli bilma
|Damn! I'll get crazy now! (''Malglicean tanru. Better is '''menli bilma binxo''' - or, that is a misprint and '''ke''' should actually be '''le''', as Bancus has suggested'')
|-
|sanxiyn
|doi tenes. do ka'e roroi tavla .ije'i su'oroi go'i
|''Ungrammatical. Possible meaning: Tene, you are able to talk forever and/or/if/ for some time?''
|-
|tene
|.i mi va'o lo nu mi cikna cu kakne lo nu tavla
|I can talk talk only when I'm awake.
|-
|sanxiyn
|doi tenes. xu do sipna
|Tene, are you sleeping?
|-
|tene
|go'i
|Yes.
|}

CLL, aka Reference Grammar, Errata

2015-02-08T07:25:47Z

Durka42: /* Chapter 5 */

This page is for errata in [[The Complete Lojban Language|The Complete Lojban Language]], that is for mistakes such as typos, or self-contradictions, or contradictions with other baselined language definition material. This is '''not''' a page to put desiderata (suggestions for improvement); such suggestions should go to [[Suggestions for CLL, second edition|Suggestions for CLL, second edition]]. This is also not a page to put errata resulting from the 4th Baseline Grammar proposal (i.e., the [[PEG|PEG]] grammar); PEG grammar errata should go to [[CLL PEG Errata|CLL PEG Errata]].

An online version of the CLL incorporating the changes on this page [http://mw.lojban.org/extensions/cll/ is available].

See also [[What is Lojban errata|'What is Lojban?' errata]] (for the published version), Level 0 Booklet Errata [[Level 0 Booklet Errata Introduction|Level 0 Booklet Errata]] (for the pre-publication reviews; now finished), and [[Lessons Errata|Lessons Errata]] (for the beginners' course).

The "''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''" tag means that http://mw.lojban.org/extensions/cll/ includes this fix, which also means it'll probably be in the next CLL version.

== Chapter 1 ==
* There is a paragraph at the very beginning of CLL, on page 4, with the sentence ''"In essence, Chapter 2 gives a brief overview of the language, Chapter 21 gives the formal structure of the language, and the chapters in between put semantic bones on that formal flesh."''
** Wouldn't it make more sense to say "put semantic flesh on those formal bones"? [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 6, it says "Larry Horn's work ''The Natural History of Negation''". It would appear that everyone else calls it '''''A''' Natural History of Negation'', by '''Laurence''' (R.) Horn.
** ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL'' (zort's fork at least) but needs approval

== Chapter 2 ==
* Section 5 example 5.7 uses "ti" to point at a language, and should have its accompanying note changed to more accurately reflect that this is not how "ti" works.
* Section 6 Example 6.5 has "cu" as elidable, when in fact it is simply illegal there. Removed. ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
** uanai, I still see "cu" in DAG-CLL.
* Section 8 page 17 claims that "xu" is discussed in section 1.7, which happens to list the captions for all the chapter pictures.
** It should refer to Section 15. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
*** The link in the current DAG-CLL is pointing to "2/2/15" instead of to "2/15".
* Section 10 says that example 10.3 (mi tavla do le tavla ku) means the same as (mi tavla do le tavla ku). Example 10.3 should be "mi tavla do le tavla", as it describes how "ku" may be omitted.
** It appears that example 10.3 is incorrect only in the online version, not the published book.
* Section 17 says "Note that Example 17.3 has and requires a “cu” to prevent “bajra” and “klama” from forming a tanru, but Example 17.4 and Example 17.5 lack the unnecessary “cu”.", but example 17.3 is "la djan. ~np~[[cu|cu]]~/np~ klama le zarci".
** It appears that the offending sentence is present only in the online version, not the published book.
* Example 17.9 is "le vi tavla ku cu ba klama" in the online version, and totally broken in the published book.
** Go with the online version. [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Example 17.9 in dag-cll as of 2012-05-05 is "le vi tavla ~np~[[ku|ku]]~/np~ cu ba klama". Since the same section has explained that tense tags make "cu" unnecessary, I think the example should be "le vi tavla ~np~[[ku|ku]] [[cu|cu]]~/np~ ba klama".

== Chapter 3 ==

A lot of the IPA examples use a space to indicate a syllable break. This is not standard IPA usage; according to IPA, the period “.” should be used to indicate a syllable division.
* Section 2, page 30: in the table the description of "apostrophe" should read "an unvoiced glottal spirant", not "a unvoiced".
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 2, digital version. The IPA table got horribly mangled somewhere along the way. It should look like (SAMPA column added):
{| class="wikitable"
|| Letter
|| IPA
|| SAMPA
|| Description

|-
|| '
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/h h]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/h h]
|| an unvoiced glottal spirant

|-
|| ,
|| -
|| -
|| the syllable separator

|-
|| .
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ʔ ʔ]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/CLL,+aka+Reference+Grammar,+Errata? ?]
|| a glottal stop or a pause

|-
|| a
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/a a], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ɑ ɑ]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/a a], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/A A]
|| an open vowel

|-
|| b
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/b b]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/b b]
|| a voiced bilabial stop

|-
|| c
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ʃ ʃ], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ʂ ʂ]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/S S], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/s%60 s`]
|| an unvoiced postalveolar fricative

|-
|| d
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/d d]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/d d]
|| a voiced dental/alveolar stop

|-
|| e
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ɛ ɛ], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/e e]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/E E], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/e e]
|| a front mid vowel

|-
|| f
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/f f], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ɸ ɸ]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/f f], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/p/ p\]
|| an unvoiced labial fricative

|-
|| g
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ɡ ɡ]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/g g]
|| a voiced velar stop

|-
|| i
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/i i]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/i i]
|| a front close vowel

|-
|| j
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ʒ ʒ], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ʐ ʐ]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/Z Z], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/z%60 z`]
|| a voiced postalveolar fricative

|-
|| k
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/k k]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/k k]
|| an unvoiced velar stop

|-
|| l
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/l l], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/l̩ l̩]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/l l], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/l= l=]
|| a voiced lateral approximant (may be syllabic)

|-
|| m
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/m m], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/m̩ m̩]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/m m], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/m= m=]
|| a voiced bilabial nasal (may be syllabic)

|-
|| n
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/n n], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/n̩ n̩], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ŋ ŋ], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ŋ̩ ŋ̩]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/n n], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/n= n=], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/N N], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/N= N=]
|| a voiced dental or velar nasal (may be syllabic)

|-
|| o
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/o o], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ɔ ɔ]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/o o], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/O O]
|| a back mid vowel

|-
|| p
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/p p]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/p p]
|| an unvoiced bilabial stop

|-
|| r
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/r r], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ɹ ɹ], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ɾ ɾ], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ʀ ʀ], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/r̩ r̩], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ɹ̩ ɹ̩], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ɾ̩ ɾ̩], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ʀ̩ ʀ̩]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/r r], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/r/ r\], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/4 4], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/R/ R\], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/r= r=], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/r/= r\=], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/4= 4=], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/R/= R\=]
|| a rhotic sound

|-
|| s
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/s s]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/s s]
|| an unvoiced alveolar sibilant

|-
|| t
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/t t]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/t t]
|| an unvoiced dental/alveolar stop

|-
|| u
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/u u]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/u u]
|| a back close vowel

|-
|| v
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/v v], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/β β]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/v v], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/B B]
|| a voiced labial fricative

|-
|| x
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/x x]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/x x]
|| an unvoiced velar fricative

|-
|| y
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ə ə]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/@ @]
|| a central mid vowel

|-
|| z
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/z z]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/z z]
|| a voiced alveolar sibilant

|}
** Sort-of [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]]; what I actually did is had Arnt review what someone entered in DAG-CLL, which presumably was based on the above. ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 2, page 30. for the second eng (immediately to the left of "(may be syllabic)") the syllabicity marker is concealed by the right tail.
** I can just barely see the marker under a good light. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
*** For future editions :-) , note that the IPA approves putting diacritics above rather than below the letter in cases like these. Unfortunately, the fonts hitherto available have not made this facility available, so outside the journal of the IPA itself, such over-diacritics are seldom seen. — nitcion
* In section 3.2, the comma should (probably) be represented by the IPA notation [[ , aka Reference Grammar, Errata| ]], as the period is used in IPA to denote syllable breaks. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 2, page 30. For the Lojban phoneme /r/, the IPA symbol for a dental/alveolar voiced apical tap is given with a syllabicity marker below. A tap can't be syllabic, because it is by definition instantaneous. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]] Just remove that case altogether.
* Section 2. The descriptions of ''c'' and ''j'' are listed as "coronal sibilant"s. The descriptions should read "voiceless postalveolar fricative" and "voiced postalveolar fricative", respectively. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 3, third paragraph (page 31): "a unvoiced vowel glide" should be "an unvoiced vowel glide".
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 6, page 36. IPA for the unacceptable American flap variant of intervocalic ''t'' shows the GA ''r'' sound (upside-down r) instead of the flap (like an r with no vertical bit at the top — see the list of acceptible ''r'' variants on on page 44 where it appears correctly) [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 6, page 36. (Same as previous erratum) The consonant is referred to as a flap, while it is actually a tap. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 7. In between the shaded boxes, "a pairing of voiced and unvoiced equivalent vowels" should read "a pairing of voiced and unvoiced equivalent consonants".
* Section 8, page 38. IPA for pronunciation of "xapcke" has c where it should have S (long s). [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 9, page 40. IPA for pronunciation of "dikyjvo" has j where it should have Z (that little script z thing) [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 12, page 46. What should be the Cyrillic letter ; is printed as something that looks like the Greek letter . Is this only a typographical variant of the ;, or is it a variant?
** This erratum is indecipherable and should be dropped, unless someone can reconstruct it. The Cyrillic letters look fine. --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]]
* Section 12, page 46. Replace the words "the hard sign" with an actual hard sign, U+044A CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER HARD SIGN.
* Section 12, page 47. "are/"esse" should probably be "are"/"esse" (the acute on the a may or may not have been left off, but the closing quote after are is definately missing.)
** My copy shows the acute.
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''

== Chapter 4 ==
* Section 4, page 54. The book states that fu'ivla with a form like ''spa'i'' are valid. They are not, they fail the slinku'i test. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 6, p 58, "-lac" in the third table in that section should be "-lac-"
* Section 6, it says "Most cmavo that have rafsi are ones used in composing tanru (for a complete list, see Chapter 12)", but there is no such list in Chapter 12, or anywhere in the book (ju'osai). Perhaps it wants to point to the list of PA rafsi in Chapter 18 section 25? Or to the lists of tanru in Chapter 5 sections 14 and 15?
** What I probably meant was that Chapter 12, taken as a whole, discusses the cmavo used in constructing tanru. I don't think any specific list ever existed. I'd just drop the parenthetical sentence.
* Section 6, just after example 6.9. It says "some of the unreduced forms in the previous example", but it is not referring to the previous example: it is referring all the way back to examples 6.1 and 6.2, so it should be "some of the unreduced forms in the previous example'''s'''".
** ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL'' (zort's fork at least)

[[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]] Refer explicitly to 6.1 and 6.2
* Section 7, page 60. In example 6.16, the word "xarnykarce" is glossed as "war-car". Either the gloss should be updated to reflect the veljvo ("stubborn-car"), or the lujvo should be updated to reflect the gloss "jamkarce"
** The latter [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 7, making a type 3 fu'ivla, step 5 should read "steps 1-4", not "steps 1-5". [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 7, step 5 of the Stage 3 fu'ivla: "if the rafsi ends in ''r'' and the rest of the fu'ivla begins with ''n'' (or vice versa) use an ''l''-hyphen" should read "if the rafsi ends in ''r'' and the rest of the fu'ivla begins with ''n'', ''tc'', ''ts'', ''dz'' or ''dj'', or the rafsi ends in ''n'' and the rest of the fu'ivla begins with ''r'' use an ''l''-hyphen". [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* The end of section 7 seems to imply that cmene are exempt from the normal restrictions on consonant clusters as long as each consonant pair is valid.
* Section 8. Example 8.10 ''djandjonz'' is not valid lojban as it contains the forbidden consonant sequence `ndj`. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]] Replace with a different name.
** Replacing with "John Brown" as "djanbraun". mi'e la [[User:Robin Lee Powell|.camgusmis.]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 8, page 66. Example 8.12. Says that the gismu "solri" means "actually, 'pertaining to the sun'". This is false. According to the gismu list, it means ''is''a sun.
** Leave this one alone. As a seltau, "solri" does indeed mean "solar". --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]]
* Section 11, 5a) ''Examine all the C/C consonant pairs that join the CVC rafsi, and also the pair between the last CVC and the X portion, ignoring any "y"-hyphen before the X.'' should read instead: ''Examine all the C/C consonant pairs up to the first "y"-hyphen, or up to the end of the word in case there are no "y"-hyphens.''
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 12. In Examples 12.2, 12.3 and 12.4 the calculations are given as 32500 minus the score, instead of simply the score. (Probably from previous versions of the algorithm.) [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 13, page 74, third table: there is no space between "lojbaugri" and "lojbangygri", so that they are run into one word in the second column of the table. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 15 states that "dzipo" comes from "cadzu cipni" ("walking bird"). This fails to make sense either etymologically or semantically (If the name refers to penguins, there are a lot of other features of Antarctica that are more prominent and not shared by other places). I suspect that the word may actually come from "dizlo daplu" ("low island"), which is a somewhat more reasonable name.
** Not an erratum, the word really does come from "caDZu cIPni". That it fails to make sense doesn't change the fact that that is how they constructed it. The etymologies of "bemro" and "ketco" make even less sense, by the way.
*** Correct, but the etymologies are what they are. --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]]
* [https://groups.google.com/forum/m/?fromgroups#!topic/lojban/s9P3LoGj5TI Etymology of ''misro''] from ''Mizrahim'' seems like an unnecessary and surprising detour. Linking it to ''misr'' makes more sense. mu'o mi'e .[[User:iesk|iesk]]. 16:47, 10 avgusto 2013 (UTC)

== Chapter 5 ==
* Section 6, example 6.15: It says {xamgu jo cortu nuntavla}, and the gloss says {(good if-and-only-if short) speech}, but {cortu} means "hurt", not "short".
** ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL'' (changed to {tordu}) (in zort's fork at least) [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Example 6.16: vajni ju selpluka nuntavla , (important whether-or-not pleasing) event-of-talking
** Should be pluka, not selpluka. [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 8 says "involving selma'o VOhA and GOhI, explained in Chapter 7", but VOhA doesn't appear in Chapter 7. VOhA doesn't even seem to be a selma'o, for that matter. Also, probably GOhI should be GOhA?
* Section 8, page 96/97: Example 8.13 needs some kind of terminator (like "be'o") before the "co". [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Also, the preceding paragraph suggests that "be" is the only way to fill selbri places other than x1. This is not the case: "mi le zarci cu klama co sutra" would also work.
** I don't agree that there's any such suggestion, although adding a second possibility is fine with me. --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]]
* Section 9 lists "kei" as the terminator for nu, but it's not only for nu, but for all of NU. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 12 the text says examples 121 and 122 "use {ke} grouping and {bo} grouping respectively", but it isn't true. Example 121 uses only implicit tanru grouping, while 122 in fact uses {ke} grouping. Also, the text says they are equivalent in meaning, but they aren't (in the first one, {cadzu} groups with {masno}). Perhaps it's missing a {bo}? The translations of examples 121-126 are all affected by this false claim of equivalence.
* Section 12, last example says that {broda be fi ko'i ko'e} has {ko'e} in the x4 place because {be fi} moves the counter to 3. jbofi'e disagrees, but this may not be a CLL errata -- I haven't checked the linkargs section yet to see if it is consistent.
* Section 14, page 104 says "dadylsi" for "dadysli".
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 14, page 105 uses "zdani lijgri" in the example list, but the paragraph after, as well as the next list, refer to "zdani linji" and "linji zdani".
* Section 14, page 105 has the lujvo "cpumi'i" but defines it at the bottom of the set as "cpami'i".
** cuami'i s pull-machine, so using that [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 14, page 106 says "plise tapla" for "apple cake". Does Turkish really refer to a cake as a tile, or is this a misunderstanding of the definition of "tapla"?
** No, it's that {tapla} can mean both cake and tile, as the gismu list shows; it's a generic word for a flat 3-D shape, or short cylinder. Stet. --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]]
* Section 14, page 108 says "tumla spisa". This should probably be "tumla pagbu", since pieces of land are not actually detached.
** What makes you think that spisa have to be detached? Stet. --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]]
* Section 14, page 109 says "rostu mojysu'a". "rostu" is not a Lojban gismu, nor an Old Loglan primitive. It's supposed to be "mrostu".
** "Mrostu" is correct, and that's the reading of the online version. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 14, "nunkilbra" is clearly not "sharpener", and even if it was using the right rafsi for cabra, that strikes me as a pretty crappy lujvo; needs zenba or zmadu or binxo or something.
* Section 14, page 112 lists numerous tanru examples whose meanings are hypernyms of the tertau instead of hyponyms. This contradicts the primariness of the tertau as defined on page 84. The word "ja" should probably be inserted between the constituents, or the entire section should be removed.
** Stet. Lions can't be made of stone, but {rokci cinfo} is a legitimate tanru nonetheless. --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]]

== Chapter 6 ==
* End of section 2, it says "compound negator ``naku'' (discussed in Chapter 15)", but "naku" is never mentioned in chapter 15; indeed, the only uses of the word {ku} at all are after the words {ji'u} or {na'i}. Chapter 16 talks about {naku}.''
** ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL'' (zort's fork at least) but needs approval
* Section 12, p. 138 claims that the sumti in examples 12.2 and 12.3 operate like examples 2.5 and 3.6 respectively. "2.6 and 3.6" is almost surely what was meant. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* In section 11 Example 11.2 occurs twice.
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 2 has examples 2.3 and 2.5 to show the difference between {lo} and {le}. Example 2.5 and the subsequent text say that {lo nanmu cu ninmu} is necessarily false in lojban since {noda nanmu gi'e ninmu}. This contributes to trans-erasure, and should be revised.
* In section 5 between examples 5.2 and 5.3, it says that the typical lion best exemplifies the set of lions. This is false, it exemplifies not the set, but the members of that set.
* In section 14, example 1.93, the quote delimiter {kuot} needs a preceding pause.

== Chapter 7 ==
* Section 5. http://lojban.github.io/cll/7/6/index.html. 6.14 is usage with outer repeating. It would seem that was a mistake. Looking at that, it seems like the author expects {nei} to repeat the entire outermost bridi, and expects {no'a} to repeat the outer bridi alone, somehow without the current innermost bridi. Or something. Definitely seems mistaken to me. so with zo'e in place of the abstraction clause. In this case, maybe with {zi'o}, actually. That would be useful but it would be nice if that had been explicit.
* Section 6, page 155 has a note below example 6.13 that says, in part: "The Lojban does not contain an equivalent of the "my" in colloquial English;" and then goes on to explain how example 6.13 could be modified to include the relationship between the speaker and their son and daughter. I believe you could say "le mi bersa" or "le bersa pe mi" to express the English "my," therefor removing the (presumably inaccurate) note and making the Lojban translation more accurate.
** Sure you could, but the point of the note (which is ''not'' inaccurate) is not teaching how to use relative clauses, but to clarify that the idiomatic English version contains more information than the Lojban version does. Stet.
* Section 6, page 156 has ''karca'' for ''karce''. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* After example 6.18 is a paragraph that quotes non-existent text from example 6.10. "go'e ra'o" should read "go'i ra'o" and "do go'e" should read "mi go'i"
** The correct correction is to replace "B's statement" with "A's second statement". [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
*** Not really. "go'e ra'o" in A's second statement would mean the same as "go'e", which is wrong. The original correction is valid though.
*Section 6, the exceptions to the anaphora rules are almost certainly incomplete. In particular "ma" and "ce'u" definitely warrant exceptions.
* Section 7, example 7.7 has "mi zbasu loi mudri zi'o" for "mi zbasu le dinju zi'o"
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 8, p. 158 implies that ''vo'a''-series anaphora refer to sumti of the bridi they themselves are sumti of. This contradicts the cmavo list, and is incorrect: ''vo'a''-series anaphora (according to the ma'oste) refer to sumti of the outermost bridi within the current sentence. This makes them logophors/long distance reflexives, rather than short-distance reflexives, as is normal in human language. Thus, in ''mi nelci lenu do prami vo'a'', ''vo'a''means ''mi'', not ''do''.
**'''-->'''[[Why the Book is Right and the ma'oste is Wrong|Why the Book is Right and the ma'oste is Wrong]]
***Which of the two cases is normal in human language? If you'd written it in Lojban, I'd know!
**** I'd guess that short-distance is normal, b/c otherwise it would not be worth comparing the two. But of course in lojban we wouldn't have to glork that.
***** Short-distance is indeed normal, but Lojbanists have consistently used long-distance. Nick wrote a peer-reviewed paper on this. --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]]
* Example 7.8.5 (p159): bajra on third line should be bajykla, like the others.
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 8, it says "Example 9.3 is a truly pregnant question..." when example 9.2 is the pregnant question, and example 9.3 is a better way of expressing "Who are you?"
* Section 15, it says "Finally, lujvo involving ``zi'o'' are also possible, and are fully discussed in Chapter 12", but nowhere does Chapter 12 mention the word {zi'o}, much less lujvo involving it. This is probably a Chapter 12 erratum.''

== Chapter 8 ==
* In Section 3 the example 3.20 should have {xance} instead of {xanci}, which is definitely a typo. --idontknw
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 8, p. 181: 8.1) ''li pai noi na'e frinu namcu''should be ''li pai noi na'e frinu cu namcu''. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 8, Example 8.6, the third line, "I runningly-go to-this [[reciprocity|reciprocity]] [[x3 of this bridi|x3 of this bridi]] from-that", is not the usual decent English one would expect in that position; replaced with "I run to this from that and vice versa." is dag-cll ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 9, example 9.2 is ''co'o xirma''. Then, ''Note that Example 9.2 says farewell to something which doesn’t really have to be a horse, something that the speaker simply thinks of as being a horse, or even might be something (a person, for example) who is named "Horse". In a sense, Example 9.2 is ambiguous between "co'o le xirma" and "co'o la xirma"''. Is this true?
** Yes, in the sense that all uses of "le" ''might'' mean "la". But it's probably more confusing than it's worth. Truncate after "thinks of as being a horse". --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]]
* Section 9 says ''In vocative phrases which are simple names (after the vocative words), any relative clauses must come just after the names''. This isn't true. Relative clauses can go between the vocative and the cmevla. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]] Drop it; it reflects an earlier state of the language.
* Section 10, example 10.3 uses "ke'a goi ko'e zo'u ko'a zbasu ke'a" but glosses it as "(IT = it2 : it1 built it2)". The assigned "ko'e" is not used as expected or described, and should probably be "ko'a zbasu ko'e". [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]] Yes, "ko'a zbasu ko'e" is clearly what's meant.

== Chapter 9 ==
* Section 6, place structure of ''pilno'' is missing "for purpose x3". [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 8, the examples 8.5 and 8.6 are supposed to mean the same thing, but do not.
** Please elaborate. --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]]
*** 8.5 means "I gave the book to John, because John gave the money to me" but 8.6 means "John gave the money to me because I gave the book to John."
** ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL'' [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 11, description of the meaning of ".ije seri'a tu'e" contradicts the explanation of Example 9.9, which would suggest ".ije ri'a tu'e".
* section 17, "pertained to by concerning" should be separated, with "concerning" should be in the last column of the table * section 17 "from source as an origin of" should be two entries; "from source" and "as an origin of" ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL???''

== Chapter 10 ==
* Sections 4, 18: missing "cu" in examples 4.8, 18.3, 18.6
* Section 4, "when both spatial and temporal tense cmavo are given in a single tense construct, the temporal tense is expressed first" disagrees with the rule simple-tense-modal-972 in the BNF grammar.
* Section 9, example 9.9 on page 227 has "cirli" for "cirla".
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 12, example 12.6 translates morsi as "die" rather than "am dead" in the translation (as opposed to the gloss).
* Section 16, at the end, the X and Y in the 3 forms don't fit properly (the 3rd doesn't match the first two). I recommend, copying from Section 23 (where they are written again correctly):

X .i TENSE bo Y

TENSE gi X gi Y

Y TENSE le nu X
* Section 17, example 17.12 should not have the second "bevri".
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 18, examples 18.3 and 18.6 are missing a cu/ku, so the examples have no main selbri.
* Section 18, example 18.9 is supposed to show scalar negation of tenses not limited to PU and FAhA, but the example tense is ri'u (FAhA2).
* Section 19, example 19.10 should have "ba", not "pu", and "[[uture|uture]]", not "[[past|past]]". [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 21, example 21.1 doesn't seem to parallel the English gloss and translation: the Lojban version implies that "I throw the gun", and not "I fire the gun".
* Section 25, examples 25.1 and 25.2 have ''lu'a'' for ''la'u''.
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 25, this whole section is at odds with the formal grammar. It says: ''It is grammatical for a termset to be placed after a tense or modal tag rather than a sumti''. But that is in fact incorrect, it is not grammatical for a termset to be the argument of a tag.
** Unfortunately true. Termsets suck rocks, and some work will have to be done to make everything said about them consistent -- if it is even possible. Personally, I'd like to just burn them. --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]] '''NOFIX'''
* Section 27: MOhI see Section 28, not 27. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]

== Chapter 11 ==
* Section 4: The use of ka in Example 4.4 (page 259) is erroneous; it should be du'u. --[[John Cowan|John Cowan]] [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Last paragraph of section 7 references chapter 5 for a discussion of "lu'e". lu'e isn't mentioned in chapter 5. Probably chapter 6 is meant here.
** Yes, should be Section 5.10. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 9, page 266 has "sao'rdzifa'a" instead of "sa'ordzifa'a".
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* The same example (9.6) also has kuctra instead of kuctai
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* The book title in example 9.6 seems to be incorrect: "The Crucifixion of Jesus Considered As A Downhill Bicycle Race" is actually "[http://www.evergreenreview.com/102/fiction/duo.html he Crucifixion Considered As An Uphill Bicycle Race]."
** Unapproved
* Section 10: Paragraph above example 10.7 references "Chapter 11". That should read "Chapter 10".
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 12, page 269 has examples 13.1 and 13.2, those should be called 12.1 and 12.2. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]

== Chapter 12 ==
* Section 2, page 275. The paragraph under Example 2.3 refers to it as Example 2.4 (2.4 doesn't even exist). [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 5, right after example 5.7. It says "a" instead of "an". [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 6, page 280. Example 6.6 should have a space between "la spat." and "noi".
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 7, page 282. Example 7.5 has "bansoi" instead of "balsoi".
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 11, page 285 has "xascakcurnu" instead of "xasycakcurnu".
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 12 refers to "nunklama" as the same lujvo as "nunkla". Even if these are equivalent alternatives it would be less confusing to be consistent.
* Section 12 claims that -jax- is a rafsi for {jai}, but it isn't in http://www.lojban.org/publications/wordlists/rafsi.txt. Does {jai} have a rafsi or not?
** It should, but somehow it never got into the gismu list, and consequently not into the rafsi list either. Stet, and we'll add it to the gismu list. --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]]
* Section 12, right at the end, says that {fai} is explained in Chapter 11, but Chapter 11 makes no mention of {fai}. Only chapters 9 and 10 do.
** ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL'' (zort's fork at least) [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 14, example 14.2. Missing < /pre > tag, and missing < pre> tag following explanatory paragraph.
* Section 14, page 291. The paragraph under example 14.7 says "se xance mindu" instead of "se xance minde".
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 15, two paragraphs before example 15.7. It says "There are some comparative concepts which are in which the 'se zmadu' is difficult to specify." The "which are in which" seems grammatically incorrect.
** Drop "which are". --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]] [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 15, example 15.1, the x4 of {zmadu} and {mleca} should be "by amount" or "by quantity", not "in quantity".
* Section 15, page 294, example 15.14. "la ainctain" needs a period before it because it starts with a vowel.
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''

== Chapter 13 ==
* Many incidents of not having periods in front of vowel-initial cmavo.
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* In section 2, p. 300 references to the examples for .ue and .uecu'i are flipped. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 3, page 303, example 3.9. "e'e" needs a period before it.
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 3, page 303, example 3.10. "tisna" needs to be replaced with "tisygau".
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 4, page 305. The scale with the gismu mnemonics is misaligned with the scale with the members of selma'o CAI. "sai" should be tabbed one place left, so that it aligns with tsali, &c.
* Section 7, it says "It is not clear how much use logically connected abstractors will be: see Chapter 13." It should be "Chapter 15."
** ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL'' (zort's fork at least) but needs approval
* Section 10, page 313. There is a missing space between "continue emotion" and "end emotion".
* <nowiki>Section 15. A sample dialogue 15.4) / [Comment] Pam says, [Please] Alice, [end-of-comment] / [Comment] Pam says, [end-of-comment] [Please] Alice,/</nowiki> [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 15, example 15.5 /xamgu/gleki/ ?
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 15, example 15.10) /fi'i ro zvati ko pinxe pa ckafi/fi'i ro zvati .i ko pinxe pa ckafi/
** No, this one is perfectly fine: "fi'i ro zvati" is a vocative phrase, which is a free modifier, meaning that it can occur almost anywhere. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 15, example 15.13) /fi'o selpleji mi/fi'o pleji mi/
** And "with payer" rather than "with payment"; ey's not paying with emself! -- camgusmis
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* ".ai mi benji do le ckana" with gloss "[intent] I transfer you to-the bed". I think benji               should be replaced with muvgau.
* Section 15, example 15.13. Wrong use of {selfu}. {bevri} would fit better.
* "mi facki fi lemi mapku" is used repeatedly for "I found my hat". While this is not wrong, it's bad style and makes the gloss awkward in respect to the translation. Replacing "facki" with "zvafa'i" would remove the problem and make it more precise.
== Chapter 14 ==
* Section 6, example 3: "Alices" should be "Alice" without -s.
* Section 8, right before example 8.9 is "producing example 8.10" which should in fact read "producing example 8.9". [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 9: between example 9.10 and 9.11, "identified" should read "identical"
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 11, example 4: The gloss seems to have a misplaced "[plus]".
* Section 11, right before section 12. It says "termsets...are explained in Chapter 12 and Chapter 16" but chapter 12 (which is on lujvo) makes absolutely no mention of termsets. Chapters 9 and 10 discuss termsets. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 14, example 14.15 is not grammatical (according to jbofi'e and camxes) because it says "pe'e .e" when it should say "pe'e je". [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 14, example 14.16 mentions "sorme", which is probably Old Loglan, and should be replaced by "mensi".
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 14, "the stated gloss of TFTTas “only if” works naturally only when the right-hand bridi is true; if it is false, the left-hand bridi may be either true or false." changed to "the stated gloss of TFTTas “only if” works naturally only when the right-hand bridi is false; if it is true, the left-hand bridi may be either true or false."
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 15, example 15.8 is missing a dot after "la lojban".
* Section 15, right after 15.9, it says "example 14.17" where it should say "example 15.9" (14.17 does not exist). [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 15, example 15.9 is not grammatical; it should be "la djan. fa'u la frank. cusku nu'i bau la lojban. pe'e fa'u bai la djordj.".
* Section 17, example 17.4 is wrong. The section explains that mekso operators can be logically connected using {gu'e ... gi ...}, but this example tries to connect them with {ge ... gi ...}. Replace {ge} with {gu'e} in the example to correct it.
* Section 19, example 19.4 is translated as "I opine the fact-that a-mass-of living-things is-at Jupiter or-else I opine the fact-that a-mass-of living-things isn't-at Jupiter" but really it's "I opine the fact-that a-mass-of living-things is-at Jupiter or-else I '''do-not''' opine the fact-that a-mass-of living-things '''is-at''' Jupiter". So 19.4 is actually true, not false as it is claimed to be.
** Correct, so this example will need replacing. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Also there isn't really a reason for it to say a mass of living things and not some individual living things.
** Stet. The author prefers it that way, thankyouverymuch. --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]].

== Chapter 15 ==
* Section 2, missing < /pre > tag after example 2.8 and < pre> tag before example 2.9.
* Section 4, example 4.12 /nake/na'eke/
* Section 9, two paragraphs above example 9.4 the word "negativ" should be "negative". [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 9: Is there supposed to be any difference between ex. 9.5 and 9.6?
** That problem is only in the online version.
* Section 10, three paragraphs after example 10.14, there's a semicolon which should be a comma after "(say, a spelling error)". [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 10, it says "'ji'una'iku' metalinguistically says that something is wrong with that assumption. (See Chapter 10.)". Shouldn't that be Chapter 9, modals?
** ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL'' (zort's fork at least) [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]\
* change "A ``na'' before the selbri is always transformed into a ``naku'' at the left-hand end of the prenex, and vice versa." to: "A ``na'' before the selbri is always transformed into a ``naku'' at the right-hand end of the prenex, and vice versa."

== Chapter 16 ==
* Section 5, example 5.5: English has "every Y" when it should read "every X"
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 6, example 6.6 has a missing "cu" before "viska".
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 8, the explanation of example 8.3 says "any entity which is one is also the other". That would be true if the example used {go}, but it uses {ganai}. 8.3 does not claim that if something walks across the field then it goes to the store. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]] Change it to use {go}. ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
** Same place: needs to bo {da go}, not {go da} And the gloss should be "For-every X: X is-a-goer-to the store if-and-only-if it is-a-walker-on the field." ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 8, example 8.3. Either the {da} should come before the {ganai} (or, by the previous ^ erratum, {go}) and the gloss should be changed to only mention "X" once, or a {da} should be inserted before {cadzu}.
** ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL'' chose first option since it's terser (zort's fork at least) but needs approval
* This: "Adjacent negation boundaries in the prenex can be dropped," reads better as "Adjacent pairs of negation boundaries in the prenex can be dropped,"
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
*** The online version says "Adjacent double negation boundaries", but I'm okay with either "double" or "pairs of". --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]]
* Section 10, ex. 10.5 and 10.6 have a prenex, "naku zo'u", after an ijek. This is not allowed by the grammar. It could be fixed by removing the "zo'u" and using "naku" outside the prenex, although this is only explained in the following Section 11.
** This is a big problem, and I'm not sure what should be fixed. --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]] '''NOFIX'''
* Section 12, ex. 12.7 and 12.9 have missing "cu"s.
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 14, Example 14.1 has "blaci" (glass) not "blabi" (white) as per the English.
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* A few missing {ku'o}: ex 1.89, ex 1.92

== Chapter 17 ==
* Section 5, after example 5.1, paragraph starting "However, " has incorrect font. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 5, in the second paragraph after example 5.1, says 'the lerfu word “ty” would represent not Latin “t” but Greek “tau”.' Shouldn't it be "ty."?
* Section 9, page 421. lerfu strings are written without pauses or spaces, even though BY words have to end with a consonant.
** Stet. BY words do not end with a consonant, and a string of them can never be ambiguous, so pauses/spaces are not required. --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]]
* Section 9, Example 9.4: shouldn't "symyjy" be "symydy" (lojban morphology)? [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 10. After Example 10.4.5, the reference to Example 10.4 should be instead to Example 10.4.5.
**In the current DAG-CLL, the examples numbering is sane, but after Example 10.3, the two references to Example 10.4 should be to Example 10.3.
* Right before section 12, there is a line break in the middle of the paragraph. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* In section 13, the first paragraph states "Historically, these character sets have only covered the English alphabet and a few selected punctuation marks.", which is incorrect. There have been multitudes of character sets for writing systems other than the English alphabet.
** Change to something along the line of "Historically, each of these character sets has only covered a particular writing system."
* Section 17, page 427. ".tvriydos. bu" begins with the consonant cluster, which isn't even permissible medially.
** change to tyvriydos
*** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
**** Actually, it should be "tyvrdos. bu" --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]]
* In the table in section 19, the lervla for over-dot (".garmoc. bu") and over-ring (".garjin. bu") should be updated to their post-Reallocation forms, ".gapmoc. bu" and ".gapyjin. bu".
*** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 19 has two columns run together in the row that says "Danish/Latin aetei .abu .ebu foi"

== Chapter 18 ==
* [https://lojban.github.io/cll/18/10/ ju'u] is in VUhU. It should be of the type PA. Notice how {pi} and {ni'u} and {ka'o} and {ci'i} and {fi'u} are all of type {pa}, so they can go in a numerical literal between digits. especially {ka'o}, which can separate the real part and imaginary part to make a complex literal, and similarly {su'o} and {su'e} can separate numbers to make intervals.
* Section 3, ex. 3.10, should translate as ".1012001". [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* In section 4 example 4.5 is linked instead of 4.7 - "Example 4.5 is not ``1 minus 2'', [[.. ..|.. ..]]" where example 4.5 is just "te'o". [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]''
* Section 5, p437 ex5.9 gloss: our -> four [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
** ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 6, p438: j vu'u -> vu'u [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
** ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Start of section 11 should read there are five members of MOI (not four). [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* In section 11, ex 11.10 on va'e "sofi'upano" in the example is glossed as "8/10" instead of "9/10". [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
** ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* In section 11, "lei ratcu poi zvati le panka cu so'umei fo lo'i ratcu", but there is no 4th place of mei.
** Remove the "fo"; [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Example 14.4 needs a sub-2 after both numbers.
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* In section 17, example 17.5, {gi} should be replaced by {gu'e}, because mekso operators are to be connected by guheks. This is essentially the same mistake as in example 14/17.4.
* In section 17, the English translation for example 17.6 has the formula rendered wrong in the HTML version. The fraction bar should be added (it is invisble currently), and the words "then x =" should be vertically aligned to the fraction bar (they are currently aligned to the numerator).
* In section 17, at the bottom of page 454, the quadratic formula should be described as a classic example of operator logical connection, not operand. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 20, p458: -established -> established [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 21 states that the rafsi of "frinu" may be used as rafsi for "fi'u"; however, "frinu" lost both of its short rafsi in the Reallocation, so this really isn't very useful. The table below lists "fi'u" as a rafsi usable for "fi'u", therefore of "frinu"; the gimste lists "fi'u" as a rafsi of "cfipu".
** This is a serious problem which needs some thought. There needs to be a rafsi for fi'u somehow. --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]] '''NOFIX'''
* Section 22 example 22.3, "mo'e voboi renomei su'i ze", does not parse.
** It needs "vei" in front to be a quantifier (an operand by itself is not a permitted fragment). Also, the following text mentions "te'u" but the example omits it.
*** None of those examples parse without {li}, which I have added to all. Replaced the one in question with "li mo'e voboi renomei te'u su'i ze" [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 25. The rafsi for "so'e", -sop-, is missing, the rafsi for the following four words are listed under the wrong word. That is, -sor- is actually the rafsi for "so'i", and -daz- is the rafsi for "da'a".

== Chapter 19 ==
* Section 4, p467 ex4.3: zu'o -> zo'u [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 6, page 472. Example 6.6 ends with "klama", but for the argument to make sense, it has to say "nunkla".
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 7, Example 7.1 has as the English: "I go-to (firstly) the store and (secondly) the market." "the market" should be "the house".
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Example 11.8, there's a denpabu after {za'e} and no denpabu after {albeinias}.
** ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL'' (zort's fork at least) but needs approval
* Section 11, the paragraph after example 11.8 says "ctiipyris" but it should be "ckiipyris". [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 13, "and the undefined fu'ivla “speranto”." Replace "fu'ivla" with "lujvo".

== Chapter 20 ==
* Section LE, page 498. In "le gerku klama le zdani", "cu" is missing.
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section TUhE, page 505. In "xagmau zo'u tu'e ganai cidja gi cnino .i ganai vanju gi tolci'o tu'u", "cnino" should be replaced by "citno". Also, a prenex can't have a selbri, so ''xagmau'' should be replaced by ''lo xagmau''.
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section SE, page 504: missing "cu" after "zarci".
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* In the passages on VEI and VEhO, the "bo"s should be changed to "bi'e"s. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]

== Chapter 21 ==
* In the BNF grammar, the rule simple-tense-modal-972 is missing a "|" before the CUhE. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* In the BNF grammar, the rule simple-tense-modal-972 has an extra newline in the space/time subphrase.
* In the BNF grammar, the rule selbri-1-131 is missing a "|" before the NA. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* In the BNF grammar, the rule tanru-unit-2-152 is missing a "|" before the JAI. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL'' ; bizarelly, the Word doc the book was printed from does not have this problem at all.
* In the BNF grammar, the rule operator-1-371 is missing two "|". [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* In the BNF grammar, the rule mex-operator-374 is missing a "|" before the MAhO and another before the VUhU. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* In the BNF grammar, the rule operand-3-385 is missing a "|" before the NIhE. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* In the BNF grammar, in the rule time_1030, the "ZEhA <nowiki>[</nowiki>PU NAI <nowiki>]</nowiki>" should be enclosed in parentheses. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]

CLL, aka Reference Grammar, Errata

2015-02-08T07:13:46Z

Durka42: /* Chapter 5 */

This page is for errata in [[The Complete Lojban Language|The Complete Lojban Language]], that is for mistakes such as typos, or self-contradictions, or contradictions with other baselined language definition material. This is '''not''' a page to put desiderata (suggestions for improvement); such suggestions should go to [[Suggestions for CLL, second edition|Suggestions for CLL, second edition]]. This is also not a page to put errata resulting from the 4th Baseline Grammar proposal (i.e., the [[PEG|PEG]] grammar); PEG grammar errata should go to [[CLL PEG Errata|CLL PEG Errata]].

An online version of the CLL incorporating the changes on this page [http://mw.lojban.org/extensions/cll/ is available].

See also [[What is Lojban errata|'What is Lojban?' errata]] (for the published version), Level 0 Booklet Errata [[Level 0 Booklet Errata Introduction|Level 0 Booklet Errata]] (for the pre-publication reviews; now finished), and [[Lessons Errata|Lessons Errata]] (for the beginners' course).

The "''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''" tag means that http://mw.lojban.org/extensions/cll/ includes this fix, which also means it'll probably be in the next CLL version.

== Chapter 1 ==
* There is a paragraph at the very beginning of CLL, on page 4, with the sentence ''"In essence, Chapter 2 gives a brief overview of the language, Chapter 21 gives the formal structure of the language, and the chapters in between put semantic bones on that formal flesh."''
** Wouldn't it make more sense to say "put semantic flesh on those formal bones"? [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 6, it says "Larry Horn's work ''The Natural History of Negation''". It would appear that everyone else calls it '''''A''' Natural History of Negation'', by '''Laurence''' (R.) Horn.
** ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL'' (zort's fork at least) but needs approval

== Chapter 2 ==
* Section 5 example 5.7 uses "ti" to point at a language, and should have its accompanying note changed to more accurately reflect that this is not how "ti" works.
* Section 6 Example 6.5 has "cu" as elidable, when in fact it is simply illegal there. Removed. ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
** uanai, I still see "cu" in DAG-CLL.
* Section 8 page 17 claims that "xu" is discussed in section 1.7, which happens to list the captions for all the chapter pictures.
** It should refer to Section 15. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
*** The link in the current DAG-CLL is pointing to "2/2/15" instead of to "2/15".
* Section 10 says that example 10.3 (mi tavla do le tavla ku) means the same as (mi tavla do le tavla ku). Example 10.3 should be "mi tavla do le tavla", as it describes how "ku" may be omitted.
** It appears that example 10.3 is incorrect only in the online version, not the published book.
* Section 17 says "Note that Example 17.3 has and requires a “cu” to prevent “bajra” and “klama” from forming a tanru, but Example 17.4 and Example 17.5 lack the unnecessary “cu”.", but example 17.3 is "la djan. ~np~[[cu|cu]]~/np~ klama le zarci".
** It appears that the offending sentence is present only in the online version, not the published book.
* Example 17.9 is "le vi tavla ku cu ba klama" in the online version, and totally broken in the published book.
** Go with the online version. [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Example 17.9 in dag-cll as of 2012-05-05 is "le vi tavla ~np~[[ku|ku]]~/np~ cu ba klama". Since the same section has explained that tense tags make "cu" unnecessary, I think the example should be "le vi tavla ~np~[[ku|ku]] [[cu|cu]]~/np~ ba klama".

== Chapter 3 ==

A lot of the IPA examples use a space to indicate a syllable break. This is not standard IPA usage; according to IPA, the period “.” should be used to indicate a syllable division.
* Section 2, page 30: in the table the description of "apostrophe" should read "an unvoiced glottal spirant", not "a unvoiced".
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 2, digital version. The IPA table got horribly mangled somewhere along the way. It should look like (SAMPA column added):
{| class="wikitable"
|| Letter
|| IPA
|| SAMPA
|| Description

|-
|| '
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/h h]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/h h]
|| an unvoiced glottal spirant

|-
|| ,
|| -
|| -
|| the syllable separator

|-
|| .
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ʔ ʔ]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/CLL,+aka+Reference+Grammar,+Errata? ?]
|| a glottal stop or a pause

|-
|| a
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/a a], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ɑ ɑ]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/a a], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/A A]
|| an open vowel

|-
|| b
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/b b]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/b b]
|| a voiced bilabial stop

|-
|| c
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ʃ ʃ], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ʂ ʂ]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/S S], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/s%60 s`]
|| an unvoiced postalveolar fricative

|-
|| d
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/d d]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/d d]
|| a voiced dental/alveolar stop

|-
|| e
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ɛ ɛ], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/e e]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/E E], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/e e]
|| a front mid vowel

|-
|| f
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/f f], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ɸ ɸ]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/f f], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/p/ p\]
|| an unvoiced labial fricative

|-
|| g
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ɡ ɡ]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/g g]
|| a voiced velar stop

|-
|| i
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/i i]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/i i]
|| a front close vowel

|-
|| j
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ʒ ʒ], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ʐ ʐ]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/Z Z], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/z%60 z`]
|| a voiced postalveolar fricative

|-
|| k
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/k k]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/k k]
|| an unvoiced velar stop

|-
|| l
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/l l], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/l̩ l̩]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/l l], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/l= l=]
|| a voiced lateral approximant (may be syllabic)

|-
|| m
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/m m], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/m̩ m̩]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/m m], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/m= m=]
|| a voiced bilabial nasal (may be syllabic)

|-
|| n
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/n n], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/n̩ n̩], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ŋ ŋ], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ŋ̩ ŋ̩]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/n n], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/n= n=], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/N N], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/N= N=]
|| a voiced dental or velar nasal (may be syllabic)

|-
|| o
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/o o], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ɔ ɔ]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/o o], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/O O]
|| a back mid vowel

|-
|| p
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/p p]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/p p]
|| an unvoiced bilabial stop

|-
|| r
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/r r], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ɹ ɹ], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ɾ ɾ], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ʀ ʀ], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/r̩ r̩], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ɹ̩ ɹ̩], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ɾ̩ ɾ̩], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ʀ̩ ʀ̩]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/r r], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/r/ r\], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/4 4], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/R/ R\], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/r= r=], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/r/= r\=], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/4= 4=], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/R/= R\=]
|| a rhotic sound

|-
|| s
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/s s]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/s s]
|| an unvoiced alveolar sibilant

|-
|| t
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/t t]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/t t]
|| an unvoiced dental/alveolar stop

|-
|| u
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/u u]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/u u]
|| a back close vowel

|-
|| v
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/v v], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/β β]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/v v], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/B B]
|| a voiced labial fricative

|-
|| x
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/x x]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/x x]
|| an unvoiced velar fricative

|-
|| y
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ə ə]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/@ @]
|| a central mid vowel

|-
|| z
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/z z]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/z z]
|| a voiced alveolar sibilant

|}
** Sort-of [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]]; what I actually did is had Arnt review what someone entered in DAG-CLL, which presumably was based on the above. ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 2, page 30. for the second eng (immediately to the left of "(may be syllabic)") the syllabicity marker is concealed by the right tail.
** I can just barely see the marker under a good light. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
*** For future editions :-) , note that the IPA approves putting diacritics above rather than below the letter in cases like these. Unfortunately, the fonts hitherto available have not made this facility available, so outside the journal of the IPA itself, such over-diacritics are seldom seen. — nitcion
* In section 3.2, the comma should (probably) be represented by the IPA notation [[ , aka Reference Grammar, Errata| ]], as the period is used in IPA to denote syllable breaks. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 2, page 30. For the Lojban phoneme /r/, the IPA symbol for a dental/alveolar voiced apical tap is given with a syllabicity marker below. A tap can't be syllabic, because it is by definition instantaneous. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]] Just remove that case altogether.
* Section 2. The descriptions of ''c'' and ''j'' are listed as "coronal sibilant"s. The descriptions should read "voiceless postalveolar fricative" and "voiced postalveolar fricative", respectively. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 3, third paragraph (page 31): "a unvoiced vowel glide" should be "an unvoiced vowel glide".
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 6, page 36. IPA for the unacceptable American flap variant of intervocalic ''t'' shows the GA ''r'' sound (upside-down r) instead of the flap (like an r with no vertical bit at the top — see the list of acceptible ''r'' variants on on page 44 where it appears correctly) [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 6, page 36. (Same as previous erratum) The consonant is referred to as a flap, while it is actually a tap. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 7. In between the shaded boxes, "a pairing of voiced and unvoiced equivalent vowels" should read "a pairing of voiced and unvoiced equivalent consonants".
* Section 8, page 38. IPA for pronunciation of "xapcke" has c where it should have S (long s). [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 9, page 40. IPA for pronunciation of "dikyjvo" has j where it should have Z (that little script z thing) [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 12, page 46. What should be the Cyrillic letter ; is printed as something that looks like the Greek letter . Is this only a typographical variant of the ;, or is it a variant?
** This erratum is indecipherable and should be dropped, unless someone can reconstruct it. The Cyrillic letters look fine. --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]]
* Section 12, page 46. Replace the words "the hard sign" with an actual hard sign, U+044A CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER HARD SIGN.
* Section 12, page 47. "are/"esse" should probably be "are"/"esse" (the acute on the a may or may not have been left off, but the closing quote after are is definately missing.)
** My copy shows the acute.
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''

== Chapter 4 ==
* Section 4, page 54. The book states that fu'ivla with a form like ''spa'i'' are valid. They are not, they fail the slinku'i test. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 6, p 58, "-lac" in the third table in that section should be "-lac-"
* Section 6, it says "Most cmavo that have rafsi are ones used in composing tanru (for a complete list, see Chapter 12)", but there is no such list in Chapter 12, or anywhere in the book (ju'osai). Perhaps it wants to point to the list of PA rafsi in Chapter 18 section 25? Or to the lists of tanru in Chapter 5 sections 14 and 15?
** What I probably meant was that Chapter 12, taken as a whole, discusses the cmavo used in constructing tanru. I don't think any specific list ever existed. I'd just drop the parenthetical sentence.
* Section 6, just after example 6.9. It says "some of the unreduced forms in the previous example", but it is not referring to the previous example: it is referring all the way back to examples 6.1 and 6.2, so it should be "some of the unreduced forms in the previous example'''s'''".
** ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL'' (zort's fork at least)

[[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]] Refer explicitly to 6.1 and 6.2
* Section 7, page 60. In example 6.16, the word "xarnykarce" is glossed as "war-car". Either the gloss should be updated to reflect the veljvo ("stubborn-car"), or the lujvo should be updated to reflect the gloss "jamkarce"
** The latter [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 7, making a type 3 fu'ivla, step 5 should read "steps 1-4", not "steps 1-5". [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 7, step 5 of the Stage 3 fu'ivla: "if the rafsi ends in ''r'' and the rest of the fu'ivla begins with ''n'' (or vice versa) use an ''l''-hyphen" should read "if the rafsi ends in ''r'' and the rest of the fu'ivla begins with ''n'', ''tc'', ''ts'', ''dz'' or ''dj'', or the rafsi ends in ''n'' and the rest of the fu'ivla begins with ''r'' use an ''l''-hyphen". [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* The end of section 7 seems to imply that cmene are exempt from the normal restrictions on consonant clusters as long as each consonant pair is valid.
* Section 8. Example 8.10 ''djandjonz'' is not valid lojban as it contains the forbidden consonant sequence `ndj`. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]] Replace with a different name.
** Replacing with "John Brown" as "djanbraun". mi'e la [[User:Robin Lee Powell|.camgusmis.]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 8, page 66. Example 8.12. Says that the gismu "solri" means "actually, 'pertaining to the sun'". This is false. According to the gismu list, it means ''is''a sun.
** Leave this one alone. As a seltau, "solri" does indeed mean "solar". --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]]
* Section 11, 5a) ''Examine all the C/C consonant pairs that join the CVC rafsi, and also the pair between the last CVC and the X portion, ignoring any "y"-hyphen before the X.'' should read instead: ''Examine all the C/C consonant pairs up to the first "y"-hyphen, or up to the end of the word in case there are no "y"-hyphens.''
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 12. In Examples 12.2, 12.3 and 12.4 the calculations are given as 32500 minus the score, instead of simply the score. (Probably from previous versions of the algorithm.) [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 13, page 74, third table: there is no space between "lojbaugri" and "lojbangygri", so that they are run into one word in the second column of the table. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 15 states that "dzipo" comes from "cadzu cipni" ("walking bird"). This fails to make sense either etymologically or semantically (If the name refers to penguins, there are a lot of other features of Antarctica that are more prominent and not shared by other places). I suspect that the word may actually come from "dizlo daplu" ("low island"), which is a somewhat more reasonable name.
** Not an erratum, the word really does come from "caDZu cIPni". That it fails to make sense doesn't change the fact that that is how they constructed it. The etymologies of "bemro" and "ketco" make even less sense, by the way.
*** Correct, but the etymologies are what they are. --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]]
* [https://groups.google.com/forum/m/?fromgroups#!topic/lojban/s9P3LoGj5TI Etymology of ''misro''] from ''Mizrahim'' seems like an unnecessary and surprising detour. Linking it to ''misr'' makes more sense. mu'o mi'e .[[User:iesk|iesk]]. 16:47, 10 avgusto 2013 (UTC)

== Chapter 5 ==
* Section 6, example 6.15: It says {xamgu jo cortu nuntavla}, and the gloss says {(good if-and-only-if short) speech}, but {cortu} means "hurt", not "short".
** ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL'' (changed to {tordu}) (in zort's fork at least) [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Example 6.16: vajni ju selpluka nuntavla , (important whether-or-not pleasing) event-of-talking
** Should be pluka, not selpluka. [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 8 says "involving selma'o VOhA and GOhI, explained in Chapter 7", but VOhA doesn't appear in Chapter 7. VOhA doesn't even seem to be a selma'o, for that matter. Also, probably GOhI should be GOhA?
* Section 8, page 96/97: Example 8.13 needs some kind of terminator (like "be'o") before the "co". [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Also, the preceding paragraph suggests that "be" is the only way to fill selbri places other than x1. This is not the case: "mi le zarci cu klama co sutra" would also work.
** I don't agree that there's any such suggestion, although adding a second possibility is fine with me. --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]]
* Section 9 lists "kei" as the terminator for nu, but it's not only for nu, but for all of NU. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 11 the text says examples 121 and 122 "use {ke} grouping and {bo} grouping respectively", but it isn't true. Example 121 uses only implicit tanru grouping, while 122 in fact uses {ke} grouping. Also, the text says they are equivalent in meaning, but they aren't (in the first one, {cadzu} groups with {masno}). Perhaps it's missing a {bo}? The translations of examples 121-126 are all affected by this false claim of equivalence.
* Section 14, page 104 says "dadylsi" for "dadysli".
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 14, page 105 uses "zdani lijgri" in the example list, but the paragraph after, as well as the next list, refer to "zdani linji" and "linji zdani".
* Section 14, page 105 has the lujvo "cpumi'i" but defines it at the bottom of the set as "cpami'i".
** cuami'i s pull-machine, so using that [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 14, page 106 says "plise tapla" for "apple cake". Does Turkish really refer to a cake as a tile, or is this a misunderstanding of the definition of "tapla"?
** No, it's that {tapla} can mean both cake and tile, as the gismu list shows; it's a generic word for a flat 3-D shape, or short cylinder. Stet. --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]]
* Section 14, page 108 says "tumla spisa". This should probably be "tumla pagbu", since pieces of land are not actually detached.
** What makes you think that spisa have to be detached? Stet. --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]]
* Section 14, page 109 says "rostu mojysu'a". "rostu" is not a Lojban gismu, nor an Old Loglan primitive. It's supposed to be "mrostu".
** "Mrostu" is correct, and that's the reading of the online version. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 14, "nunkilbra" is clearly not "sharpener", and even if it was using the right rafsi for cabra, that strikes me as a pretty crappy lujvo; needs zenba or zmadu or binxo or something.
* Section 14, page 112 lists numerous tanru examples whose meanings are hypernyms of the tertau instead of hyponyms. This contradicts the primariness of the tertau as defined on page 84. The word "ja" should probably be inserted between the constituents, or the entire section should be removed.
** Stet. Lions can't be made of stone, but {rokci cinfo} is a legitimate tanru nonetheless. --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]]

== Chapter 6 ==
* End of section 2, it says "compound negator ``naku'' (discussed in Chapter 15)", but "naku" is never mentioned in chapter 15; indeed, the only uses of the word {ku} at all are after the words {ji'u} or {na'i}. Chapter 16 talks about {naku}.''
** ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL'' (zort's fork at least) but needs approval
* Section 12, p. 138 claims that the sumti in examples 12.2 and 12.3 operate like examples 2.5 and 3.6 respectively. "2.6 and 3.6" is almost surely what was meant. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* In section 11 Example 11.2 occurs twice.
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 2 has examples 2.3 and 2.5 to show the difference between {lo} and {le}. Example 2.5 and the subsequent text say that {lo nanmu cu ninmu} is necessarily false in lojban since {noda nanmu gi'e ninmu}. This contributes to trans-erasure, and should be revised.
* In section 5 between examples 5.2 and 5.3, it says that the typical lion best exemplifies the set of lions. This is false, it exemplifies not the set, but the members of that set.
* In section 14, example 1.93, the quote delimiter {kuot} needs a preceding pause.

== Chapter 7 ==
* Section 5. http://lojban.github.io/cll/7/6/index.html. 6.14 is usage with outer repeating. It would seem that was a mistake. Looking at that, it seems like the author expects {nei} to repeat the entire outermost bridi, and expects {no'a} to repeat the outer bridi alone, somehow without the current innermost bridi. Or something. Definitely seems mistaken to me. so with zo'e in place of the abstraction clause. In this case, maybe with {zi'o}, actually. That would be useful but it would be nice if that had been explicit.
* Section 6, page 155 has a note below example 6.13 that says, in part: "The Lojban does not contain an equivalent of the "my" in colloquial English;" and then goes on to explain how example 6.13 could be modified to include the relationship between the speaker and their son and daughter. I believe you could say "le mi bersa" or "le bersa pe mi" to express the English "my," therefor removing the (presumably inaccurate) note and making the Lojban translation more accurate.
** Sure you could, but the point of the note (which is ''not'' inaccurate) is not teaching how to use relative clauses, but to clarify that the idiomatic English version contains more information than the Lojban version does. Stet.
* Section 6, page 156 has ''karca'' for ''karce''. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* After example 6.18 is a paragraph that quotes non-existent text from example 6.10. "go'e ra'o" should read "go'i ra'o" and "do go'e" should read "mi go'i"
** The correct correction is to replace "B's statement" with "A's second statement". [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
*** Not really. "go'e ra'o" in A's second statement would mean the same as "go'e", which is wrong. The original correction is valid though.
*Section 6, the exceptions to the anaphora rules are almost certainly incomplete. In particular "ma" and "ce'u" definitely warrant exceptions.
* Section 7, example 7.7 has "mi zbasu loi mudri zi'o" for "mi zbasu le dinju zi'o"
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 8, p. 158 implies that ''vo'a''-series anaphora refer to sumti of the bridi they themselves are sumti of. This contradicts the cmavo list, and is incorrect: ''vo'a''-series anaphora (according to the ma'oste) refer to sumti of the outermost bridi within the current sentence. This makes them logophors/long distance reflexives, rather than short-distance reflexives, as is normal in human language. Thus, in ''mi nelci lenu do prami vo'a'', ''vo'a''means ''mi'', not ''do''.
**'''-->'''[[Why the Book is Right and the ma'oste is Wrong|Why the Book is Right and the ma'oste is Wrong]]
***Which of the two cases is normal in human language? If you'd written it in Lojban, I'd know!
**** I'd guess that short-distance is normal, b/c otherwise it would not be worth comparing the two. But of course in lojban we wouldn't have to glork that.
***** Short-distance is indeed normal, but Lojbanists have consistently used long-distance. Nick wrote a peer-reviewed paper on this. --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]]
* Example 7.8.5 (p159): bajra on third line should be bajykla, like the others.
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 8, it says "Example 9.3 is a truly pregnant question..." when example 9.2 is the pregnant question, and example 9.3 is a better way of expressing "Who are you?"
* Section 15, it says "Finally, lujvo involving ``zi'o'' are also possible, and are fully discussed in Chapter 12", but nowhere does Chapter 12 mention the word {zi'o}, much less lujvo involving it. This is probably a Chapter 12 erratum.''

== Chapter 8 ==
* In Section 3 the example 3.20 should have {xance} instead of {xanci}, which is definitely a typo. --idontknw
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 8, p. 181: 8.1) ''li pai noi na'e frinu namcu''should be ''li pai noi na'e frinu cu namcu''. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 8, Example 8.6, the third line, "I runningly-go to-this [[reciprocity|reciprocity]] [[x3 of this bridi|x3 of this bridi]] from-that", is not the usual decent English one would expect in that position; replaced with "I run to this from that and vice versa." is dag-cll ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 9, example 9.2 is ''co'o xirma''. Then, ''Note that Example 9.2 says farewell to something which doesn’t really have to be a horse, something that the speaker simply thinks of as being a horse, or even might be something (a person, for example) who is named "Horse". In a sense, Example 9.2 is ambiguous between "co'o le xirma" and "co'o la xirma"''. Is this true?
** Yes, in the sense that all uses of "le" ''might'' mean "la". But it's probably more confusing than it's worth. Truncate after "thinks of as being a horse". --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]]
* Section 9 says ''In vocative phrases which are simple names (after the vocative words), any relative clauses must come just after the names''. This isn't true. Relative clauses can go between the vocative and the cmevla. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]] Drop it; it reflects an earlier state of the language.
* Section 10, example 10.3 uses "ke'a goi ko'e zo'u ko'a zbasu ke'a" but glosses it as "(IT = it2 : it1 built it2)". The assigned "ko'e" is not used as expected or described, and should probably be "ko'a zbasu ko'e". [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]] Yes, "ko'a zbasu ko'e" is clearly what's meant.

== Chapter 9 ==
* Section 6, place structure of ''pilno'' is missing "for purpose x3". [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 8, the examples 8.5 and 8.6 are supposed to mean the same thing, but do not.
** Please elaborate. --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]]
*** 8.5 means "I gave the book to John, because John gave the money to me" but 8.6 means "John gave the money to me because I gave the book to John."
** ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL'' [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 11, description of the meaning of ".ije seri'a tu'e" contradicts the explanation of Example 9.9, which would suggest ".ije ri'a tu'e".
* section 17, "pertained to by concerning" should be separated, with "concerning" should be in the last column of the table * section 17 "from source as an origin of" should be two entries; "from source" and "as an origin of" ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL???''

== Chapter 10 ==
* Sections 4, 18: missing "cu" in examples 4.8, 18.3, 18.6
* Section 4, "when both spatial and temporal tense cmavo are given in a single tense construct, the temporal tense is expressed first" disagrees with the rule simple-tense-modal-972 in the BNF grammar.
* Section 9, example 9.9 on page 227 has "cirli" for "cirla".
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 12, example 12.6 translates morsi as "die" rather than "am dead" in the translation (as opposed to the gloss).
* Section 16, at the end, the X and Y in the 3 forms don't fit properly (the 3rd doesn't match the first two). I recommend, copying from Section 23 (where they are written again correctly):

X .i TENSE bo Y

TENSE gi X gi Y

Y TENSE le nu X
* Section 17, example 17.12 should not have the second "bevri".
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 18, examples 18.3 and 18.6 are missing a cu/ku, so the examples have no main selbri.
* Section 18, example 18.9 is supposed to show scalar negation of tenses not limited to PU and FAhA, but the example tense is ri'u (FAhA2).
* Section 19, example 19.10 should have "ba", not "pu", and "[[uture|uture]]", not "[[past|past]]". [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 21, example 21.1 doesn't seem to parallel the English gloss and translation: the Lojban version implies that "I throw the gun", and not "I fire the gun".
* Section 25, examples 25.1 and 25.2 have ''lu'a'' for ''la'u''.
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 25, this whole section is at odds with the formal grammar. It says: ''It is grammatical for a termset to be placed after a tense or modal tag rather than a sumti''. But that is in fact incorrect, it is not grammatical for a termset to be the argument of a tag.
** Unfortunately true. Termsets suck rocks, and some work will have to be done to make everything said about them consistent -- if it is even possible. Personally, I'd like to just burn them. --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]] '''NOFIX'''
* Section 27: MOhI see Section 28, not 27. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]

== Chapter 11 ==
* Section 4: The use of ka in Example 4.4 (page 259) is erroneous; it should be du'u. --[[John Cowan|John Cowan]] [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Last paragraph of section 7 references chapter 5 for a discussion of "lu'e". lu'e isn't mentioned in chapter 5. Probably chapter 6 is meant here.
** Yes, should be Section 5.10. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 9, page 266 has "sao'rdzifa'a" instead of "sa'ordzifa'a".
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* The same example (9.6) also has kuctra instead of kuctai
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* The book title in example 9.6 seems to be incorrect: "The Crucifixion of Jesus Considered As A Downhill Bicycle Race" is actually "[http://www.evergreenreview.com/102/fiction/duo.html he Crucifixion Considered As An Uphill Bicycle Race]."
** Unapproved
* Section 10: Paragraph above example 10.7 references "Chapter 11". That should read "Chapter 10".
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 12, page 269 has examples 13.1 and 13.2, those should be called 12.1 and 12.2. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]

== Chapter 12 ==
* Section 2, page 275. The paragraph under Example 2.3 refers to it as Example 2.4 (2.4 doesn't even exist). [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 5, right after example 5.7. It says "a" instead of "an". [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 6, page 280. Example 6.6 should have a space between "la spat." and "noi".
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 7, page 282. Example 7.5 has "bansoi" instead of "balsoi".
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 11, page 285 has "xascakcurnu" instead of "xasycakcurnu".
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 12 refers to "nunklama" as the same lujvo as "nunkla". Even if these are equivalent alternatives it would be less confusing to be consistent.
* Section 12 claims that -jax- is a rafsi for {jai}, but it isn't in http://www.lojban.org/publications/wordlists/rafsi.txt. Does {jai} have a rafsi or not?
** It should, but somehow it never got into the gismu list, and consequently not into the rafsi list either. Stet, and we'll add it to the gismu list. --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]]
* Section 12, right at the end, says that {fai} is explained in Chapter 11, but Chapter 11 makes no mention of {fai}. Only chapters 9 and 10 do.
** ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL'' (zort's fork at least) [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 14, example 14.2. Missing < /pre > tag, and missing < pre> tag following explanatory paragraph.
* Section 14, page 291. The paragraph under example 14.7 says "se xance mindu" instead of "se xance minde".
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 15, two paragraphs before example 15.7. It says "There are some comparative concepts which are in which the 'se zmadu' is difficult to specify." The "which are in which" seems grammatically incorrect.
** Drop "which are". --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]] [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 15, example 15.1, the x4 of {zmadu} and {mleca} should be "by amount" or "by quantity", not "in quantity".
* Section 15, page 294, example 15.14. "la ainctain" needs a period before it because it starts with a vowel.
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''

== Chapter 13 ==
* Many incidents of not having periods in front of vowel-initial cmavo.
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* In section 2, p. 300 references to the examples for .ue and .uecu'i are flipped. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 3, page 303, example 3.9. "e'e" needs a period before it.
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 3, page 303, example 3.10. "tisna" needs to be replaced with "tisygau".
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 4, page 305. The scale with the gismu mnemonics is misaligned with the scale with the members of selma'o CAI. "sai" should be tabbed one place left, so that it aligns with tsali, &c.
* Section 7, it says "It is not clear how much use logically connected abstractors will be: see Chapter 13." It should be "Chapter 15."
** ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL'' (zort's fork at least) but needs approval
* Section 10, page 313. There is a missing space between "continue emotion" and "end emotion".
* <nowiki>Section 15. A sample dialogue 15.4) / [Comment] Pam says, [Please] Alice, [end-of-comment] / [Comment] Pam says, [end-of-comment] [Please] Alice,/</nowiki> [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 15, example 15.5 /xamgu/gleki/ ?
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 15, example 15.10) /fi'i ro zvati ko pinxe pa ckafi/fi'i ro zvati .i ko pinxe pa ckafi/
** No, this one is perfectly fine: "fi'i ro zvati" is a vocative phrase, which is a free modifier, meaning that it can occur almost anywhere. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 15, example 15.13) /fi'o selpleji mi/fi'o pleji mi/
** And "with payer" rather than "with payment"; ey's not paying with emself! -- camgusmis
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* ".ai mi benji do le ckana" with gloss "[intent] I transfer you to-the bed". I think benji               should be replaced with muvgau.
* Section 15, example 15.13. Wrong use of {selfu}. {bevri} would fit better.
* "mi facki fi lemi mapku" is used repeatedly for "I found my hat". While this is not wrong, it's bad style and makes the gloss awkward in respect to the translation. Replacing "facki" with "zvafa'i" would remove the problem and make it more precise.
== Chapter 14 ==
* Section 6, example 3: "Alices" should be "Alice" without -s.
* Section 8, right before example 8.9 is "producing example 8.10" which should in fact read "producing example 8.9". [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 9: between example 9.10 and 9.11, "identified" should read "identical"
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 11, example 4: The gloss seems to have a misplaced "[plus]".
* Section 11, right before section 12. It says "termsets...are explained in Chapter 12 and Chapter 16" but chapter 12 (which is on lujvo) makes absolutely no mention of termsets. Chapters 9 and 10 discuss termsets. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 14, example 14.15 is not grammatical (according to jbofi'e and camxes) because it says "pe'e .e" when it should say "pe'e je". [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 14, example 14.16 mentions "sorme", which is probably Old Loglan, and should be replaced by "mensi".
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 14, "the stated gloss of TFTTas “only if” works naturally only when the right-hand bridi is true; if it is false, the left-hand bridi may be either true or false." changed to "the stated gloss of TFTTas “only if” works naturally only when the right-hand bridi is false; if it is true, the left-hand bridi may be either true or false."
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 15, example 15.8 is missing a dot after "la lojban".
* Section 15, right after 15.9, it says "example 14.17" where it should say "example 15.9" (14.17 does not exist). [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 15, example 15.9 is not grammatical; it should be "la djan. fa'u la frank. cusku nu'i bau la lojban. pe'e fa'u bai la djordj.".
* Section 17, example 17.4 is wrong. The section explains that mekso operators can be logically connected using {gu'e ... gi ...}, but this example tries to connect them with {ge ... gi ...}. Replace {ge} with {gu'e} in the example to correct it.
* Section 19, example 19.4 is translated as "I opine the fact-that a-mass-of living-things is-at Jupiter or-else I opine the fact-that a-mass-of living-things isn't-at Jupiter" but really it's "I opine the fact-that a-mass-of living-things is-at Jupiter or-else I '''do-not''' opine the fact-that a-mass-of living-things '''is-at''' Jupiter". So 19.4 is actually true, not false as it is claimed to be.
** Correct, so this example will need replacing. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Also there isn't really a reason for it to say a mass of living things and not some individual living things.
** Stet. The author prefers it that way, thankyouverymuch. --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]].

== Chapter 15 ==
* Section 2, missing < /pre > tag after example 2.8 and < pre> tag before example 2.9.
* Section 4, example 4.12 /nake/na'eke/
* Section 9, two paragraphs above example 9.4 the word "negativ" should be "negative". [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 9: Is there supposed to be any difference between ex. 9.5 and 9.6?
** That problem is only in the online version.
* Section 10, three paragraphs after example 10.14, there's a semicolon which should be a comma after "(say, a spelling error)". [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 10, it says "'ji'una'iku' metalinguistically says that something is wrong with that assumption. (See Chapter 10.)". Shouldn't that be Chapter 9, modals?
** ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL'' (zort's fork at least) [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]\
* change "A ``na'' before the selbri is always transformed into a ``naku'' at the left-hand end of the prenex, and vice versa." to: "A ``na'' before the selbri is always transformed into a ``naku'' at the right-hand end of the prenex, and vice versa."

== Chapter 16 ==
* Section 5, example 5.5: English has "every Y" when it should read "every X"
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 6, example 6.6 has a missing "cu" before "viska".
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 8, the explanation of example 8.3 says "any entity which is one is also the other". That would be true if the example used {go}, but it uses {ganai}. 8.3 does not claim that if something walks across the field then it goes to the store. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]] Change it to use {go}. ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
** Same place: needs to bo {da go}, not {go da} And the gloss should be "For-every X: X is-a-goer-to the store if-and-only-if it is-a-walker-on the field." ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 8, example 8.3. Either the {da} should come before the {ganai} (or, by the previous ^ erratum, {go}) and the gloss should be changed to only mention "X" once, or a {da} should be inserted before {cadzu}.
** ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL'' chose first option since it's terser (zort's fork at least) but needs approval
* This: "Adjacent negation boundaries in the prenex can be dropped," reads better as "Adjacent pairs of negation boundaries in the prenex can be dropped,"
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
*** The online version says "Adjacent double negation boundaries", but I'm okay with either "double" or "pairs of". --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]]
* Section 10, ex. 10.5 and 10.6 have a prenex, "naku zo'u", after an ijek. This is not allowed by the grammar. It could be fixed by removing the "zo'u" and using "naku" outside the prenex, although this is only explained in the following Section 11.
** This is a big problem, and I'm not sure what should be fixed. --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]] '''NOFIX'''
* Section 12, ex. 12.7 and 12.9 have missing "cu"s.
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 14, Example 14.1 has "blaci" (glass) not "blabi" (white) as per the English.
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* A few missing {ku'o}: ex 1.89, ex 1.92

== Chapter 17 ==
* Section 5, after example 5.1, paragraph starting "However, " has incorrect font. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 5, in the second paragraph after example 5.1, says 'the lerfu word “ty” would represent not Latin “t” but Greek “tau”.' Shouldn't it be "ty."?
* Section 9, page 421. lerfu strings are written without pauses or spaces, even though BY words have to end with a consonant.
** Stet. BY words do not end with a consonant, and a string of them can never be ambiguous, so pauses/spaces are not required. --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]]
* Section 9, Example 9.4: shouldn't "symyjy" be "symydy" (lojban morphology)? [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 10. After Example 10.4.5, the reference to Example 10.4 should be instead to Example 10.4.5.
**In the current DAG-CLL, the examples numbering is sane, but after Example 10.3, the two references to Example 10.4 should be to Example 10.3.
* Right before section 12, there is a line break in the middle of the paragraph. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* In section 13, the first paragraph states "Historically, these character sets have only covered the English alphabet and a few selected punctuation marks.", which is incorrect. There have been multitudes of character sets for writing systems other than the English alphabet.
** Change to something along the line of "Historically, each of these character sets has only covered a particular writing system."
* Section 17, page 427. ".tvriydos. bu" begins with the consonant cluster, which isn't even permissible medially.
** change to tyvriydos
*** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
**** Actually, it should be "tyvrdos. bu" --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]]
* In the table in section 19, the lervla for over-dot (".garmoc. bu") and over-ring (".garjin. bu") should be updated to their post-Reallocation forms, ".gapmoc. bu" and ".gapyjin. bu".
*** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 19 has two columns run together in the row that says "Danish/Latin aetei .abu .ebu foi"

== Chapter 18 ==
* [https://lojban.github.io/cll/18/10/ ju'u] is in VUhU. It should be of the type PA. Notice how {pi} and {ni'u} and {ka'o} and {ci'i} and {fi'u} are all of type {pa}, so they can go in a numerical literal between digits. especially {ka'o}, which can separate the real part and imaginary part to make a complex literal, and similarly {su'o} and {su'e} can separate numbers to make intervals.
* Section 3, ex. 3.10, should translate as ".1012001". [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* In section 4 example 4.5 is linked instead of 4.7 - "Example 4.5 is not ``1 minus 2'', [[.. ..|.. ..]]" where example 4.5 is just "te'o". [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]''
* Section 5, p437 ex5.9 gloss: our -> four [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
** ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 6, p438: j vu'u -> vu'u [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
** ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Start of section 11 should read there are five members of MOI (not four). [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* In section 11, ex 11.10 on va'e "sofi'upano" in the example is glossed as "8/10" instead of "9/10". [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
** ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* In section 11, "lei ratcu poi zvati le panka cu so'umei fo lo'i ratcu", but there is no 4th place of mei.
** Remove the "fo"; [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Example 14.4 needs a sub-2 after both numbers.
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* In section 17, example 17.5, {gi} should be replaced by {gu'e}, because mekso operators are to be connected by guheks. This is essentially the same mistake as in example 14/17.4.
* In section 17, the English translation for example 17.6 has the formula rendered wrong in the HTML version. The fraction bar should be added (it is invisble currently), and the words "then x =" should be vertically aligned to the fraction bar (they are currently aligned to the numerator).
* In section 17, at the bottom of page 454, the quadratic formula should be described as a classic example of operator logical connection, not operand. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 20, p458: -established -> established [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 21 states that the rafsi of "frinu" may be used as rafsi for "fi'u"; however, "frinu" lost both of its short rafsi in the Reallocation, so this really isn't very useful. The table below lists "fi'u" as a rafsi usable for "fi'u", therefore of "frinu"; the gimste lists "fi'u" as a rafsi of "cfipu".
** This is a serious problem which needs some thought. There needs to be a rafsi for fi'u somehow. --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]] '''NOFIX'''
* Section 22 example 22.3, "mo'e voboi renomei su'i ze", does not parse.
** It needs "vei" in front to be a quantifier (an operand by itself is not a permitted fragment). Also, the following text mentions "te'u" but the example omits it.
*** None of those examples parse without {li}, which I have added to all. Replaced the one in question with "li mo'e voboi renomei te'u su'i ze" [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 25. The rafsi for "so'e", -sop-, is missing, the rafsi for the following four words are listed under the wrong word. That is, -sor- is actually the rafsi for "so'i", and -daz- is the rafsi for "da'a".

== Chapter 19 ==
* Section 4, p467 ex4.3: zu'o -> zo'u [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 6, page 472. Example 6.6 ends with "klama", but for the argument to make sense, it has to say "nunkla".
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 7, Example 7.1 has as the English: "I go-to (firstly) the store and (secondly) the market." "the market" should be "the house".
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Example 11.8, there's a denpabu after {za'e} and no denpabu after {albeinias}.
** ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL'' (zort's fork at least) but needs approval
* Section 11, the paragraph after example 11.8 says "ctiipyris" but it should be "ckiipyris". [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 13, "and the undefined fu'ivla “speranto”." Replace "fu'ivla" with "lujvo".

== Chapter 20 ==
* Section LE, page 498. In "le gerku klama le zdani", "cu" is missing.
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section TUhE, page 505. In "xagmau zo'u tu'e ganai cidja gi cnino .i ganai vanju gi tolci'o tu'u", "cnino" should be replaced by "citno". Also, a prenex can't have a selbri, so ''xagmau'' should be replaced by ''lo xagmau''.
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section SE, page 504: missing "cu" after "zarci".
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* In the passages on VEI and VEhO, the "bo"s should be changed to "bi'e"s. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]

== Chapter 21 ==
* In the BNF grammar, the rule simple-tense-modal-972 is missing a "|" before the CUhE. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* In the BNF grammar, the rule simple-tense-modal-972 has an extra newline in the space/time subphrase.
* In the BNF grammar, the rule selbri-1-131 is missing a "|" before the NA. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* In the BNF grammar, the rule tanru-unit-2-152 is missing a "|" before the JAI. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL'' ; bizarelly, the Word doc the book was printed from does not have this problem at all.
* In the BNF grammar, the rule operator-1-371 is missing two "|". [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* In the BNF grammar, the rule mex-operator-374 is missing a "|" before the MAhO and another before the VUhU. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* In the BNF grammar, the rule operand-3-385 is missing a "|" before the NIhE. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* In the BNF grammar, in the rule time_1030, the "ZEhA <nowiki>[</nowiki>PU NAI <nowiki>]</nowiki>" should be enclosed in parentheses. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]

CLL, aka Reference Grammar, Errata

2015-02-08T07:07:43Z

Durka42: /* Chapter 5 */ add section 11 errata

This page is for errata in [[The Complete Lojban Language|The Complete Lojban Language]], that is for mistakes such as typos, or self-contradictions, or contradictions with other baselined language definition material. This is '''not''' a page to put desiderata (suggestions for improvement); such suggestions should go to [[Suggestions for CLL, second edition|Suggestions for CLL, second edition]]. This is also not a page to put errata resulting from the 4th Baseline Grammar proposal (i.e., the [[PEG|PEG]] grammar); PEG grammar errata should go to [[CLL PEG Errata|CLL PEG Errata]].

An online version of the CLL incorporating the changes on this page [http://mw.lojban.org/extensions/cll/ is available].

See also [[What is Lojban errata|'What is Lojban?' errata]] (for the published version), Level 0 Booklet Errata [[Level 0 Booklet Errata Introduction|Level 0 Booklet Errata]] (for the pre-publication reviews; now finished), and [[Lessons Errata|Lessons Errata]] (for the beginners' course).

The "''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''" tag means that http://mw.lojban.org/extensions/cll/ includes this fix, which also means it'll probably be in the next CLL version.

== Chapter 1 ==
* There is a paragraph at the very beginning of CLL, on page 4, with the sentence ''"In essence, Chapter 2 gives a brief overview of the language, Chapter 21 gives the formal structure of the language, and the chapters in between put semantic bones on that formal flesh."''
** Wouldn't it make more sense to say "put semantic flesh on those formal bones"? [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 6, it says "Larry Horn's work ''The Natural History of Negation''". It would appear that everyone else calls it '''''A''' Natural History of Negation'', by '''Laurence''' (R.) Horn.
** ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL'' (zort's fork at least) but needs approval

== Chapter 2 ==
* Section 5 example 5.7 uses "ti" to point at a language, and should have its accompanying note changed to more accurately reflect that this is not how "ti" works.
* Section 6 Example 6.5 has "cu" as elidable, when in fact it is simply illegal there. Removed. ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
** uanai, I still see "cu" in DAG-CLL.
* Section 8 page 17 claims that "xu" is discussed in section 1.7, which happens to list the captions for all the chapter pictures.
** It should refer to Section 15. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
*** The link in the current DAG-CLL is pointing to "2/2/15" instead of to "2/15".
* Section 10 says that example 10.3 (mi tavla do le tavla ku) means the same as (mi tavla do le tavla ku). Example 10.3 should be "mi tavla do le tavla", as it describes how "ku" may be omitted.
** It appears that example 10.3 is incorrect only in the online version, not the published book.
* Section 17 says "Note that Example 17.3 has and requires a “cu” to prevent “bajra” and “klama” from forming a tanru, but Example 17.4 and Example 17.5 lack the unnecessary “cu”.", but example 17.3 is "la djan. ~np~[[cu|cu]]~/np~ klama le zarci".
** It appears that the offending sentence is present only in the online version, not the published book.
* Example 17.9 is "le vi tavla ku cu ba klama" in the online version, and totally broken in the published book.
** Go with the online version. [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Example 17.9 in dag-cll as of 2012-05-05 is "le vi tavla ~np~[[ku|ku]]~/np~ cu ba klama". Since the same section has explained that tense tags make "cu" unnecessary, I think the example should be "le vi tavla ~np~[[ku|ku]] [[cu|cu]]~/np~ ba klama".

== Chapter 3 ==

A lot of the IPA examples use a space to indicate a syllable break. This is not standard IPA usage; according to IPA, the period “.” should be used to indicate a syllable division.
* Section 2, page 30: in the table the description of "apostrophe" should read "an unvoiced glottal spirant", not "a unvoiced".
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 2, digital version. The IPA table got horribly mangled somewhere along the way. It should look like (SAMPA column added):
{| class="wikitable"
|| Letter
|| IPA
|| SAMPA
|| Description

|-
|| '
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/h h]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/h h]
|| an unvoiced glottal spirant

|-
|| ,
|| -
|| -
|| the syllable separator

|-
|| .
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ʔ ʔ]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/CLL,+aka+Reference+Grammar,+Errata? ?]
|| a glottal stop or a pause

|-
|| a
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/a a], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ɑ ɑ]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/a a], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/A A]
|| an open vowel

|-
|| b
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/b b]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/b b]
|| a voiced bilabial stop

|-
|| c
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ʃ ʃ], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ʂ ʂ]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/S S], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/s%60 s`]
|| an unvoiced postalveolar fricative

|-
|| d
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/d d]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/d d]
|| a voiced dental/alveolar stop

|-
|| e
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ɛ ɛ], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/e e]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/E E], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/e e]
|| a front mid vowel

|-
|| f
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/f f], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ɸ ɸ]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/f f], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/p/ p\]
|| an unvoiced labial fricative

|-
|| g
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ɡ ɡ]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/g g]
|| a voiced velar stop

|-
|| i
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/i i]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/i i]
|| a front close vowel

|-
|| j
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ʒ ʒ], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ʐ ʐ]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/Z Z], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/z%60 z`]
|| a voiced postalveolar fricative

|-
|| k
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/k k]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/k k]
|| an unvoiced velar stop

|-
|| l
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/l l], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/l̩ l̩]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/l l], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/l= l=]
|| a voiced lateral approximant (may be syllabic)

|-
|| m
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/m m], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/m̩ m̩]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/m m], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/m= m=]
|| a voiced bilabial nasal (may be syllabic)

|-
|| n
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/n n], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/n̩ n̩], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ŋ ŋ], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ŋ̩ ŋ̩]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/n n], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/n= n=], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/N N], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/N= N=]
|| a voiced dental or velar nasal (may be syllabic)

|-
|| o
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/o o], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ɔ ɔ]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/o o], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/O O]
|| a back mid vowel

|-
|| p
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/p p]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/p p]
|| an unvoiced bilabial stop

|-
|| r
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/r r], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ɹ ɹ], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ɾ ɾ], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ʀ ʀ], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/r̩ r̩], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ɹ̩ ɹ̩], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ɾ̩ ɾ̩], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ʀ̩ ʀ̩]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/r r], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/r/ r\], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/4 4], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/R/ R\], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/r= r=], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/r/= r\=], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/4= 4=], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/R/= R\=]
|| a rhotic sound

|-
|| s
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/s s]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/s s]
|| an unvoiced alveolar sibilant

|-
|| t
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/t t]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/t t]
|| an unvoiced dental/alveolar stop

|-
|| u
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/u u]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/u u]
|| a back close vowel

|-
|| v
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/v v], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/β β]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/v v], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/B B]
|| a voiced labial fricative

|-
|| x
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/x x]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/x x]
|| an unvoiced velar fricative

|-
|| y
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ə ə]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/@ @]
|| a central mid vowel

|-
|| z
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/z z]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/z z]
|| a voiced alveolar sibilant

|}
** Sort-of [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]]; what I actually did is had Arnt review what someone entered in DAG-CLL, which presumably was based on the above. ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 2, page 30. for the second eng (immediately to the left of "(may be syllabic)") the syllabicity marker is concealed by the right tail.
** I can just barely see the marker under a good light. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
*** For future editions :-) , note that the IPA approves putting diacritics above rather than below the letter in cases like these. Unfortunately, the fonts hitherto available have not made this facility available, so outside the journal of the IPA itself, such over-diacritics are seldom seen. — nitcion
* In section 3.2, the comma should (probably) be represented by the IPA notation [[ , aka Reference Grammar, Errata| ]], as the period is used in IPA to denote syllable breaks. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 2, page 30. For the Lojban phoneme /r/, the IPA symbol for a dental/alveolar voiced apical tap is given with a syllabicity marker below. A tap can't be syllabic, because it is by definition instantaneous. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]] Just remove that case altogether.
* Section 2. The descriptions of ''c'' and ''j'' are listed as "coronal sibilant"s. The descriptions should read "voiceless postalveolar fricative" and "voiced postalveolar fricative", respectively. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 3, third paragraph (page 31): "a unvoiced vowel glide" should be "an unvoiced vowel glide".
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 6, page 36. IPA for the unacceptable American flap variant of intervocalic ''t'' shows the GA ''r'' sound (upside-down r) instead of the flap (like an r with no vertical bit at the top — see the list of acceptible ''r'' variants on on page 44 where it appears correctly) [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 6, page 36. (Same as previous erratum) The consonant is referred to as a flap, while it is actually a tap. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 7. In between the shaded boxes, "a pairing of voiced and unvoiced equivalent vowels" should read "a pairing of voiced and unvoiced equivalent consonants".
* Section 8, page 38. IPA for pronunciation of "xapcke" has c where it should have S (long s). [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 9, page 40. IPA for pronunciation of "dikyjvo" has j where it should have Z (that little script z thing) [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 12, page 46. What should be the Cyrillic letter ; is printed as something that looks like the Greek letter . Is this only a typographical variant of the ;, or is it a variant?
** This erratum is indecipherable and should be dropped, unless someone can reconstruct it. The Cyrillic letters look fine. --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]]
* Section 12, page 46. Replace the words "the hard sign" with an actual hard sign, U+044A CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER HARD SIGN.
* Section 12, page 47. "are/"esse" should probably be "are"/"esse" (the acute on the a may or may not have been left off, but the closing quote after are is definately missing.)
** My copy shows the acute.
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''

== Chapter 4 ==
* Section 4, page 54. The book states that fu'ivla with a form like ''spa'i'' are valid. They are not, they fail the slinku'i test. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 6, p 58, "-lac" in the third table in that section should be "-lac-"
* Section 6, it says "Most cmavo that have rafsi are ones used in composing tanru (for a complete list, see Chapter 12)", but there is no such list in Chapter 12, or anywhere in the book (ju'osai). Perhaps it wants to point to the list of PA rafsi in Chapter 18 section 25? Or to the lists of tanru in Chapter 5 sections 14 and 15?
** What I probably meant was that Chapter 12, taken as a whole, discusses the cmavo used in constructing tanru. I don't think any specific list ever existed. I'd just drop the parenthetical sentence.
* Section 6, just after example 6.9. It says "some of the unreduced forms in the previous example", but it is not referring to the previous example: it is referring all the way back to examples 6.1 and 6.2, so it should be "some of the unreduced forms in the previous example'''s'''".
** ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL'' (zort's fork at least)

[[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]] Refer explicitly to 6.1 and 6.2
* Section 7, page 60. In example 6.16, the word "xarnykarce" is glossed as "war-car". Either the gloss should be updated to reflect the veljvo ("stubborn-car"), or the lujvo should be updated to reflect the gloss "jamkarce"
** The latter [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 7, making a type 3 fu'ivla, step 5 should read "steps 1-4", not "steps 1-5". [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 7, step 5 of the Stage 3 fu'ivla: "if the rafsi ends in ''r'' and the rest of the fu'ivla begins with ''n'' (or vice versa) use an ''l''-hyphen" should read "if the rafsi ends in ''r'' and the rest of the fu'ivla begins with ''n'', ''tc'', ''ts'', ''dz'' or ''dj'', or the rafsi ends in ''n'' and the rest of the fu'ivla begins with ''r'' use an ''l''-hyphen". [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* The end of section 7 seems to imply that cmene are exempt from the normal restrictions on consonant clusters as long as each consonant pair is valid.
* Section 8. Example 8.10 ''djandjonz'' is not valid lojban as it contains the forbidden consonant sequence `ndj`. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]] Replace with a different name.
** Replacing with "John Brown" as "djanbraun". mi'e la [[User:Robin Lee Powell|.camgusmis.]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 8, page 66. Example 8.12. Says that the gismu "solri" means "actually, 'pertaining to the sun'". This is false. According to the gismu list, it means ''is''a sun.
** Leave this one alone. As a seltau, "solri" does indeed mean "solar". --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]]
* Section 11, 5a) ''Examine all the C/C consonant pairs that join the CVC rafsi, and also the pair between the last CVC and the X portion, ignoring any "y"-hyphen before the X.'' should read instead: ''Examine all the C/C consonant pairs up to the first "y"-hyphen, or up to the end of the word in case there are no "y"-hyphens.''
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 12. In Examples 12.2, 12.3 and 12.4 the calculations are given as 32500 minus the score, instead of simply the score. (Probably from previous versions of the algorithm.) [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 13, page 74, third table: there is no space between "lojbaugri" and "lojbangygri", so that they are run into one word in the second column of the table. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 15 states that "dzipo" comes from "cadzu cipni" ("walking bird"). This fails to make sense either etymologically or semantically (If the name refers to penguins, there are a lot of other features of Antarctica that are more prominent and not shared by other places). I suspect that the word may actually come from "dizlo daplu" ("low island"), which is a somewhat more reasonable name.
** Not an erratum, the word really does come from "caDZu cIPni". That it fails to make sense doesn't change the fact that that is how they constructed it. The etymologies of "bemro" and "ketco" make even less sense, by the way.
*** Correct, but the etymologies are what they are. --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]]
* [https://groups.google.com/forum/m/?fromgroups#!topic/lojban/s9P3LoGj5TI Etymology of ''misro''] from ''Mizrahim'' seems like an unnecessary and surprising detour. Linking it to ''misr'' makes more sense. mu'o mi'e .[[User:iesk|iesk]]. 16:47, 10 avgusto 2013 (UTC)

== Chapter 5 ==
* Section 6, example 6.15: It says {xamgu jo cortu nuntavla}, and the gloss says {(good if-and-only-if short) speech}, but {cortu} means "hurt", not "short".
** ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL'' (changed to {tordu}) (in zort's fork at least) [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Example 6.16: vajni ju selpluka nuntavla , (important whether-or-not pleasing) event-of-talking
** Should be pluka, not selpluka. [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 8 says "involving selma'o VOhA and GOhI, explained in Chapter 7", but VOhA doesn't appear in Chapter 7. VOhA doesn't even seem to be a selma'o, for that matter. Also, probably GOhI should be GOhA?
* Section 8, page 96/97: Example 8.13 needs some kind of terminator (like "be'o") before the "co". [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Also, the preceding paragraph suggests that "be" is the only way to fill selbri places other than x1. This is not the case: "mi le zarci cu klama co sutra" would also work.
** I don't agree that there's any such suggestion, although adding a second possibility is fine with me. --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]]
* Section 9 lists "kei" as the terminator for nu, but it's not only for nu, but for all of NU. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 11 the text says examples 121 and 122 "use {ke} grouping and {bo} grouping respectively", but it isn't true. Example 121 uses only implicit tanru grouping, while 122 in fact uses {ke} grouping.
* Section 14, page 104 says "dadylsi" for "dadysli".
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 14, page 105 uses "zdani lijgri" in the example list, but the paragraph after, as well as the next list, refer to "zdani linji" and "linji zdani".
* Section 14, page 105 has the lujvo "cpumi'i" but defines it at the bottom of the set as "cpami'i".
** cuami'i s pull-machine, so using that [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 14, page 106 says "plise tapla" for "apple cake". Does Turkish really refer to a cake as a tile, or is this a misunderstanding of the definition of "tapla"?
** No, it's that {tapla} can mean both cake and tile, as the gismu list shows; it's a generic word for a flat 3-D shape, or short cylinder. Stet. --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]]
* Section 14, page 108 says "tumla spisa". This should probably be "tumla pagbu", since pieces of land are not actually detached.
** What makes you think that spisa have to be detached? Stet. --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]]
* Section 14, page 109 says "rostu mojysu'a". "rostu" is not a Lojban gismu, nor an Old Loglan primitive. It's supposed to be "mrostu".
** "Mrostu" is correct, and that's the reading of the online version. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 14, "nunkilbra" is clearly not "sharpener", and even if it was using the right rafsi for cabra, that strikes me as a pretty crappy lujvo; needs zenba or zmadu or binxo or something.
* Section 14, page 112 lists numerous tanru examples whose meanings are hypernyms of the tertau instead of hyponyms. This contradicts the primariness of the tertau as defined on page 84. The word "ja" should probably be inserted between the constituents, or the entire section should be removed.
** Stet. Lions can't be made of stone, but {rokci cinfo} is a legitimate tanru nonetheless. --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]]

== Chapter 6 ==
* End of section 2, it says "compound negator ``naku'' (discussed in Chapter 15)", but "naku" is never mentioned in chapter 15; indeed, the only uses of the word {ku} at all are after the words {ji'u} or {na'i}. Chapter 16 talks about {naku}.''
** ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL'' (zort's fork at least) but needs approval
* Section 12, p. 138 claims that the sumti in examples 12.2 and 12.3 operate like examples 2.5 and 3.6 respectively. "2.6 and 3.6" is almost surely what was meant. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* In section 11 Example 11.2 occurs twice.
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 2 has examples 2.3 and 2.5 to show the difference between {lo} and {le}. Example 2.5 and the subsequent text say that {lo nanmu cu ninmu} is necessarily false in lojban since {noda nanmu gi'e ninmu}. This contributes to trans-erasure, and should be revised.
* In section 5 between examples 5.2 and 5.3, it says that the typical lion best exemplifies the set of lions. This is false, it exemplifies not the set, but the members of that set.
* In section 14, example 1.93, the quote delimiter {kuot} needs a preceding pause.

== Chapter 7 ==
* Section 5. http://lojban.github.io/cll/7/6/index.html. 6.14 is usage with outer repeating. It would seem that was a mistake. Looking at that, it seems like the author expects {nei} to repeat the entire outermost bridi, and expects {no'a} to repeat the outer bridi alone, somehow without the current innermost bridi. Or something. Definitely seems mistaken to me. so with zo'e in place of the abstraction clause. In this case, maybe with {zi'o}, actually. That would be useful but it would be nice if that had been explicit.
* Section 6, page 155 has a note below example 6.13 that says, in part: "The Lojban does not contain an equivalent of the "my" in colloquial English;" and then goes on to explain how example 6.13 could be modified to include the relationship between the speaker and their son and daughter. I believe you could say "le mi bersa" or "le bersa pe mi" to express the English "my," therefor removing the (presumably inaccurate) note and making the Lojban translation more accurate.
** Sure you could, but the point of the note (which is ''not'' inaccurate) is not teaching how to use relative clauses, but to clarify that the idiomatic English version contains more information than the Lojban version does. Stet.
* Section 6, page 156 has ''karca'' for ''karce''. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* After example 6.18 is a paragraph that quotes non-existent text from example 6.10. "go'e ra'o" should read "go'i ra'o" and "do go'e" should read "mi go'i"
** The correct correction is to replace "B's statement" with "A's second statement". [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
*** Not really. "go'e ra'o" in A's second statement would mean the same as "go'e", which is wrong. The original correction is valid though.
*Section 6, the exceptions to the anaphora rules are almost certainly incomplete. In particular "ma" and "ce'u" definitely warrant exceptions.
* Section 7, example 7.7 has "mi zbasu loi mudri zi'o" for "mi zbasu le dinju zi'o"
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 8, p. 158 implies that ''vo'a''-series anaphora refer to sumti of the bridi they themselves are sumti of. This contradicts the cmavo list, and is incorrect: ''vo'a''-series anaphora (according to the ma'oste) refer to sumti of the outermost bridi within the current sentence. This makes them logophors/long distance reflexives, rather than short-distance reflexives, as is normal in human language. Thus, in ''mi nelci lenu do prami vo'a'', ''vo'a''means ''mi'', not ''do''.
**'''-->'''[[Why the Book is Right and the ma'oste is Wrong|Why the Book is Right and the ma'oste is Wrong]]
***Which of the two cases is normal in human language? If you'd written it in Lojban, I'd know!
**** I'd guess that short-distance is normal, b/c otherwise it would not be worth comparing the two. But of course in lojban we wouldn't have to glork that.
***** Short-distance is indeed normal, but Lojbanists have consistently used long-distance. Nick wrote a peer-reviewed paper on this. --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]]
* Example 7.8.5 (p159): bajra on third line should be bajykla, like the others.
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 8, it says "Example 9.3 is a truly pregnant question..." when example 9.2 is the pregnant question, and example 9.3 is a better way of expressing "Who are you?"
* Section 15, it says "Finally, lujvo involving ``zi'o'' are also possible, and are fully discussed in Chapter 12", but nowhere does Chapter 12 mention the word {zi'o}, much less lujvo involving it. This is probably a Chapter 12 erratum.''

== Chapter 8 ==
* In Section 3 the example 3.20 should have {xance} instead of {xanci}, which is definitely a typo. --idontknw
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 8, p. 181: 8.1) ''li pai noi na'e frinu namcu''should be ''li pai noi na'e frinu cu namcu''. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 8, Example 8.6, the third line, "I runningly-go to-this [[reciprocity|reciprocity]] [[x3 of this bridi|x3 of this bridi]] from-that", is not the usual decent English one would expect in that position; replaced with "I run to this from that and vice versa." is dag-cll ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 9, example 9.2 is ''co'o xirma''. Then, ''Note that Example 9.2 says farewell to something which doesn’t really have to be a horse, something that the speaker simply thinks of as being a horse, or even might be something (a person, for example) who is named "Horse". In a sense, Example 9.2 is ambiguous between "co'o le xirma" and "co'o la xirma"''. Is this true?
** Yes, in the sense that all uses of "le" ''might'' mean "la". But it's probably more confusing than it's worth. Truncate after "thinks of as being a horse". --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]]
* Section 9 says ''In vocative phrases which are simple names (after the vocative words), any relative clauses must come just after the names''. This isn't true. Relative clauses can go between the vocative and the cmevla. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]] Drop it; it reflects an earlier state of the language.
* Section 10, example 10.3 uses "ke'a goi ko'e zo'u ko'a zbasu ke'a" but glosses it as "(IT = it2 : it1 built it2)". The assigned "ko'e" is not used as expected or described, and should probably be "ko'a zbasu ko'e". [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]] Yes, "ko'a zbasu ko'e" is clearly what's meant.

== Chapter 9 ==
* Section 6, place structure of ''pilno'' is missing "for purpose x3". [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 8, the examples 8.5 and 8.6 are supposed to mean the same thing, but do not.
** Please elaborate. --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]]
*** 8.5 means "I gave the book to John, because John gave the money to me" but 8.6 means "John gave the money to me because I gave the book to John."
** ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL'' [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 11, description of the meaning of ".ije seri'a tu'e" contradicts the explanation of Example 9.9, which would suggest ".ije ri'a tu'e".
* section 17, "pertained to by concerning" should be separated, with "concerning" should be in the last column of the table * section 17 "from source as an origin of" should be two entries; "from source" and "as an origin of" ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL???''

== Chapter 10 ==
* Sections 4, 18: missing "cu" in examples 4.8, 18.3, 18.6
* Section 4, "when both spatial and temporal tense cmavo are given in a single tense construct, the temporal tense is expressed first" disagrees with the rule simple-tense-modal-972 in the BNF grammar.
* Section 9, example 9.9 on page 227 has "cirli" for "cirla".
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 12, example 12.6 translates morsi as "die" rather than "am dead" in the translation (as opposed to the gloss).
* Section 16, at the end, the X and Y in the 3 forms don't fit properly (the 3rd doesn't match the first two). I recommend, copying from Section 23 (where they are written again correctly):

X .i TENSE bo Y

TENSE gi X gi Y

Y TENSE le nu X
* Section 17, example 17.12 should not have the second "bevri".
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 18, examples 18.3 and 18.6 are missing a cu/ku, so the examples have no main selbri.
* Section 18, example 18.9 is supposed to show scalar negation of tenses not limited to PU and FAhA, but the example tense is ri'u (FAhA2).
* Section 19, example 19.10 should have "ba", not "pu", and "[[uture|uture]]", not "[[past|past]]". [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 21, example 21.1 doesn't seem to parallel the English gloss and translation: the Lojban version implies that "I throw the gun", and not "I fire the gun".
* Section 25, examples 25.1 and 25.2 have ''lu'a'' for ''la'u''.
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 25, this whole section is at odds with the formal grammar. It says: ''It is grammatical for a termset to be placed after a tense or modal tag rather than a sumti''. But that is in fact incorrect, it is not grammatical for a termset to be the argument of a tag.
** Unfortunately true. Termsets suck rocks, and some work will have to be done to make everything said about them consistent -- if it is even possible. Personally, I'd like to just burn them. --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]] '''NOFIX'''
* Section 27: MOhI see Section 28, not 27. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]

== Chapter 11 ==
* Section 4: The use of ka in Example 4.4 (page 259) is erroneous; it should be du'u. --[[John Cowan|John Cowan]] [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Last paragraph of section 7 references chapter 5 for a discussion of "lu'e". lu'e isn't mentioned in chapter 5. Probably chapter 6 is meant here.
** Yes, should be Section 5.10. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 9, page 266 has "sao'rdzifa'a" instead of "sa'ordzifa'a".
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* The same example (9.6) also has kuctra instead of kuctai
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* The book title in example 9.6 seems to be incorrect: "The Crucifixion of Jesus Considered As A Downhill Bicycle Race" is actually "[http://www.evergreenreview.com/102/fiction/duo.html he Crucifixion Considered As An Uphill Bicycle Race]."
** Unapproved
* Section 10: Paragraph above example 10.7 references "Chapter 11". That should read "Chapter 10".
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 12, page 269 has examples 13.1 and 13.2, those should be called 12.1 and 12.2. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]

== Chapter 12 ==
* Section 2, page 275. The paragraph under Example 2.3 refers to it as Example 2.4 (2.4 doesn't even exist). [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 5, right after example 5.7. It says "a" instead of "an". [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 6, page 280. Example 6.6 should have a space between "la spat." and "noi".
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 7, page 282. Example 7.5 has "bansoi" instead of "balsoi".
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 11, page 285 has "xascakcurnu" instead of "xasycakcurnu".
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 12 refers to "nunklama" as the same lujvo as "nunkla". Even if these are equivalent alternatives it would be less confusing to be consistent.
* Section 12 claims that -jax- is a rafsi for {jai}, but it isn't in http://www.lojban.org/publications/wordlists/rafsi.txt. Does {jai} have a rafsi or not?
** It should, but somehow it never got into the gismu list, and consequently not into the rafsi list either. Stet, and we'll add it to the gismu list. --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]]
* Section 12, right at the end, says that {fai} is explained in Chapter 11, but Chapter 11 makes no mention of {fai}. Only chapters 9 and 10 do.
** ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL'' (zort's fork at least) [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 14, example 14.2. Missing < /pre > tag, and missing < pre> tag following explanatory paragraph.
* Section 14, page 291. The paragraph under example 14.7 says "se xance mindu" instead of "se xance minde".
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 15, two paragraphs before example 15.7. It says "There are some comparative concepts which are in which the 'se zmadu' is difficult to specify." The "which are in which" seems grammatically incorrect.
** Drop "which are". --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]] [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 15, example 15.1, the x4 of {zmadu} and {mleca} should be "by amount" or "by quantity", not "in quantity".
* Section 15, page 294, example 15.14. "la ainctain" needs a period before it because it starts with a vowel.
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''

== Chapter 13 ==
* Many incidents of not having periods in front of vowel-initial cmavo.
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* In section 2, p. 300 references to the examples for .ue and .uecu'i are flipped. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 3, page 303, example 3.9. "e'e" needs a period before it.
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 3, page 303, example 3.10. "tisna" needs to be replaced with "tisygau".
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 4, page 305. The scale with the gismu mnemonics is misaligned with the scale with the members of selma'o CAI. "sai" should be tabbed one place left, so that it aligns with tsali, &c.
* Section 7, it says "It is not clear how much use logically connected abstractors will be: see Chapter 13." It should be "Chapter 15."
** ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL'' (zort's fork at least) but needs approval
* Section 10, page 313. There is a missing space between "continue emotion" and "end emotion".
* <nowiki>Section 15. A sample dialogue 15.4) / [Comment] Pam says, [Please] Alice, [end-of-comment] / [Comment] Pam says, [end-of-comment] [Please] Alice,/</nowiki> [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 15, example 15.5 /xamgu/gleki/ ?
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 15, example 15.10) /fi'i ro zvati ko pinxe pa ckafi/fi'i ro zvati .i ko pinxe pa ckafi/
** No, this one is perfectly fine: "fi'i ro zvati" is a vocative phrase, which is a free modifier, meaning that it can occur almost anywhere. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 15, example 15.13) /fi'o selpleji mi/fi'o pleji mi/
** And "with payer" rather than "with payment"; ey's not paying with emself! -- camgusmis
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* ".ai mi benji do le ckana" with gloss "[intent] I transfer you to-the bed". I think benji               should be replaced with muvgau.
* Section 15, example 15.13. Wrong use of {selfu}. {bevri} would fit better.
* "mi facki fi lemi mapku" is used repeatedly for "I found my hat". While this is not wrong, it's bad style and makes the gloss awkward in respect to the translation. Replacing "facki" with "zvafa'i" would remove the problem and make it more precise.
== Chapter 14 ==
* Section 6, example 3: "Alices" should be "Alice" without -s.
* Section 8, right before example 8.9 is "producing example 8.10" which should in fact read "producing example 8.9". [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 9: between example 9.10 and 9.11, "identified" should read "identical"
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 11, example 4: The gloss seems to have a misplaced "[plus]".
* Section 11, right before section 12. It says "termsets...are explained in Chapter 12 and Chapter 16" but chapter 12 (which is on lujvo) makes absolutely no mention of termsets. Chapters 9 and 10 discuss termsets. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 14, example 14.15 is not grammatical (according to jbofi'e and camxes) because it says "pe'e .e" when it should say "pe'e je". [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 14, example 14.16 mentions "sorme", which is probably Old Loglan, and should be replaced by "mensi".
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 14, "the stated gloss of TFTTas “only if” works naturally only when the right-hand bridi is true; if it is false, the left-hand bridi may be either true or false." changed to "the stated gloss of TFTTas “only if” works naturally only when the right-hand bridi is false; if it is true, the left-hand bridi may be either true or false."
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 15, example 15.8 is missing a dot after "la lojban".
* Section 15, right after 15.9, it says "example 14.17" where it should say "example 15.9" (14.17 does not exist). [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 15, example 15.9 is not grammatical; it should be "la djan. fa'u la frank. cusku nu'i bau la lojban. pe'e fa'u bai la djordj.".
* Section 17, example 17.4 is wrong. The section explains that mekso operators can be logically connected using {gu'e ... gi ...}, but this example tries to connect them with {ge ... gi ...}. Replace {ge} with {gu'e} in the example to correct it.
* Section 19, example 19.4 is translated as "I opine the fact-that a-mass-of living-things is-at Jupiter or-else I opine the fact-that a-mass-of living-things isn't-at Jupiter" but really it's "I opine the fact-that a-mass-of living-things is-at Jupiter or-else I '''do-not''' opine the fact-that a-mass-of living-things '''is-at''' Jupiter". So 19.4 is actually true, not false as it is claimed to be.
** Correct, so this example will need replacing. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Also there isn't really a reason for it to say a mass of living things and not some individual living things.
** Stet. The author prefers it that way, thankyouverymuch. --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]].

== Chapter 15 ==
* Section 2, missing < /pre > tag after example 2.8 and < pre> tag before example 2.9.
* Section 4, example 4.12 /nake/na'eke/
* Section 9, two paragraphs above example 9.4 the word "negativ" should be "negative". [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 9: Is there supposed to be any difference between ex. 9.5 and 9.6?
** That problem is only in the online version.
* Section 10, three paragraphs after example 10.14, there's a semicolon which should be a comma after "(say, a spelling error)". [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 10, it says "'ji'una'iku' metalinguistically says that something is wrong with that assumption. (See Chapter 10.)". Shouldn't that be Chapter 9, modals?
** ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL'' (zort's fork at least) [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]\
* change "A ``na'' before the selbri is always transformed into a ``naku'' at the left-hand end of the prenex, and vice versa." to: "A ``na'' before the selbri is always transformed into a ``naku'' at the right-hand end of the prenex, and vice versa."

== Chapter 16 ==
* Section 5, example 5.5: English has "every Y" when it should read "every X"
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 6, example 6.6 has a missing "cu" before "viska".
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 8, the explanation of example 8.3 says "any entity which is one is also the other". That would be true if the example used {go}, but it uses {ganai}. 8.3 does not claim that if something walks across the field then it goes to the store. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]] Change it to use {go}. ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
** Same place: needs to bo {da go}, not {go da} And the gloss should be "For-every X: X is-a-goer-to the store if-and-only-if it is-a-walker-on the field." ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 8, example 8.3. Either the {da} should come before the {ganai} (or, by the previous ^ erratum, {go}) and the gloss should be changed to only mention "X" once, or a {da} should be inserted before {cadzu}.
** ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL'' chose first option since it's terser (zort's fork at least) but needs approval
* This: "Adjacent negation boundaries in the prenex can be dropped," reads better as "Adjacent pairs of negation boundaries in the prenex can be dropped,"
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
*** The online version says "Adjacent double negation boundaries", but I'm okay with either "double" or "pairs of". --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]]
* Section 10, ex. 10.5 and 10.6 have a prenex, "naku zo'u", after an ijek. This is not allowed by the grammar. It could be fixed by removing the "zo'u" and using "naku" outside the prenex, although this is only explained in the following Section 11.
** This is a big problem, and I'm not sure what should be fixed. --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]] '''NOFIX'''
* Section 12, ex. 12.7 and 12.9 have missing "cu"s.
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 14, Example 14.1 has "blaci" (glass) not "blabi" (white) as per the English.
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* A few missing {ku'o}: ex 1.89, ex 1.92

== Chapter 17 ==
* Section 5, after example 5.1, paragraph starting "However, " has incorrect font. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 5, in the second paragraph after example 5.1, says 'the lerfu word “ty” would represent not Latin “t” but Greek “tau”.' Shouldn't it be "ty."?
* Section 9, page 421. lerfu strings are written without pauses or spaces, even though BY words have to end with a consonant.
** Stet. BY words do not end with a consonant, and a string of them can never be ambiguous, so pauses/spaces are not required. --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]]
* Section 9, Example 9.4: shouldn't "symyjy" be "symydy" (lojban morphology)? [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 10. After Example 10.4.5, the reference to Example 10.4 should be instead to Example 10.4.5.
**In the current DAG-CLL, the examples numbering is sane, but after Example 10.3, the two references to Example 10.4 should be to Example 10.3.
* Right before section 12, there is a line break in the middle of the paragraph. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* In section 13, the first paragraph states "Historically, these character sets have only covered the English alphabet and a few selected punctuation marks.", which is incorrect. There have been multitudes of character sets for writing systems other than the English alphabet.
** Change to something along the line of "Historically, each of these character sets has only covered a particular writing system."
* Section 17, page 427. ".tvriydos. bu" begins with the consonant cluster, which isn't even permissible medially.
** change to tyvriydos
*** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
**** Actually, it should be "tyvrdos. bu" --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]]
* In the table in section 19, the lervla for over-dot (".garmoc. bu") and over-ring (".garjin. bu") should be updated to their post-Reallocation forms, ".gapmoc. bu" and ".gapyjin. bu".
*** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 19 has two columns run together in the row that says "Danish/Latin aetei .abu .ebu foi"

== Chapter 18 ==
* [https://lojban.github.io/cll/18/10/ ju'u] is in VUhU. It should be of the type PA. Notice how {pi} and {ni'u} and {ka'o} and {ci'i} and {fi'u} are all of type {pa}, so they can go in a numerical literal between digits. especially {ka'o}, which can separate the real part and imaginary part to make a complex literal, and similarly {su'o} and {su'e} can separate numbers to make intervals.
* Section 3, ex. 3.10, should translate as ".1012001". [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* In section 4 example 4.5 is linked instead of 4.7 - "Example 4.5 is not ``1 minus 2'', [[.. ..|.. ..]]" where example 4.5 is just "te'o". [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]''
* Section 5, p437 ex5.9 gloss: our -> four [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
** ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 6, p438: j vu'u -> vu'u [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
** ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Start of section 11 should read there are five members of MOI (not four). [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* In section 11, ex 11.10 on va'e "sofi'upano" in the example is glossed as "8/10" instead of "9/10". [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
** ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* In section 11, "lei ratcu poi zvati le panka cu so'umei fo lo'i ratcu", but there is no 4th place of mei.
** Remove the "fo"; [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Example 14.4 needs a sub-2 after both numbers.
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* In section 17, example 17.5, {gi} should be replaced by {gu'e}, because mekso operators are to be connected by guheks. This is essentially the same mistake as in example 14/17.4.
* In section 17, the English translation for example 17.6 has the formula rendered wrong in the HTML version. The fraction bar should be added (it is invisble currently), and the words "then x =" should be vertically aligned to the fraction bar (they are currently aligned to the numerator).
* In section 17, at the bottom of page 454, the quadratic formula should be described as a classic example of operator logical connection, not operand. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 20, p458: -established -> established [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 21 states that the rafsi of "frinu" may be used as rafsi for "fi'u"; however, "frinu" lost both of its short rafsi in the Reallocation, so this really isn't very useful. The table below lists "fi'u" as a rafsi usable for "fi'u", therefore of "frinu"; the gimste lists "fi'u" as a rafsi of "cfipu".
** This is a serious problem which needs some thought. There needs to be a rafsi for fi'u somehow. --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]] '''NOFIX'''
* Section 22 example 22.3, "mo'e voboi renomei su'i ze", does not parse.
** It needs "vei" in front to be a quantifier (an operand by itself is not a permitted fragment). Also, the following text mentions "te'u" but the example omits it.
*** None of those examples parse without {li}, which I have added to all. Replaced the one in question with "li mo'e voboi renomei te'u su'i ze" [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 25. The rafsi for "so'e", -sop-, is missing, the rafsi for the following four words are listed under the wrong word. That is, -sor- is actually the rafsi for "so'i", and -daz- is the rafsi for "da'a".

== Chapter 19 ==
* Section 4, p467 ex4.3: zu'o -> zo'u [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 6, page 472. Example 6.6 ends with "klama", but for the argument to make sense, it has to say "nunkla".
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 7, Example 7.1 has as the English: "I go-to (firstly) the store and (secondly) the market." "the market" should be "the house".
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Example 11.8, there's a denpabu after {za'e} and no denpabu after {albeinias}.
** ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL'' (zort's fork at least) but needs approval
* Section 11, the paragraph after example 11.8 says "ctiipyris" but it should be "ckiipyris". [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 13, "and the undefined fu'ivla “speranto”." Replace "fu'ivla" with "lujvo".

== Chapter 20 ==
* Section LE, page 498. In "le gerku klama le zdani", "cu" is missing.
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section TUhE, page 505. In "xagmau zo'u tu'e ganai cidja gi cnino .i ganai vanju gi tolci'o tu'u", "cnino" should be replaced by "citno". Also, a prenex can't have a selbri, so ''xagmau'' should be replaced by ''lo xagmau''.
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section SE, page 504: missing "cu" after "zarci".
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* In the passages on VEI and VEhO, the "bo"s should be changed to "bi'e"s. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]

== Chapter 21 ==
* In the BNF grammar, the rule simple-tense-modal-972 is missing a "|" before the CUhE. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* In the BNF grammar, the rule simple-tense-modal-972 has an extra newline in the space/time subphrase.
* In the BNF grammar, the rule selbri-1-131 is missing a "|" before the NA. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* In the BNF grammar, the rule tanru-unit-2-152 is missing a "|" before the JAI. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL'' ; bizarelly, the Word doc the book was printed from does not have this problem at all.
* In the BNF grammar, the rule operator-1-371 is missing two "|". [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* In the BNF grammar, the rule mex-operator-374 is missing a "|" before the MAhO and another before the VUhU. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* In the BNF grammar, the rule operand-3-385 is missing a "|" before the NIhE. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* In the BNF grammar, in the rule time_1030, the "ZEhA <nowiki>[</nowiki>PU NAI <nowiki>]</nowiki>" should be enclosed in parentheses. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]

CLL, aka Reference Grammar, Errata

2015-02-08T01:22:03Z

Durka42: /* Chapter 6 */ add ex1.93 errata

This page is for errata in [[The Complete Lojban Language|The Complete Lojban Language]], that is for mistakes such as typos, or self-contradictions, or contradictions with other baselined language definition material. This is '''not''' a page to put desiderata (suggestions for improvement); such suggestions should go to [[Suggestions for CLL, second edition|Suggestions for CLL, second edition]]. This is also not a page to put errata resulting from the 4th Baseline Grammar proposal (i.e., the [[PEG|PEG]] grammar); PEG grammar errata should go to [[CLL PEG Errata|CLL PEG Errata]].

An online version of the CLL incorporating the changes on this page [http://mw.lojban.org/extensions/cll/ is available].

See also [[What is Lojban errata|'What is Lojban?' errata]] (for the published version), Level 0 Booklet Errata [[Level 0 Booklet Errata Introduction|Level 0 Booklet Errata]] (for the pre-publication reviews; now finished), and [[Lessons Errata|Lessons Errata]] (for the beginners' course).

The "''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''" tag means that http://mw.lojban.org/extensions/cll/ includes this fix, which also means it'll probably be in the next CLL version.

== Chapter 1 ==
* There is a paragraph at the very beginning of CLL, on page 4, with the sentence ''"In essence, Chapter 2 gives a brief overview of the language, Chapter 21 gives the formal structure of the language, and the chapters in between put semantic bones on that formal flesh."''
** Wouldn't it make more sense to say "put semantic flesh on those formal bones"? [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 6, it says "Larry Horn's work ''The Natural History of Negation''". It would appear that everyone else calls it '''''A''' Natural History of Negation'', by '''Laurence''' (R.) Horn.
** ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL'' (zort's fork at least) but needs approval

== Chapter 2 ==
* Section 5 example 5.7 uses "ti" to point at a language, and should have its accompanying note changed to more accurately reflect that this is not how "ti" works.
* Section 6 Example 6.5 has "cu" as elidable, when in fact it is simply illegal there. Removed. ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
** uanai, I still see "cu" in DAG-CLL.
* Section 8 page 17 claims that "xu" is discussed in section 1.7, which happens to list the captions for all the chapter pictures.
** It should refer to Section 15. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
*** The link in the current DAG-CLL is pointing to "2/2/15" instead of to "2/15".
* Section 10 says that example 10.3 (mi tavla do le tavla ku) means the same as (mi tavla do le tavla ku). Example 10.3 should be "mi tavla do le tavla", as it describes how "ku" may be omitted.
** It appears that example 10.3 is incorrect only in the online version, not the published book.
* Section 17 says "Note that Example 17.3 has and requires a “cu” to prevent “bajra” and “klama” from forming a tanru, but Example 17.4 and Example 17.5 lack the unnecessary “cu”.", but example 17.3 is "la djan. ~np~[[cu|cu]]~/np~ klama le zarci".
** It appears that the offending sentence is present only in the online version, not the published book.
* Example 17.9 is "le vi tavla ku cu ba klama" in the online version, and totally broken in the published book.
** Go with the online version. [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Example 17.9 in dag-cll as of 2012-05-05 is "le vi tavla ~np~[[ku|ku]]~/np~ cu ba klama". Since the same section has explained that tense tags make "cu" unnecessary, I think the example should be "le vi tavla ~np~[[ku|ku]] [[cu|cu]]~/np~ ba klama".

== Chapter 3 ==

A lot of the IPA examples use a space to indicate a syllable break. This is not standard IPA usage; according to IPA, the period “.” should be used to indicate a syllable division.
* Section 2, page 30: in the table the description of "apostrophe" should read "an unvoiced glottal spirant", not "a unvoiced".
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 2, digital version. The IPA table got horribly mangled somewhere along the way. It should look like (SAMPA column added):
{| class="wikitable"
|| Letter
|| IPA
|| SAMPA
|| Description

|-
|| '
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/h h]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/h h]
|| an unvoiced glottal spirant

|-
|| ,
|| -
|| -
|| the syllable separator

|-
|| .
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ʔ ʔ]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/CLL,+aka+Reference+Grammar,+Errata? ?]
|| a glottal stop or a pause

|-
|| a
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/a a], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ɑ ɑ]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/a a], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/A A]
|| an open vowel

|-
|| b
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/b b]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/b b]
|| a voiced bilabial stop

|-
|| c
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ʃ ʃ], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ʂ ʂ]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/S S], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/s%60 s`]
|| an unvoiced postalveolar fricative

|-
|| d
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/d d]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/d d]
|| a voiced dental/alveolar stop

|-
|| e
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ɛ ɛ], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/e e]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/E E], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/e e]
|| a front mid vowel

|-
|| f
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/f f], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ɸ ɸ]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/f f], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/p/ p\]
|| an unvoiced labial fricative

|-
|| g
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ɡ ɡ]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/g g]
|| a voiced velar stop

|-
|| i
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/i i]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/i i]
|| a front close vowel

|-
|| j
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ʒ ʒ], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ʐ ʐ]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/Z Z], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/z%60 z`]
|| a voiced postalveolar fricative

|-
|| k
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/k k]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/k k]
|| an unvoiced velar stop

|-
|| l
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/l l], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/l̩ l̩]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/l l], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/l= l=]
|| a voiced lateral approximant (may be syllabic)

|-
|| m
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/m m], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/m̩ m̩]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/m m], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/m= m=]
|| a voiced bilabial nasal (may be syllabic)

|-
|| n
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/n n], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/n̩ n̩], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ŋ ŋ], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ŋ̩ ŋ̩]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/n n], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/n= n=], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/N N], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/N= N=]
|| a voiced dental or velar nasal (may be syllabic)

|-
|| o
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/o o], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ɔ ɔ]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/o o], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/O O]
|| a back mid vowel

|-
|| p
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/p p]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/p p]
|| an unvoiced bilabial stop

|-
|| r
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/r r], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ɹ ɹ], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ɾ ɾ], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ʀ ʀ], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/r̩ r̩], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ɹ̩ ɹ̩], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ɾ̩ ɾ̩], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ʀ̩ ʀ̩]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/r r], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/r/ r\], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/4 4], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/R/ R\], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/r= r=], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/r/= r\=], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/4= 4=], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/R/= R\=]
|| a rhotic sound

|-
|| s
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/s s]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/s s]
|| an unvoiced alveolar sibilant

|-
|| t
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/t t]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/t t]
|| an unvoiced dental/alveolar stop

|-
|| u
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/u u]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/u u]
|| a back close vowel

|-
|| v
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/v v], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/β β]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/v v], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/B B]
|| a voiced labial fricative

|-
|| x
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/x x]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/x x]
|| an unvoiced velar fricative

|-
|| y
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ə ə]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/@ @]
|| a central mid vowel

|-
|| z
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/z z]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/z z]
|| a voiced alveolar sibilant

|}
** Sort-of [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]]; what I actually did is had Arnt review what someone entered in DAG-CLL, which presumably was based on the above. ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 2, page 30. for the second eng (immediately to the left of "(may be syllabic)") the syllabicity marker is concealed by the right tail.
** I can just barely see the marker under a good light. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
*** For future editions :-) , note that the IPA approves putting diacritics above rather than below the letter in cases like these. Unfortunately, the fonts hitherto available have not made this facility available, so outside the journal of the IPA itself, such over-diacritics are seldom seen. — nitcion
* In section 3.2, the comma should (probably) be represented by the IPA notation [[ , aka Reference Grammar, Errata| ]], as the period is used in IPA to denote syllable breaks. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 2, page 30. For the Lojban phoneme /r/, the IPA symbol for a dental/alveolar voiced apical tap is given with a syllabicity marker below. A tap can't be syllabic, because it is by definition instantaneous. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]] Just remove that case altogether.
* Section 2. The descriptions of ''c'' and ''j'' are listed as "coronal sibilant"s. The descriptions should read "voiceless postalveolar fricative" and "voiced postalveolar fricative", respectively. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 3, third paragraph (page 31): "a unvoiced vowel glide" should be "an unvoiced vowel glide".
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 6, page 36. IPA for the unacceptable American flap variant of intervocalic ''t'' shows the GA ''r'' sound (upside-down r) instead of the flap (like an r with no vertical bit at the top — see the list of acceptible ''r'' variants on on page 44 where it appears correctly) [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 6, page 36. (Same as previous erratum) The consonant is referred to as a flap, while it is actually a tap. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 7. In between the shaded boxes, "a pairing of voiced and unvoiced equivalent vowels" should read "a pairing of voiced and unvoiced equivalent consonants".
* Section 8, page 38. IPA for pronunciation of "xapcke" has c where it should have S (long s). [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 9, page 40. IPA for pronunciation of "dikyjvo" has j where it should have Z (that little script z thing) [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 12, page 46. What should be the Cyrillic letter ; is printed as something that looks like the Greek letter . Is this only a typographical variant of the ;, or is it a variant?
** This erratum is indecipherable and should be dropped, unless someone can reconstruct it. The Cyrillic letters look fine. --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]]
* Section 12, page 46. Replace the words "the hard sign" with an actual hard sign, U+044A CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER HARD SIGN.
* Section 12, page 47. "are/"esse" should probably be "are"/"esse" (the acute on the a may or may not have been left off, but the closing quote after are is definately missing.)
** My copy shows the acute.
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''

== Chapter 4 ==
* Section 4, page 54. The book states that fu'ivla with a form like ''spa'i'' are valid. They are not, they fail the slinku'i test. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 6, p 58, "-lac" in the third table in that section should be "-lac-"
* Section 6, it says "Most cmavo that have rafsi are ones used in composing tanru (for a complete list, see Chapter 12)", but there is no such list in Chapter 12, or anywhere in the book (ju'osai). Perhaps it wants to point to the list of PA rafsi in Chapter 18 section 25? Or to the lists of tanru in Chapter 5 sections 14 and 15?
** What I probably meant was that Chapter 12, taken as a whole, discusses the cmavo used in constructing tanru. I don't think any specific list ever existed. I'd just drop the parenthetical sentence.
* Section 6, just after example 6.9. It says "some of the unreduced forms in the previous example", but it is not referring to the previous example: it is referring all the way back to examples 6.1 and 6.2, so it should be "some of the unreduced forms in the previous example'''s'''".
** ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL'' (zort's fork at least)

[[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]] Refer explicitly to 6.1 and 6.2
* Section 7, page 60. In example 6.16, the word "xarnykarce" is glossed as "war-car". Either the gloss should be updated to reflect the veljvo ("stubborn-car"), or the lujvo should be updated to reflect the gloss "jamkarce"
** The latter [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 7, making a type 3 fu'ivla, step 5 should read "steps 1-4", not "steps 1-5". [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 7, step 5 of the Stage 3 fu'ivla: "if the rafsi ends in ''r'' and the rest of the fu'ivla begins with ''n'' (or vice versa) use an ''l''-hyphen" should read "if the rafsi ends in ''r'' and the rest of the fu'ivla begins with ''n'', ''tc'', ''ts'', ''dz'' or ''dj'', or the rafsi ends in ''n'' and the rest of the fu'ivla begins with ''r'' use an ''l''-hyphen". [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* The end of section 7 seems to imply that cmene are exempt from the normal restrictions on consonant clusters as long as each consonant pair is valid.
* Section 8. Example 8.10 ''djandjonz'' is not valid lojban as it contains the forbidden consonant sequence `ndj`. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]] Replace with a different name.
** Replacing with "John Brown" as "djanbraun". mi'e la [[User:Robin Lee Powell|.camgusmis.]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 8, page 66. Example 8.12. Says that the gismu "solri" means "actually, 'pertaining to the sun'". This is false. According to the gismu list, it means ''is''a sun.
** Leave this one alone. As a seltau, "solri" does indeed mean "solar". --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]]
* Section 11, 5a) ''Examine all the C/C consonant pairs that join the CVC rafsi, and also the pair between the last CVC and the X portion, ignoring any "y"-hyphen before the X.'' should read instead: ''Examine all the C/C consonant pairs up to the first "y"-hyphen, or up to the end of the word in case there are no "y"-hyphens.''
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 12. In Examples 12.2, 12.3 and 12.4 the calculations are given as 32500 minus the score, instead of simply the score. (Probably from previous versions of the algorithm.) [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 13, page 74, third table: there is no space between "lojbaugri" and "lojbangygri", so that they are run into one word in the second column of the table. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 15 states that "dzipo" comes from "cadzu cipni" ("walking bird"). This fails to make sense either etymologically or semantically (If the name refers to penguins, there are a lot of other features of Antarctica that are more prominent and not shared by other places). I suspect that the word may actually come from "dizlo daplu" ("low island"), which is a somewhat more reasonable name.
** Not an erratum, the word really does come from "caDZu cIPni". That it fails to make sense doesn't change the fact that that is how they constructed it. The etymologies of "bemro" and "ketco" make even less sense, by the way.
*** Correct, but the etymologies are what they are. --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]]
* [https://groups.google.com/forum/m/?fromgroups#!topic/lojban/s9P3LoGj5TI Etymology of ''misro''] from ''Mizrahim'' seems like an unnecessary and surprising detour. Linking it to ''misr'' makes more sense. mu'o mi'e .[[User:iesk|iesk]]. 16:47, 10 avgusto 2013 (UTC)

== Chapter 5 ==
* Section 6, example 6.15: It says {xamgu jo cortu nuntavla}, and the gloss says {(good if-and-only-if short) speech}, but {cortu} means "hurt", not "short".
** ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL'' (changed to {tordu}) (in zort's fork at least) [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Example 6.16: vajni ju selpluka nuntavla , (important whether-or-not pleasing) event-of-talking
** Should be pluka, not selpluka. [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 8 says "involving selma'o VOhA and GOhI, explained in Chapter 7", but VOhA doesn't appear in Chapter 7. VOhA doesn't even seem to be a selma'o, for that matter. Also, probably GOhI should be GOhA?
* Section 8, page 96/97: Example 8.13 needs some kind of terminator (like "be'o") before the "co". [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Also, the preceding paragraph suggests that "be" is the only way to fill selbri places other than x1. This is not the case: "mi le zarci cu klama co sutra" would also work.
** I don't agree that there's any such suggestion, although adding a second possibility is fine with me. --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]]
* Section 9 lists "kei" as the terminator for nu, but it's not only for nu, but for all of NU. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 14, page 104 says "dadylsi" for "dadysli".
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 14, page 105 uses "zdani lijgri" in the example list, but the paragraph after, as well as the next list, refer to "zdani linji" and "linji zdani".
* Section 14, page 105 has the lujvo "cpumi'i" but defines it at the bottom of the set as "cpami'i".
** cuami'i s pull-machine, so using that [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 14, page 106 says "plise tapla" for "apple cake". Does Turkish really refer to a cake as a tile, or is this a misunderstanding of the definition of "tapla"?
** No, it's that {tapla} can mean both cake and tile, as the gismu list shows; it's a generic word for a flat 3-D shape, or short cylinder. Stet. --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]]
* Section 14, page 108 says "tumla spisa". This should probably be "tumla pagbu", since pieces of land are not actually detached.
** What makes you think that spisa have to be detached? Stet. --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]]
* Section 14, page 109 says "rostu mojysu'a". "rostu" is not a Lojban gismu, nor an Old Loglan primitive. It's supposed to be "mrostu".
** "Mrostu" is correct, and that's the reading of the online version. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 14, "nunkilbra" is clearly not "sharpener", and even if it was using the right rafsi for cabra, that strikes me as a pretty crappy lujvo; needs zenba or zmadu or binxo or something.
* Section 14, page 112 lists numerous tanru examples whose meanings are hypernyms of the tertau instead of hyponyms. This contradicts the primariness of the tertau as defined on page 84. The word "ja" should probably be inserted between the constituents, or the entire section should be removed.
** Stet. Lions can't be made of stone, but {rokci cinfo} is a legitimate tanru nonetheless. --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]]

== Chapter 6 ==
* End of section 2, it says "compound negator ``naku'' (discussed in Chapter 15)", but "naku" is never mentioned in chapter 15; indeed, the only uses of the word {ku} at all are after the words {ji'u} or {na'i}. Chapter 16 talks about {naku}.''
** ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL'' (zort's fork at least) but needs approval
* Section 12, p. 138 claims that the sumti in examples 12.2 and 12.3 operate like examples 2.5 and 3.6 respectively. "2.6 and 3.6" is almost surely what was meant. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* In section 11 Example 11.2 occurs twice.
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 2 has examples 2.3 and 2.5 to show the difference between {lo} and {le}. Example 2.5 and the subsequent text say that {lo nanmu cu ninmu} is necessarily false in lojban since {noda nanmu gi'e ninmu}. This contributes to trans-erasure, and should be revised.
* In section 5 between examples 5.2 and 5.3, it says that the typical lion best exemplifies the set of lions. This is false, it exemplifies not the set, but the members of that set.
* In section 14, example 1.93, the quote delimiter {kuot} needs a preceding pause.

== Chapter 7 ==
* Section 5. http://lojban.github.io/cll/7/6/index.html. 6.14 is usage with outer repeating. It would seem that was a mistake. Looking at that, it seems like the author expects {nei} to repeat the entire outermost bridi, and expects {no'a} to repeat the outer bridi alone, somehow without the current innermost bridi. Or something. Definitely seems mistaken to me. so with zo'e in place of the abstraction clause. In this case, maybe with {zi'o}, actually. That would be useful but it would be nice if that had been explicit.
* Section 6, page 155 has a note below example 6.13 that says, in part: "The Lojban does not contain an equivalent of the "my" in colloquial English;" and then goes on to explain how example 6.13 could be modified to include the relationship between the speaker and their son and daughter. I believe you could say "le mi bersa" or "le bersa pe mi" to express the English "my," therefor removing the (presumably inaccurate) note and making the Lojban translation more accurate.
** Sure you could, but the point of the note (which is ''not'' inaccurate) is not teaching how to use relative clauses, but to clarify that the idiomatic English version contains more information than the Lojban version does. Stet.
* Section 6, page 156 has ''karca'' for ''karce''. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* After example 6.18 is a paragraph that quotes non-existent text from example 6.10. "go'e ra'o" should read "go'i ra'o" and "do go'e" should read "mi go'i"
** The correct correction is to replace "B's statement" with "A's second statement". [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
*** Not really. "go'e ra'o" in A's second statement would mean the same as "go'e", which is wrong. The original correction is valid though.
*Section 6, the exceptions to the anaphora rules are almost certainly incomplete. In particular "ma" and "ce'u" definitely warrant exceptions.
* Section 7, example 7.7 has "mi zbasu loi mudri zi'o" for "mi zbasu le dinju zi'o"
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 8, p. 158 implies that ''vo'a''-series anaphora refer to sumti of the bridi they themselves are sumti of. This contradicts the cmavo list, and is incorrect: ''vo'a''-series anaphora (according to the ma'oste) refer to sumti of the outermost bridi within the current sentence. This makes them logophors/long distance reflexives, rather than short-distance reflexives, as is normal in human language. Thus, in ''mi nelci lenu do prami vo'a'', ''vo'a''means ''mi'', not ''do''.
**'''-->'''[[Why the Book is Right and the ma'oste is Wrong|Why the Book is Right and the ma'oste is Wrong]]
***Which of the two cases is normal in human language? If you'd written it in Lojban, I'd know!
**** I'd guess that short-distance is normal, b/c otherwise it would not be worth comparing the two. But of course in lojban we wouldn't have to glork that.
***** Short-distance is indeed normal, but Lojbanists have consistently used long-distance. Nick wrote a peer-reviewed paper on this. --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]]
* Example 7.8.5 (p159): bajra on third line should be bajykla, like the others.
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 8, it says "Example 9.3 is a truly pregnant question..." when example 9.2 is the pregnant question, and example 9.3 is a better way of expressing "Who are you?"
* Section 15, it says "Finally, lujvo involving ``zi'o'' are also possible, and are fully discussed in Chapter 12", but nowhere does Chapter 12 mention the word {zi'o}, much less lujvo involving it. This is probably a Chapter 12 erratum.''

== Chapter 8 ==
* In Section 3 the example 3.20 should have {xance} instead of {xanci}, which is definitely a typo. --idontknw
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 8, p. 181: 8.1) ''li pai noi na'e frinu namcu''should be ''li pai noi na'e frinu cu namcu''. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 8, Example 8.6, the third line, "I runningly-go to-this [[reciprocity|reciprocity]] [[x3 of this bridi|x3 of this bridi]] from-that", is not the usual decent English one would expect in that position; replaced with "I run to this from that and vice versa." is dag-cll ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 9, example 9.2 is ''co'o xirma''. Then, ''Note that Example 9.2 says farewell to something which doesn’t really have to be a horse, something that the speaker simply thinks of as being a horse, or even might be something (a person, for example) who is named "Horse". In a sense, Example 9.2 is ambiguous between "co'o le xirma" and "co'o la xirma"''. Is this true?
** Yes, in the sense that all uses of "le" ''might'' mean "la". But it's probably more confusing than it's worth. Truncate after "thinks of as being a horse". --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]]
* Section 9 says ''In vocative phrases which are simple names (after the vocative words), any relative clauses must come just after the names''. This isn't true. Relative clauses can go between the vocative and the cmevla. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]] Drop it; it reflects an earlier state of the language.
* Section 10, example 10.3 uses "ke'a goi ko'e zo'u ko'a zbasu ke'a" but glosses it as "(IT = it2 : it1 built it2)". The assigned "ko'e" is not used as expected or described, and should probably be "ko'a zbasu ko'e". [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]] Yes, "ko'a zbasu ko'e" is clearly what's meant.

== Chapter 9 ==
* Section 6, place structure of ''pilno'' is missing "for purpose x3". [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 8, the examples 8.5 and 8.6 are supposed to mean the same thing, but do not.
** Please elaborate. --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]]
*** 8.5 means "I gave the book to John, because John gave the money to me" but 8.6 means "John gave the money to me because I gave the book to John."
** ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL'' [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 11, description of the meaning of ".ije seri'a tu'e" contradicts the explanation of Example 9.9, which would suggest ".ije ri'a tu'e".
* section 17, "pertained to by concerning" should be separated, with "concerning" should be in the last column of the table * section 17 "from source as an origin of" should be two entries; "from source" and "as an origin of" ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL???''

== Chapter 10 ==
* Sections 4, 18: missing "cu" in examples 4.8, 18.3, 18.6
* Section 4, "when both spatial and temporal tense cmavo are given in a single tense construct, the temporal tense is expressed first" disagrees with the rule simple-tense-modal-972 in the BNF grammar.
* Section 9, example 9.9 on page 227 has "cirli" for "cirla".
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 12, example 12.6 translates morsi as "die" rather than "am dead" in the translation (as opposed to the gloss).
* Section 16, at the end, the X and Y in the 3 forms don't fit properly (the 3rd doesn't match the first two). I recommend, copying from Section 23 (where they are written again correctly):

X .i TENSE bo Y

TENSE gi X gi Y

Y TENSE le nu X
* Section 17, example 17.12 should not have the second "bevri".
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 18, examples 18.3 and 18.6 are missing a cu/ku, so the examples have no main selbri.
* Section 18, example 18.9 is supposed to show scalar negation of tenses not limited to PU and FAhA, but the example tense is ri'u (FAhA2).
* Section 19, example 19.10 should have "ba", not "pu", and "[[uture|uture]]", not "[[past|past]]". [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 21, example 21.1 doesn't seem to parallel the English gloss and translation: the Lojban version implies that "I throw the gun", and not "I fire the gun".
* Section 25, examples 25.1 and 25.2 have ''lu'a'' for ''la'u''.
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 25, this whole section is at odds with the formal grammar. It says: ''It is grammatical for a termset to be placed after a tense or modal tag rather than a sumti''. But that is in fact incorrect, it is not grammatical for a termset to be the argument of a tag.
** Unfortunately true. Termsets suck rocks, and some work will have to be done to make everything said about them consistent -- if it is even possible. Personally, I'd like to just burn them. --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]] '''NOFIX'''
* Section 27: MOhI see Section 28, not 27. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]

== Chapter 11 ==
* Section 4: The use of ka in Example 4.4 (page 259) is erroneous; it should be du'u. --[[John Cowan|John Cowan]] [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Last paragraph of section 7 references chapter 5 for a discussion of "lu'e". lu'e isn't mentioned in chapter 5. Probably chapter 6 is meant here.
** Yes, should be Section 5.10. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 9, page 266 has "sao'rdzifa'a" instead of "sa'ordzifa'a".
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* The same example (9.6) also has kuctra instead of kuctai
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* The book title in example 9.6 seems to be incorrect: "The Crucifixion of Jesus Considered As A Downhill Bicycle Race" is actually "[http://www.evergreenreview.com/102/fiction/duo.html he Crucifixion Considered As An Uphill Bicycle Race]."
** Unapproved
* Section 10: Paragraph above example 10.7 references "Chapter 11". That should read "Chapter 10".
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 12, page 269 has examples 13.1 and 13.2, those should be called 12.1 and 12.2. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]

== Chapter 12 ==
* Section 2, page 275. The paragraph under Example 2.3 refers to it as Example 2.4 (2.4 doesn't even exist). [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 5, right after example 5.7. It says "a" instead of "an". [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 6, page 280. Example 6.6 should have a space between "la spat." and "noi".
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 7, page 282. Example 7.5 has "bansoi" instead of "balsoi".
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 11, page 285 has "xascakcurnu" instead of "xasycakcurnu".
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 12 refers to "nunklama" as the same lujvo as "nunkla". Even if these are equivalent alternatives it would be less confusing to be consistent.
* Section 12 claims that -jax- is a rafsi for {jai}, but it isn't in http://www.lojban.org/publications/wordlists/rafsi.txt. Does {jai} have a rafsi or not?
** It should, but somehow it never got into the gismu list, and consequently not into the rafsi list either. Stet, and we'll add it to the gismu list. --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]]
* Section 12, right at the end, says that {fai} is explained in Chapter 11, but Chapter 11 makes no mention of {fai}. Only chapters 9 and 10 do.
** ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL'' (zort's fork at least) [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 14, example 14.2. Missing < /pre > tag, and missing < pre> tag following explanatory paragraph.
* Section 14, page 291. The paragraph under example 14.7 says "se xance mindu" instead of "se xance minde".
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 15, two paragraphs before example 15.7. It says "There are some comparative concepts which are in which the 'se zmadu' is difficult to specify." The "which are in which" seems grammatically incorrect.
** Drop "which are". --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]] [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 15, example 15.1, the x4 of {zmadu} and {mleca} should be "by amount" or "by quantity", not "in quantity".
* Section 15, page 294, example 15.14. "la ainctain" needs a period before it because it starts with a vowel.
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''

== Chapter 13 ==
* Many incidents of not having periods in front of vowel-initial cmavo.
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* In section 2, p. 300 references to the examples for .ue and .uecu'i are flipped. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 3, page 303, example 3.9. "e'e" needs a period before it.
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 3, page 303, example 3.10. "tisna" needs to be replaced with "tisygau".
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 4, page 305. The scale with the gismu mnemonics is misaligned with the scale with the members of selma'o CAI. "sai" should be tabbed one place left, so that it aligns with tsali, &c.
* Section 7, it says "It is not clear how much use logically connected abstractors will be: see Chapter 13." It should be "Chapter 15."
** ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL'' (zort's fork at least) but needs approval
* Section 10, page 313. There is a missing space between "continue emotion" and "end emotion".
* <nowiki>Section 15. A sample dialogue 15.4) / [Comment] Pam says, [Please] Alice, [end-of-comment] / [Comment] Pam says, [end-of-comment] [Please] Alice,/</nowiki> [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 15, example 15.5 /xamgu/gleki/ ?
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 15, example 15.10) /fi'i ro zvati ko pinxe pa ckafi/fi'i ro zvati .i ko pinxe pa ckafi/
** No, this one is perfectly fine: "fi'i ro zvati" is a vocative phrase, which is a free modifier, meaning that it can occur almost anywhere. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 15, example 15.13) /fi'o selpleji mi/fi'o pleji mi/
** And "with payer" rather than "with payment"; ey's not paying with emself! -- camgusmis
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* ".ai mi benji do le ckana" with gloss "[intent] I transfer you to-the bed". I think benji               should be replaced with muvgau.
* Section 15, example 15.13. Wrong use of {selfu}. {bevri} would fit better.
* "mi facki fi lemi mapku" is used repeatedly for "I found my hat". While this is not wrong, it's bad style and makes the gloss awkward in respect to the translation. Replacing "facki" with "zvafa'i" would remove the problem and make it more precise.
== Chapter 14 ==
* Section 6, example 3: "Alices" should be "Alice" without -s.
* Section 8, right before example 8.9 is "producing example 8.10" which should in fact read "producing example 8.9". [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 9: between example 9.10 and 9.11, "identified" should read "identical"
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 11, example 4: The gloss seems to have a misplaced "[plus]".
* Section 11, right before section 12. It says "termsets...are explained in Chapter 12 and Chapter 16" but chapter 12 (which is on lujvo) makes absolutely no mention of termsets. Chapters 9 and 10 discuss termsets. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 14, example 14.15 is not grammatical (according to jbofi'e and camxes) because it says "pe'e .e" when it should say "pe'e je". [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 14, example 14.16 mentions "sorme", which is probably Old Loglan, and should be replaced by "mensi".
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 14, "the stated gloss of TFTTas “only if” works naturally only when the right-hand bridi is true; if it is false, the left-hand bridi may be either true or false." changed to "the stated gloss of TFTTas “only if” works naturally only when the right-hand bridi is false; if it is true, the left-hand bridi may be either true or false."
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 15, example 15.8 is missing a dot after "la lojban".
* Section 15, right after 15.9, it says "example 14.17" where it should say "example 15.9" (14.17 does not exist). [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 15, example 15.9 is not grammatical; it should be "la djan. fa'u la frank. cusku nu'i bau la lojban. pe'e fa'u bai la djordj.".
* Section 17, example 17.4 is wrong. The section explains that mekso operators can be logically connected using {gu'e ... gi ...}, but this example tries to connect them with {ge ... gi ...}. Replace {ge} with {gu'e} in the example to correct it.
* Section 19, example 19.4 is translated as "I opine the fact-that a-mass-of living-things is-at Jupiter or-else I opine the fact-that a-mass-of living-things isn't-at Jupiter" but really it's "I opine the fact-that a-mass-of living-things is-at Jupiter or-else I '''do-not''' opine the fact-that a-mass-of living-things '''is-at''' Jupiter". So 19.4 is actually true, not false as it is claimed to be.
** Correct, so this example will need replacing. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Also there isn't really a reason for it to say a mass of living things and not some individual living things.
** Stet. The author prefers it that way, thankyouverymuch. --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]].

== Chapter 15 ==
* Section 2, missing < /pre > tag after example 2.8 and < pre> tag before example 2.9.
* Section 4, example 4.12 /nake/na'eke/
* Section 9, two paragraphs above example 9.4 the word "negativ" should be "negative". [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 9: Is there supposed to be any difference between ex. 9.5 and 9.6?
** That problem is only in the online version.
* Section 10, three paragraphs after example 10.14, there's a semicolon which should be a comma after "(say, a spelling error)". [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 10, it says "'ji'una'iku' metalinguistically says that something is wrong with that assumption. (See Chapter 10.)". Shouldn't that be Chapter 9, modals?
** ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL'' (zort's fork at least) [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]\
* change "A ``na'' before the selbri is always transformed into a ``naku'' at the left-hand end of the prenex, and vice versa." to: "A ``na'' before the selbri is always transformed into a ``naku'' at the right-hand end of the prenex, and vice versa."

== Chapter 16 ==
* Section 5, example 5.5: English has "every Y" when it should read "every X"
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 6, example 6.6 has a missing "cu" before "viska".
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 8, the explanation of example 8.3 says "any entity which is one is also the other". That would be true if the example used {go}, but it uses {ganai}. 8.3 does not claim that if something walks across the field then it goes to the store. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]] Change it to use {go}. ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
** Same place: needs to bo {da go}, not {go da} And the gloss should be "For-every X: X is-a-goer-to the store if-and-only-if it is-a-walker-on the field." ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 8, example 8.3. Either the {da} should come before the {ganai} (or, by the previous ^ erratum, {go}) and the gloss should be changed to only mention "X" once, or a {da} should be inserted before {cadzu}.
** ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL'' chose first option since it's terser (zort's fork at least) but needs approval
* This: "Adjacent negation boundaries in the prenex can be dropped," reads better as "Adjacent pairs of negation boundaries in the prenex can be dropped,"
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
*** The online version says "Adjacent double negation boundaries", but I'm okay with either "double" or "pairs of". --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]]
* Section 10, ex. 10.5 and 10.6 have a prenex, "naku zo'u", after an ijek. This is not allowed by the grammar. It could be fixed by removing the "zo'u" and using "naku" outside the prenex, although this is only explained in the following Section 11.
** This is a big problem, and I'm not sure what should be fixed. --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]] '''NOFIX'''
* Section 12, ex. 12.7 and 12.9 have missing "cu"s.
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 14, Example 14.1 has "blaci" (glass) not "blabi" (white) as per the English.
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* A few missing {ku'o}: ex 1.89, ex 1.92

== Chapter 17 ==
* Section 5, after example 5.1, paragraph starting "However, " has incorrect font. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 5, in the second paragraph after example 5.1, says 'the lerfu word “ty” would represent not Latin “t” but Greek “tau”.' Shouldn't it be "ty."?
* Section 9, page 421. lerfu strings are written without pauses or spaces, even though BY words have to end with a consonant.
** Stet. BY words do not end with a consonant, and a string of them can never be ambiguous, so pauses/spaces are not required. --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]]
* Section 9, Example 9.4: shouldn't "symyjy" be "symydy" (lojban morphology)? [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 10. After Example 10.4.5, the reference to Example 10.4 should be instead to Example 10.4.5.
**In the current DAG-CLL, the examples numbering is sane, but after Example 10.3, the two references to Example 10.4 should be to Example 10.3.
* Right before section 12, there is a line break in the middle of the paragraph. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* In section 13, the first paragraph states "Historically, these character sets have only covered the English alphabet and a few selected punctuation marks.", which is incorrect. There have been multitudes of character sets for writing systems other than the English alphabet.
** Change to something along the line of "Historically, each of these character sets has only covered a particular writing system."
* Section 17, page 427. ".tvriydos. bu" begins with the consonant cluster, which isn't even permissible medially.
** change to tyvriydos
*** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
**** Actually, it should be "tyvrdos. bu" --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]]
* In the table in section 19, the lervla for over-dot (".garmoc. bu") and over-ring (".garjin. bu") should be updated to their post-Reallocation forms, ".gapmoc. bu" and ".gapyjin. bu".
*** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 19 has two columns run together in the row that says "Danish/Latin aetei .abu .ebu foi"

== Chapter 18 ==
* [https://lojban.github.io/cll/18/10/ ju'u] is in VUhU. It should be of the type PA. Notice how {pi} and {ni'u} and {ka'o} and {ci'i} and {fi'u} are all of type {pa}, so they can go in a numerical literal between digits. especially {ka'o}, which can separate the real part and imaginary part to make a complex literal, and similarly {su'o} and {su'e} can separate numbers to make intervals.
* Section 3, ex. 3.10, should translate as ".1012001". [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* In section 4 example 4.5 is linked instead of 4.7 - "Example 4.5 is not ``1 minus 2'', [[.. ..|.. ..]]" where example 4.5 is just "te'o". [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]''
* Section 5, p437 ex5.9 gloss: our -> four [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
** ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 6, p438: j vu'u -> vu'u [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
** ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Start of section 11 should read there are five members of MOI (not four). [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* In section 11, ex 11.10 on va'e "sofi'upano" in the example is glossed as "8/10" instead of "9/10". [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
** ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* In section 11, "lei ratcu poi zvati le panka cu so'umei fo lo'i ratcu", but there is no 4th place of mei.
** Remove the "fo"; [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Example 14.4 needs a sub-2 after both numbers.
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* In section 17, example 17.5, {gi} should be replaced by {gu'e}, because mekso operators are to be connected by guheks. This is essentially the same mistake as in example 14/17.4.
* In section 17, the English translation for example 17.6 has the formula rendered wrong in the HTML version. The fraction bar should be added (it is invisble currently), and the words "then x =" should be vertically aligned to the fraction bar (they are currently aligned to the numerator).
* In section 17, at the bottom of page 454, the quadratic formula should be described as a classic example of operator logical connection, not operand. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 20, p458: -established -> established [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 21 states that the rafsi of "frinu" may be used as rafsi for "fi'u"; however, "frinu" lost both of its short rafsi in the Reallocation, so this really isn't very useful. The table below lists "fi'u" as a rafsi usable for "fi'u", therefore of "frinu"; the gimste lists "fi'u" as a rafsi of "cfipu".
** This is a serious problem which needs some thought. There needs to be a rafsi for fi'u somehow. --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]] '''NOFIX'''
* Section 22 example 22.3, "mo'e voboi renomei su'i ze", does not parse.
** It needs "vei" in front to be a quantifier (an operand by itself is not a permitted fragment). Also, the following text mentions "te'u" but the example omits it.
*** None of those examples parse without {li}, which I have added to all. Replaced the one in question with "li mo'e voboi renomei te'u su'i ze" [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 25. The rafsi for "so'e", -sop-, is missing, the rafsi for the following four words are listed under the wrong word. That is, -sor- is actually the rafsi for "so'i", and -daz- is the rafsi for "da'a".

== Chapter 19 ==
* Section 4, p467 ex4.3: zu'o -> zo'u [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 6, page 472. Example 6.6 ends with "klama", but for the argument to make sense, it has to say "nunkla".
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 7, Example 7.1 has as the English: "I go-to (firstly) the store and (secondly) the market." "the market" should be "the house".
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Example 11.8, there's a denpabu after {za'e} and no denpabu after {albeinias}.
** ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL'' (zort's fork at least) but needs approval
* Section 11, the paragraph after example 11.8 says "ctiipyris" but it should be "ckiipyris". [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 13, "and the undefined fu'ivla “speranto”." Replace "fu'ivla" with "lujvo".

== Chapter 20 ==
* Section LE, page 498. In "le gerku klama le zdani", "cu" is missing.
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section TUhE, page 505. In "xagmau zo'u tu'e ganai cidja gi cnino .i ganai vanju gi tolci'o tu'u", "cnino" should be replaced by "citno". Also, a prenex can't have a selbri, so ''xagmau'' should be replaced by ''lo xagmau''.
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section SE, page 504: missing "cu" after "zarci".
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* In the passages on VEI and VEhO, the "bo"s should be changed to "bi'e"s. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]

== Chapter 21 ==
* In the BNF grammar, the rule simple-tense-modal-972 is missing a "|" before the CUhE. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* In the BNF grammar, the rule simple-tense-modal-972 has an extra newline in the space/time subphrase.
* In the BNF grammar, the rule selbri-1-131 is missing a "|" before the NA. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* In the BNF grammar, the rule tanru-unit-2-152 is missing a "|" before the JAI. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL'' ; bizarelly, the Word doc the book was printed from does not have this problem at all.
* In the BNF grammar, the rule operator-1-371 is missing two "|". [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* In the BNF grammar, the rule mex-operator-374 is missing a "|" before the MAhO and another before the VUhU. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* In the BNF grammar, the rule operand-3-385 is missing a "|" before the NIhE. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* In the BNF grammar, in the rule time_1030, the "ZEhA <nowiki>[</nowiki>PU NAI <nowiki>]</nowiki>" should be enclosed in parentheses. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]

CLL, aka Reference Grammar, Errata

2015-02-04T20:41:00Z

Durka42: /* Chapter 10 */

This page is for errata in [[The Complete Lojban Language|The Complete Lojban Language]], that is for mistakes such as typos, or self-contradictions, or contradictions with other baselined language definition material. This is '''not''' a page to put desiderata (suggestions for improvement); such suggestions should go to [[Suggestions for CLL, second edition|Suggestions for CLL, second edition]]. This is also not a page to put errata resulting from the 4th Baseline Grammar proposal (i.e., the [[PEG|PEG]] grammar); PEG grammar errata should go to [[CLL PEG Errata|CLL PEG Errata]].

An online version of the CLL incorporating the changes on this page [http://mw.lojban.org/extensions/cll/ is available].

See also [[What is Lojban errata|'What is Lojban?' errata]] (for the published version), Level 0 Booklet Errata [[Level 0 Booklet Errata Introduction|Level 0 Booklet Errata]] (for the pre-publication reviews; now finished), and [[Lessons Errata|Lessons Errata]] (for the beginners' course).

The "''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''" tag means that http://mw.lojban.org/extensions/cll/ includes this fix, which also means it'll probably be in the next CLL version.

== Chapter 1 ==
* There is a paragraph at the very beginning of CLL, on page 4, with the sentence ''"In essence, Chapter 2 gives a brief overview of the language, Chapter 21 gives the formal structure of the language, and the chapters in between put semantic bones on that formal flesh."''
** Wouldn't it make more sense to say "put semantic flesh on those formal bones"? [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 6, it says "Larry Horn's work ''The Natural History of Negation''". It would appear that everyone else calls it '''''A''' Natural History of Negation'', by '''Laurence''' (R.) Horn.
** ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL'' (zort's fork at least) but needs approval

== Chapter 2 ==
* Section 5 example 5.7 uses "ti" to point at a language, and should have its accompanying note changed to more accurately reflect that this is not how "ti" works.
* Section 6 Example 6.5 has "cu" as elidable, when in fact it is simply illegal there. Removed. ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
** uanai, I still see "cu" in DAG-CLL.
* Section 8 page 17 claims that "xu" is discussed in section 1.7, which happens to list the captions for all the chapter pictures.
** It should refer to Section 15. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
*** The link in the current DAG-CLL is pointing to "2/2/15" instead of to "2/15".
* Section 10 says that example 10.3 (mi tavla do le tavla ku) means the same as (mi tavla do le tavla ku). Example 10.3 should be "mi tavla do le tavla", as it describes how "ku" may be omitted.
** It appears that example 10.3 is incorrect only in the online version, not the published book.
* Section 17 says "Note that Example 17.3 has and requires a “cu” to prevent “bajra” and “klama” from forming a tanru, but Example 17.4 and Example 17.5 lack the unnecessary “cu”.", but example 17.3 is "la djan. ~np~[[cu|cu]]~/np~ klama le zarci".
** It appears that the offending sentence is present only in the online version, not the published book.
* Example 17.9 is "le vi tavla ku cu ba klama" in the online version, and totally broken in the published book.
** Go with the online version. [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Example 17.9 in dag-cll as of 2012-05-05 is "le vi tavla ~np~[[ku|ku]]~/np~ cu ba klama". Since the same section has explained that tense tags make "cu" unnecessary, I think the example should be "le vi tavla ~np~[[ku|ku]] [[cu|cu]]~/np~ ba klama".

== Chapter 3 ==

A lot of the IPA examples use a space to indicate a syllable break. This is not standard IPA usage; according to IPA, the period “.” should be used to indicate a syllable division.
* Section 2, page 30: in the table the description of "apostrophe" should read "an unvoiced glottal spirant", not "a unvoiced".
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 2, digital version. The IPA table got horribly mangled somewhere along the way. It should look like (SAMPA column added):
{| class="wikitable"
|| Letter
|| IPA
|| SAMPA
|| Description

|-
|| '
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/h h]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/h h]
|| an unvoiced glottal spirant

|-
|| ,
|| -
|| -
|| the syllable separator

|-
|| .
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ʔ ʔ]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/CLL,+aka+Reference+Grammar,+Errata? ?]
|| a glottal stop or a pause

|-
|| a
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/a a], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ɑ ɑ]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/a a], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/A A]
|| an open vowel

|-
|| b
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/b b]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/b b]
|| a voiced bilabial stop

|-
|| c
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ʃ ʃ], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ʂ ʂ]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/S S], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/s%60 s`]
|| an unvoiced postalveolar fricative

|-
|| d
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/d d]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/d d]
|| a voiced dental/alveolar stop

|-
|| e
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ɛ ɛ], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/e e]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/E E], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/e e]
|| a front mid vowel

|-
|| f
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/f f], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ɸ ɸ]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/f f], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/p/ p\]
|| an unvoiced labial fricative

|-
|| g
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ɡ ɡ]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/g g]
|| a voiced velar stop

|-
|| i
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/i i]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/i i]
|| a front close vowel

|-
|| j
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ʒ ʒ], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ʐ ʐ]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/Z Z], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/z%60 z`]
|| a voiced postalveolar fricative

|-
|| k
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/k k]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/k k]
|| an unvoiced velar stop

|-
|| l
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/l l], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/l̩ l̩]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/l l], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/l= l=]
|| a voiced lateral approximant (may be syllabic)

|-
|| m
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/m m], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/m̩ m̩]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/m m], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/m= m=]
|| a voiced bilabial nasal (may be syllabic)

|-
|| n
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/n n], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/n̩ n̩], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ŋ ŋ], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ŋ̩ ŋ̩]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/n n], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/n= n=], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/N N], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/N= N=]
|| a voiced dental or velar nasal (may be syllabic)

|-
|| o
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/o o], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ɔ ɔ]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/o o], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/O O]
|| a back mid vowel

|-
|| p
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/p p]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/p p]
|| an unvoiced bilabial stop

|-
|| r
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/r r], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ɹ ɹ], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ɾ ɾ], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ʀ ʀ], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/r̩ r̩], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ɹ̩ ɹ̩], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ɾ̩ ɾ̩], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ʀ̩ ʀ̩]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/r r], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/r/ r\], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/4 4], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/R/ R\], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/r= r=], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/r/= r\=], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/4= 4=], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/R/= R\=]
|| a rhotic sound

|-
|| s
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/s s]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/s s]
|| an unvoiced alveolar sibilant

|-
|| t
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/t t]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/t t]
|| an unvoiced dental/alveolar stop

|-
|| u
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/u u]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/u u]
|| a back close vowel

|-
|| v
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/v v], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/β β]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/v v], [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/B B]
|| a voiced labial fricative

|-
|| x
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/x x]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/x x]
|| an unvoiced velar fricative

|-
|| y
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/ə ə]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/@ @]
|| a central mid vowel

|-
|| z
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/z z]
|| [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/z z]
|| a voiced alveolar sibilant

|}
** Sort-of [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]]; what I actually did is had Arnt review what someone entered in DAG-CLL, which presumably was based on the above. ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 2, page 30. for the second eng (immediately to the left of "(may be syllabic)") the syllabicity marker is concealed by the right tail.
** I can just barely see the marker under a good light. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
*** For future editions :-) , note that the IPA approves putting diacritics above rather than below the letter in cases like these. Unfortunately, the fonts hitherto available have not made this facility available, so outside the journal of the IPA itself, such over-diacritics are seldom seen. — nitcion
* In section 3.2, the comma should (probably) be represented by the IPA notation [[ , aka Reference Grammar, Errata| ]], as the period is used in IPA to denote syllable breaks. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 2, page 30. For the Lojban phoneme /r/, the IPA symbol for a dental/alveolar voiced apical tap is given with a syllabicity marker below. A tap can't be syllabic, because it is by definition instantaneous. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]] Just remove that case altogether.
* Section 2. The descriptions of ''c'' and ''j'' are listed as "coronal sibilant"s. The descriptions should read "voiceless postalveolar fricative" and "voiced postalveolar fricative", respectively. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 3, third paragraph (page 31): "a unvoiced vowel glide" should be "an unvoiced vowel glide".
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 6, page 36. IPA for the unacceptable American flap variant of intervocalic ''t'' shows the GA ''r'' sound (upside-down r) instead of the flap (like an r with no vertical bit at the top — see the list of acceptible ''r'' variants on on page 44 where it appears correctly) [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 6, page 36. (Same as previous erratum) The consonant is referred to as a flap, while it is actually a tap. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 7. In between the shaded boxes, "a pairing of voiced and unvoiced equivalent vowels" should read "a pairing of voiced and unvoiced equivalent consonants".
* Section 8, page 38. IPA for pronunciation of "xapcke" has c where it should have S (long s). [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 9, page 40. IPA for pronunciation of "dikyjvo" has j where it should have Z (that little script z thing) [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 12, page 46. What should be the Cyrillic letter ; is printed as something that looks like the Greek letter . Is this only a typographical variant of the ;, or is it a variant?
** This erratum is indecipherable and should be dropped, unless someone can reconstruct it. The Cyrillic letters look fine. --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]]
* Section 12, page 46. Replace the words "the hard sign" with an actual hard sign, U+044A CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER HARD SIGN.
* Section 12, page 47. "are/"esse" should probably be "are"/"esse" (the acute on the a may or may not have been left off, but the closing quote after are is definately missing.)
** My copy shows the acute.
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''

== Chapter 4 ==
* Section 4, page 54. The book states that fu'ivla with a form like ''spa'i'' are valid. They are not, they fail the slinku'i test. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 6, p 58, "-lac" in the third table in that section should be "-lac-"
* Section 6, it says "Most cmavo that have rafsi are ones used in composing tanru (for a complete list, see Chapter 12)", but there is no such list in Chapter 12, or anywhere in the book (ju'osai). Perhaps it wants to point to the list of PA rafsi in Chapter 18 section 25? Or to the lists of tanru in Chapter 5 sections 14 and 15?
** What I probably meant was that Chapter 12, taken as a whole, discusses the cmavo used in constructing tanru. I don't think any specific list ever existed. I'd just drop the parenthetical sentence.
* Section 6, just after example 6.9. It says "some of the unreduced forms in the previous example", but it is not referring to the previous example: it is referring all the way back to examples 6.1 and 6.2, so it should be "some of the unreduced forms in the previous example'''s'''".
** ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL'' (zort's fork at least)

[[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]] Refer explicitly to 6.1 and 6.2
* Section 7, page 60. In example 6.16, the word "xarnykarce" is glossed as "war-car". Either the gloss should be updated to reflect the veljvo ("stubborn-car"), or the lujvo should be updated to reflect the gloss "jamkarce"
** The latter [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 7, making a type 3 fu'ivla, step 5 should read "steps 1-4", not "steps 1-5". [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 7, step 5 of the Stage 3 fu'ivla: "if the rafsi ends in ''r'' and the rest of the fu'ivla begins with ''n'' (or vice versa) use an ''l''-hyphen" should read "if the rafsi ends in ''r'' and the rest of the fu'ivla begins with ''n'', ''tc'', ''ts'', ''dz'' or ''dj'', or the rafsi ends in ''n'' and the rest of the fu'ivla begins with ''r'' use an ''l''-hyphen". [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* The end of section 7 seems to imply that cmene are exempt from the normal restrictions on consonant clusters as long as each consonant pair is valid.
* Section 8. Example 8.10 ''djandjonz'' is not valid lojban as it contains the forbidden consonant sequence `ndj`. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]] Replace with a different name.
** Replacing with "John Brown" as "djanbraun". mi'e la [[User:Robin Lee Powell|.camgusmis.]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 8, page 66. Example 8.12. Says that the gismu "solri" means "actually, 'pertaining to the sun'". This is false. According to the gismu list, it means ''is''a sun.
** Leave this one alone. As a seltau, "solri" does indeed mean "solar". --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]]
* Section 11, 5a) ''Examine all the C/C consonant pairs that join the CVC rafsi, and also the pair between the last CVC and the X portion, ignoring any "y"-hyphen before the X.'' should read instead: ''Examine all the C/C consonant pairs up to the first "y"-hyphen, or up to the end of the word in case there are no "y"-hyphens.''
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 12. In Examples 12.2, 12.3 and 12.4 the calculations are given as 32500 minus the score, instead of simply the score. (Probably from previous versions of the algorithm.) [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 13, page 74, third table: there is no space between "lojbaugri" and "lojbangygri", so that they are run into one word in the second column of the table. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 15 states that "dzipo" comes from "cadzu cipni" ("walking bird"). This fails to make sense either etymologically or semantically (If the name refers to penguins, there are a lot of other features of Antarctica that are more prominent and not shared by other places). I suspect that the word may actually come from "dizlo daplu" ("low island"), which is a somewhat more reasonable name.
** Not an erratum, the word really does come from "caDZu cIPni". That it fails to make sense doesn't change the fact that that is how they constructed it. The etymologies of "bemro" and "ketco" make even less sense, by the way.
*** Correct, but the etymologies are what they are. --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]]
* [https://groups.google.com/forum/m/?fromgroups#!topic/lojban/s9P3LoGj5TI Etymology of ''misro''] from ''Mizrahim'' seems like an unnecessary and surprising detour. Linking it to ''misr'' makes more sense. mu'o mi'e .[[User:iesk|iesk]]. 16:47, 10 avgusto 2013 (UTC)

== Chapter 5 ==
* Section 6, example 6.15: It says {xamgu jo cortu nuntavla}, and the gloss says {(good if-and-only-if short) speech}, but {cortu} means "hurt", not "short".
** ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL'' (changed to {tordu}) (in zort's fork at least) [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Example 6.16: vajni ju selpluka nuntavla , (important whether-or-not pleasing) event-of-talking
** Should be pluka, not selpluka. [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 8 says "involving selma'o VOhA and GOhI, explained in Chapter 7", but VOhA doesn't appear in Chapter 7. VOhA doesn't even seem to be a selma'o, for that matter. Also, probably GOhI should be GOhA?
* Section 8, page 96/97: Example 8.13 needs some kind of terminator (like "be'o") before the "co". [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Also, the preceding paragraph suggests that "be" is the only way to fill selbri places other than x1. This is not the case: "mi le zarci cu klama co sutra" would also work.
** I don't agree that there's any such suggestion, although adding a second possibility is fine with me. --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]]
* Section 9 lists "kei" as the terminator for nu, but it's not only for nu, but for all of NU. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 14, page 104 says "dadylsi" for "dadysli".
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 14, page 105 uses "zdani lijgri" in the example list, but the paragraph after, as well as the next list, refer to "zdani linji" and "linji zdani".
* Section 14, page 105 has the lujvo "cpumi'i" but defines it at the bottom of the set as "cpami'i".
** cuami'i s pull-machine, so using that [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 14, page 106 says "plise tapla" for "apple cake". Does Turkish really refer to a cake as a tile, or is this a misunderstanding of the definition of "tapla"?
** No, it's that {tapla} can mean both cake and tile, as the gismu list shows; it's a generic word for a flat 3-D shape, or short cylinder. Stet. --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]]
* Section 14, page 108 says "tumla spisa". This should probably be "tumla pagbu", since pieces of land are not actually detached.
** What makes you think that spisa have to be detached? Stet. --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]]
* Section 14, page 109 says "rostu mojysu'a". "rostu" is not a Lojban gismu, nor an Old Loglan primitive. It's supposed to be "mrostu".
** "Mrostu" is correct, and that's the reading of the online version. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 14, "nunkilbra" is clearly not "sharpener", and even if it was using the right rafsi for cabra, that strikes me as a pretty crappy lujvo; needs zenba or zmadu or binxo or something.
* Section 14, page 112 lists numerous tanru examples whose meanings are hypernyms of the tertau instead of hyponyms. This contradicts the primariness of the tertau as defined on page 84. The word "ja" should probably be inserted between the constituents, or the entire section should be removed.
** Stet. Lions can't be made of stone, but {rokci cinfo} is a legitimate tanru nonetheless. --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]]

== Chapter 6 ==
* End of section 2, it says "compound negator ``naku'' (discussed in Chapter 15)", but "naku" is never mentioned in chapter 15; indeed, the only uses of the word {ku} at all are after the words {ji'u} or {na'i}. Chapter 16 talks about {naku}.''
** ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL'' (zort's fork at least) but needs approval
* Section 12, p. 138 claims that the sumti in examples 12.2 and 12.3 operate like examples 2.5 and 3.6 respectively. "2.6 and 3.6" is almost surely what was meant. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* In section 11 Example 11.2 occurs twice.
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 2 has examples 2.3 and 2.5 to show the difference between {lo} and {le}. Example 2.5 and the subsequent text say that {lo nanmu cu ninmu} is necessarily false in lojban since {noda nanmu gi'e ninmu}. This contributes to trans-erasure, and should be revised.
* In section 5 between examples 5.2 and 5.3, it says that the typical lion best exemplifies the set of lions. This is false, it exemplifies not the set, but the members of that set.

== Chapter 7 ==
* Section 5. http://lojban.github.io/cll/7/6/index.html. 6.14 is usage with outer repeating. It would seem that was a mistake. Looking at that, it seems like the author expects {nei} to repeat the entire outermost bridi, and expects {no'a} to repeat the outer bridi alone, somehow without the current innermost bridi. Or something. Definitely seems mistaken to me. so with zo'e in place of the abstraction clause. In this case, maybe with {zi'o}, actually. That would be useful but it would be nice if that had been explicit.
* Section 6, page 155 has a note below example 6.13 that says, in part: "The Lojban does not contain an equivalent of the "my" in colloquial English;" and then goes on to explain how example 6.13 could be modified to include the relationship between the speaker and their son and daughter. I believe you could say "le mi bersa" or "le bersa pe mi" to express the English "my," therefor removing the (presumably inaccurate) note and making the Lojban translation more accurate.
** Sure you could, but the point of the note (which is ''not'' inaccurate) is not teaching how to use relative clauses, but to clarify that the idiomatic English version contains more information than the Lojban version does. Stet.
* Section 6, page 156 has ''karca'' for ''karce''. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* After example 6.18 is a paragraph that quotes non-existent text from example 6.10. "go'e ra'o" should read "go'i ra'o" and "do go'e" should read "mi go'i"
** The correct correction is to replace "B's statement" with "A's second statement". [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
*** Not really. "go'e ra'o" in A's second statement would mean the same as "go'e", which is wrong. The original correction is valid though.
*Section 6, the exceptions to the anaphora rules are almost certainly incomplete. In particular "ma" and "ce'u" definitely warrant exceptions.
* Section 7, example 7.7 has "mi zbasu loi mudri zi'o" for "mi zbasu le dinju zi'o"
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 8, p. 158 implies that ''vo'a''-series anaphora refer to sumti of the bridi they themselves are sumti of. This contradicts the cmavo list, and is incorrect: ''vo'a''-series anaphora (according to the ma'oste) refer to sumti of the outermost bridi within the current sentence. This makes them logophors/long distance reflexives, rather than short-distance reflexives, as is normal in human language. Thus, in ''mi nelci lenu do prami vo'a'', ''vo'a''means ''mi'', not ''do''.
**'''-->'''[[Why the Book is Right and the ma'oste is Wrong|Why the Book is Right and the ma'oste is Wrong]]
***Which of the two cases is normal in human language? If you'd written it in Lojban, I'd know!
**** I'd guess that short-distance is normal, b/c otherwise it would not be worth comparing the two. But of course in lojban we wouldn't have to glork that.
***** Short-distance is indeed normal, but Lojbanists have consistently used long-distance. Nick wrote a peer-reviewed paper on this. --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]]
* Example 7.8.5 (p159): bajra on third line should be bajykla, like the others.
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 8, it says "Example 9.3 is a truly pregnant question..." when example 9.2 is the pregnant question, and example 9.3 is a better way of expressing "Who are you?"
* Section 15, it says "Finally, lujvo involving ``zi'o'' are also possible, and are fully discussed in Chapter 12", but nowhere does Chapter 12 mention the word {zi'o}, much less lujvo involving it. This is probably a Chapter 12 erratum.''

== Chapter 8 ==
* In Section 3 the example 3.20 should have {xance} instead of {xanci}, which is definitely a typo. --idontknw
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 8, p. 181: 8.1) ''li pai noi na'e frinu namcu''should be ''li pai noi na'e frinu cu namcu''. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 8, Example 8.6, the third line, "I runningly-go to-this [[reciprocity|reciprocity]] [[x3 of this bridi|x3 of this bridi]] from-that", is not the usual decent English one would expect in that position; replaced with "I run to this from that and vice versa." is dag-cll ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 9, example 9.2 is ''co'o xirma''. Then, ''Note that Example 9.2 says farewell to something which doesn’t really have to be a horse, something that the speaker simply thinks of as being a horse, or even might be something (a person, for example) who is named "Horse". In a sense, Example 9.2 is ambiguous between "co'o le xirma" and "co'o la xirma"''. Is this true?
** Yes, in the sense that all uses of "le" ''might'' mean "la". But it's probably more confusing than it's worth. Truncate after "thinks of as being a horse". --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]]
* Section 9 says ''In vocative phrases which are simple names (after the vocative words), any relative clauses must come just after the names''. This isn't true. Relative clauses can go between the vocative and the cmevla. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]] Drop it; it reflects an earlier state of the language.
* Section 10, example 10.3 uses "ke'a goi ko'e zo'u ko'a zbasu ke'a" but glosses it as "(IT = it2 : it1 built it2)". The assigned "ko'e" is not used as expected or described, and should probably be "ko'a zbasu ko'e". [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]] Yes, "ko'a zbasu ko'e" is clearly what's meant.

== Chapter 9 ==
* Section 6, place structure of ''pilno'' is missing "for purpose x3". [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 8, the examples 8.5 and 8.6 are supposed to mean the same thing, but do not.
** Please elaborate. --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]]
*** 8.5 means "I gave the book to John, because John gave the money to me" but 8.6 means "John gave the money to me because I gave the book to John."
** ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL'' [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 11, description of the meaning of ".ije seri'a tu'e" contradicts the explanation of Example 9.9, which would suggest ".ije ri'a tu'e".
* section 17, "pertained to by concerning" should be separated, with "concerning" should be in the last column of the table * section 17 "from source as an origin of" should be two entries; "from source" and "as an origin of" ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL???''

== Chapter 10 ==
* Sections 4, 18: missing "cu" in examples 4.8, 18.3, 18.6
* Section 4, "when both spatial and temporal tense cmavo are given in a single tense construct, the temporal tense is expressed first" disagrees with the rule simple-tense-modal-972 in the BNF grammar.
* Section 9, example 9.9 on page 227 has "cirli" for "cirla".
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 12, example 12.6 translates morsi as "die" rather than "am dead" in the translation (as opposed to the gloss).
* Section 16, at the end, the X and Y in the 3 forms don't fit properly (the 3rd doesn't match the first two). I recommend, copying from Section 23 (where they are written again correctly):

X .i TENSE bo Y

TENSE gi X gi Y

Y TENSE le nu X
* Section 17, example 17.12 should not have the second "bevri".
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 18, example 18.9 is supposed to show scalar negation of tenses not limited to PU and FAhA, but the example tense is ri'u (FAhA2).
* Section 19, example 19.10 should have "ba", not "pu", and "[[uture|uture]]", not "[[past|past]]". [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 25, examples 25.1 and 25.2 have ''lu'a'' for ''la'u''.
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 25, this whole section is at odds with the formal grammar. It says: ''It is grammatical for a termset to be placed after a tense or modal tag rather than a sumti''. But that is in fact incorrect, it is not grammatical for a termset to be the argument of a tag.
** Unfortunately true. Termsets suck rocks, and some work will have to be done to make everything said about them consistent -- if it is even possible. Personally, I'd like to just burn them. --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]] '''NOFIX'''
* Section 27: MOhI see Section 28, not 27. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]

== Chapter 11 ==
* Section 4: The use of ka in Example 4.4 (page 259) is erroneous; it should be du'u. --[[John Cowan|John Cowan]] [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Last paragraph of section 7 references chapter 5 for a discussion of "lu'e". lu'e isn't mentioned in chapter 5. Probably chapter 6 is meant here.
** Yes, should be Section 5.10. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 9, page 266 has "sao'rdzifa'a" instead of "sa'ordzifa'a".
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* The same example (9.6) also has kuctra instead of kuctai
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* The book title in example 9.6 seems to be incorrect: "The Crucifixion of Jesus Considered As A Downhill Bicycle Race" is actually "[http://www.evergreenreview.com/102/fiction/duo.html he Crucifixion Considered As An Uphill Bicycle Race]."
** Unapproved
* Section 10: Paragraph above example 10.7 references "Chapter 11". That should read "Chapter 10".
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 12, page 269 has examples 13.1 and 13.2, those should be called 12.1 and 12.2. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]

== Chapter 12 ==
* Section 2, page 275. The paragraph under Example 2.3 refers to it as Example 2.4 (2.4 doesn't even exist). [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 5, right after example 5.7. It says "a" instead of "an". [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 6, page 280. Example 6.6 should have a space between "la spat." and "noi".
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 7, page 282. Example 7.5 has "bansoi" instead of "balsoi".
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 11, page 285 has "xascakcurnu" instead of "xasycakcurnu".
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 12 refers to "nunklama" as the same lujvo as "nunkla". Even if these are equivalent alternatives it would be less confusing to be consistent.
* Section 12 claims that -jax- is a rafsi for {jai}, but it isn't in http://www.lojban.org/publications/wordlists/rafsi.txt. Does {jai} have a rafsi or not?
** It should, but somehow it never got into the gismu list, and consequently not into the rafsi list either. Stet, and we'll add it to the gismu list. --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]]
* Section 12, right at the end, says that {fai} is explained in Chapter 11, but Chapter 11 makes no mention of {fai}. Only chapters 9 and 10 do.
** ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL'' (zort's fork at least) [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 14, example 14.2. Missing < /pre > tag, and missing < pre> tag following explanatory paragraph.
* Section 14, page 291. The paragraph under example 14.7 says "se xance mindu" instead of "se xance minde".
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 15, two paragraphs before example 15.7. It says "There are some comparative concepts which are in which the 'se zmadu' is difficult to specify." The "which are in which" seems grammatically incorrect.
** Drop "which are". --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]] [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 15, example 15.1, the x4 of {zmadu} and {mleca} should be "by amount" or "by quantity", not "in quantity".
* Section 15, page 294, example 15.14. "la ainctain" needs a period before it because it starts with a vowel.
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''

== Chapter 13 ==
* Many incidents of not having periods in front of vowel-initial cmavo.
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* In section 2, p. 300 references to the examples for .ue and .uecu'i are flipped. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 3, page 303, example 3.9. "e'e" needs a period before it.
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 3, page 303, example 3.10. "tisna" needs to be replaced with "tisygau".
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 4, page 305. The scale with the gismu mnemonics is misaligned with the scale with the members of selma'o CAI. "sai" should be tabbed one place left, so that it aligns with tsali, &c.
* Section 7, it says "It is not clear how much use logically connected abstractors will be: see Chapter 13." It should be "Chapter 15."
** ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL'' (zort's fork at least) but needs approval
* Section 10, page 313. There is a missing space between "continue emotion" and "end emotion".
* <nowiki>Section 15. A sample dialogue 15.4) / [Comment] Pam says, [Please] Alice, [end-of-comment] / [Comment] Pam says, [end-of-comment] [Please] Alice,/</nowiki> [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 15, example 15.5 /xamgu/gleki/ ?
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 15, example 15.10) /fi'i ro zvati ko pinxe pa ckafi/fi'i ro zvati .i ko pinxe pa ckafi/
** No, this one is perfectly fine: "fi'i ro zvati" is a vocative phrase, which is a free modifier, meaning that it can occur almost anywhere. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 15, example 15.13) /fi'o selpleji mi/fi'o pleji mi/
** And "with payer" rather than "with payment"; ey's not paying with emself! -- camgusmis
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* ".ai mi benji do le ckana" with gloss "[intent] I transfer you to-the bed". I think benji should be replaced with muvgau.
Section 15, example 15.13. Wrong use of {selfu}. {bevri} would fit better.

== Chapter 14 ==
* Section 8, right before example 8.9 is "producing example 8.10" which should in fact read "producing example 8.9". [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 9: between example 9.10 and 9.11, "identified" should read "identical"
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 11, right before section 12. It says "termsets...are explained in Chapter 12 and Chapter 16" but chapter 12 (which is on lujvo) makes absolutely no mention of termsets. Chapters 9 and 10 discuss termsets. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 14, example 14.15 is not grammatical (according to jbofi'e and camxes) because it says "pe'e .e" when it should say "pe'e je". [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 14, example 14.16 mentions "sorme", which is probably Old Loglan, and should be replaced by "mensi".
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 14, "the stated gloss of TFTTas “only if” works naturally only when the right-hand bridi is true; if it is false, the left-hand bridi may be either true or false." changed to "the stated gloss of TFTTas “only if” works naturally only when the right-hand bridi is false; if it is true, the left-hand bridi may be either true or false."
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 15, example 15.8 is missing a dot after "la lojban".
* Section 15, right after 15.9, it says "example 14.17" where it should say "example 15.9" (14.17 does not exist). [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 15, example 15.9 is not grammatical; it should be "la djan. fa'u la frank. cusku nu'i bau la lojban. pe'e fa'u bai la djordj.".
* Section 17, example 17.4 is wrong. The section explains that mekso operators can be logically connected using {gu'e ... gi ...}, but this example tries to connect them with {ge ... gi ...}. Replace {ge} with {gu'e} in the example to correct it.
* Section 19, example 19.4 is translated as "I opine the fact-that a-mass-of living-things is-at Jupiter or-else I opine the fact-that a-mass-of living-things isn't-at Jupiter" but really it's "I opine the fact-that a-mass-of living-things is-at Jupiter or-else I '''do-not''' opine the fact-that a-mass-of living-things '''is-at''' Jupiter". So 19.4 is actually true, not false as it is claimed to be.
** Correct, so this example will need replacing. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Also there isn't really a reason for it to say a mass of living things and not some individual living things.
** Stet. The author prefers it that way, thankyouverymuch. --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]].

== Chapter 15 ==
* Section 2, missing < /pre > tag after example 2.8 and < pre> tag before example 2.9.
* Section 4, example 4.12 /nake/na'eke/
* Section 9, two paragraphs above example 9.4 the word "negativ" should be "negative". [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 9: Is there supposed to be any difference between ex. 9.5 and 9.6?
** That problem is only in the online version.
* Section 10, three paragraphs after example 10.14, there's a semicolon which should be a comma after "(say, a spelling error)". [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 10, it says "'ji'una'iku' metalinguistically says that something is wrong with that assumption. (See Chapter 10.)". Shouldn't that be Chapter 9, modals?
** ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL'' (zort's fork at least) [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]

== Chapter 16 ==
* Section 5, example 5.5: English has "every Y" when it should read "every X"
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 6, example 6.6 has a missing "cu" before "viska".
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 8, the explanation of example 8.3 says "any entity which is one is also the other". That would be true if the example used {go}, but it uses {ganai}. 8.3 does not claim that if something walks across the field then it goes to the store. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]] Change it to use {go}. ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
** Same place: needs to bo {da go}, not {go da} And the gloss should be "For-every X: X is-a-goer-to the store if-and-only-if it is-a-walker-on the field." ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 8, example 8.3. Either the {da} should come before the {ganai} (or, by the previous ^ erratum, {go}) and the gloss should be changed to only mention "X" once, or a {da} should be inserted before {cadzu}.
** ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL'' chose first option since it's terser (zort's fork at least) but needs approval
* This: "Adjacent negation boundaries in the prenex can be dropped," reads better as "Adjacent pairs of negation boundaries in the prenex can be dropped,"
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
*** The online version says "Adjacent double negation boundaries", but I'm okay with either "double" or "pairs of". --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]]
* Section 10, ex. 10.5 and 10.6 have a prenex, "naku zo'u", after an ijek. This is not allowed by the grammar. It could be fixed by removing the "zo'u" and using "naku" outside the prenex, although this is only explained in the following Section 11.
** This is a big problem, and I'm not sure what should be fixed. --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]] '''NOFIX'''
* Section 12, ex. 12.7 and 12.9 have missing "cu"s.
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 14, Example 14.1 has "blaci" (glass) not "blabi" (white) as per the English.
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''

== Chapter 17 ==
* Section 5, after example 5.1, paragraph starting "However, " has incorrect font. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 5, in the second paragraph after example 5.1, says 'the lerfu word “ty” would represent not Latin “t” but Greek “tau”.' Shouldn't it be "ty."?
* Section 9, page 421. lerfu strings are written without pauses or spaces, even though BY words have to end with a consonant.
** Stet. BY words do not end with a consonant, and a string of them can never be ambiguous, so pauses/spaces are not required. --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]]
* Section 9, Example 9.4: shouldn't "symyjy" be "symydy" (lojban morphology)? [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 10. After Example 10.4.5, the reference to Example 10.4 should be instead to Example 10.4.5.
**In the current DAG-CLL, the examples numbering is sane, but after Example 10.3, the two references to Example 10.4 should be to Example 10.3.
* Right before section 12, there is a line break in the middle of the paragraph. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* In section 13, the first paragraph states "Historically, these character sets have only covered the English alphabet and a few selected punctuation marks.", which is incorrect. There have been multitudes of character sets for writing systems other than the English alphabet.
** Change to something along the line of "Historically, each of these character sets has only covered a particular writing system."
* Section 17, page 427. ".tvriydos. bu" begins with the consonant cluster, which isn't even permissible medially.
** change to tyvriydos
*** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
**** Actually, it should be "tyvrdos. bu" --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]]
* In the table in section 19, the lervla for over-dot (".garmoc. bu") and over-ring (".garjin. bu") should be updated to their post-Reallocation forms, ".gapmoc. bu" and ".gapyjin. bu".
*** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 19 has two columns run together in the row that says "Danish/Latin aetei .abu .ebu foi"

== Chapter 18 ==
* [https://lojban.github.io/cll/18/10/ ju'u] is in VUhU. It should be of the type PA. Notice how {pi} and {ni'u} and {ka'o} and {ci'i} and {fi'u} are all of type {pa}, so they can go in a numerical literal between digits. especially {ka'o}, which can separate the real part and imaginary part to make a complex literal, and similarly {su'o} and {su'e} can separate numbers to make intervals.
* Section 3, ex. 3.10, should translate as ".1012001". [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* In section 4 example 4.5 is linked instead of 4.7 - "Example 4.5 is not ``1 minus 2'', [[.. ..|.. ..]]" where example 4.5 is just "te'o". [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]''
* Section 5, p437 ex5.9 gloss: our -> four [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
** ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 6, p438: j vu'u -> vu'u [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
** ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Start of section 11 should read there are five members of MOI (not four). [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* In section 11, ex 11.10 on va'e "sofi'upano" in the example is glossed as "8/10" instead of "9/10". [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
** ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* In section 11, "lei ratcu poi zvati le panka cu so'umei fo lo'i ratcu", but there is no 4th place of mei.
** Remove the "fo"; [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Example 14.4 needs a sub-2 after both numbers.
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* In section 17, example 17.5, {gi} should be replaced by {gu'e}, because mekso operators are to be connected by guheks. This is essentially the same mistake as in example 14/17.4.
* In section 17, the English translation for example 17.6 has the formula rendered wrong in the HTML version. The fraction bar should be added (it is invisble currently), and the words "then x =" should be vertically aligned to the fraction bar (they are currently aligned to the numerator).
* In section 17, at the bottom of page 454, the quadratic formula should be described as a classic example of operator logical connection, not operand. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 20, p458: -established -> established [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 21 states that the rafsi of "frinu" may be used as rafsi for "fi'u"; however, "frinu" lost both of its short rafsi in the Reallocation, so this really isn't very useful. The table below lists "fi'u" as a rafsi usable for "fi'u", therefore of "frinu"; the gimste lists "fi'u" as a rafsi of "cfipu".
** This is a serious problem which needs some thought. There needs to be a rafsi for fi'u somehow. --[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]] '''NOFIX'''
* Section 22 example 22.3, "mo'e voboi renomei su'i ze", does not parse.
** It needs "vei" in front to be a quantifier (an operand by itself is not a permitted fragment). Also, the following text mentions "te'u" but the example omits it.
*** None of those examples parse without {li}, which I have added to all. Replaced the one in question with "li mo'e voboi renomei te'u su'i ze" [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 25. The rafsi for "so'e", -sop-, is missing, the rafsi for the following four words are listed under the wrong word. That is, -sor- is actually the rafsi for "so'i", and -daz- is the rafsi for "da'a".

== Chapter 19 ==
* Section 4, p467 ex4.3: zu'o -> zo'u [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 6, page 472. Example 6.6 ends with "klama", but for the argument to make sense, it has to say "nunkla".
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section 7, Example 7.1 has as the English: "I go-to (firstly) the store and (secondly) the market." "the market" should be "the house".
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Example 11.8, there's a denpabu after {za'e} and no denpabu after {albeinias}.
** ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL'' (zort's fork at least) but needs approval
* Section 11, the paragraph after example 11.8 says "ctiipyris" but it should be "ckiipyris". [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* Section 13, "and the undefined fu'ivla “speranto”." Replace "fu'ivla" with "lujvo".

== Chapter 20 ==
* Section LE, page 498. In "le gerku klama le zdani", "cu" is missing.
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section TUhE, page 505. In "xagmau zo'u tu'e ganai cidja gi cnino .i ganai vanju gi tolci'o tu'u", "cnino" should be replaced by "citno". Also, a prenex can't have a selbri, so ''xagmau'' should be replaced by ''lo xagmau''.
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* Section SE, page 504: missing "cu" after "zarci".
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL''
* In the passages on VEI and VEhO, the "bo"s should be changed to "bi'e"s. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]

== Chapter 21 ==
* In the BNF grammar, the rule simple-tense-modal-972 is missing a "|" before the CUhE. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* In the BNF grammar, the rule simple-tense-modal-972 has an extra newline in the space/time subphrase.
* In the BNF grammar, the rule selbri-1-131 is missing a "|" before the NA. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* In the BNF grammar, the rule tanru-unit-2-152 is missing a "|" before the JAI. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
** [[Approved Erratum|camgusmis: Approved]] ''INCLUDED IN DAG-CLL'' ; bizarelly, the Word doc the book was printed from does not have this problem at all.
* In the BNF grammar, the rule operator-1-371 is missing two "|". [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* In the BNF grammar, the rule mex-operator-374 is missing a "|" before the MAhO and another before the VUhU. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* In the BNF grammar, the rule operand-3-385 is missing a "|" before the NIhE. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]
* In the BNF grammar, in the rule time_1030, the "ZEhA <nowiki>[</nowiki>PU NAI <nowiki>]</nowiki>" should be enclosed in parentheses. [[Approved Erratum|John Cowan: Approved]]

formal definition of moi

2015-01-26T19:49:58Z

Durka42: /* Proposed definitions */

= What's the deal with '''moi'''? =
There are two related ways to use '''moi''':
#"numeric moi" (more common) and
#"associative moi".
For "numeric moi", there is some debate over the nature of moi3, the ordering rule.

Shown here are various definitions and Lojban expansions by various people.

See also the [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/BPFK+Section%3A+Numeric+selbri relevant BPFK section].

== Numeric ==
=== Proposed definitions ===
* x1 x2 x3 Nmoi = for a set x2 containing x1, and a predicate x3 comparing two members of the set, x1 compares as higher than all but N-1 set elements.
**In Lojban:
***[[la durka]]:
****ko'a ko'e ko'i xy zo'u lo ka ko'a xy moi ko'e ko'i cu ka ge ko'a cmima ko'e gi vei xy vu'u pa ve'o da poi cmima ko'e gi'e drata ko'a ku'o me'au ko'i ko'a
*****mi pazemoi lo prenu lo ka clamau
*****''I am the seventeenth tallest person.''
*****.i mi pamoi lo verba lo ka ce'u ce'u darxi
*****''No other kids hit me, and I hit all the other kids.''
* x1 x2 x3 Nmoi = for a set x2 containing x1, and a predicate x3 associating members of the set with a numerical value, x1 measures higher than all but N-1 set elements.
**In Lojban:
***[[la durka]]:
****ko'a ko'e ko'i xy zo'u lo ka ko'a xy moi ko'e ko'i cu ka ge ko'a cmima ko'e gi vei xy vu'u pa ve'o da poi cmima ko'e gi'e drata ko'a ku'o zmadu ko'a ko'i
*****mi pazemoi lo prenu lo ka clani
*****''I am the seventeenth tallest person.''
***[[la selpa'i]]:
****x1 boi N moi x2 boi x3 == x1 me x2 gi'e zmadu da'a N me x2 boi x3
*****mi pa ze moi lo prenu lo ka <nowiki>[ma kau ni] ce'u clani == mi zmadu da'a pa ze lo prenu lo ka [ma kau ni] ce'u clani</nowiki>
*****''I am the seventeenth tallest person.''

=== Discussion ===
The second definition (using the third place as a comparison predicate) seems more useful, to avoid surprises and have better correspondence with natlang words like "first", "second", etc. Looking at the [[BPFK_Section:_Numeric_selbri#cmavo_moi_.28MOI.29|BPFK examples]], one of them is '''ma xamoi le te minde i xamoi le te minde fa lo nu na catra''' ("Which is the sixth commandment? The sixth commandment is, Thou shalt not kill."). If moi3 is a unary predicate, then we need a convolution like '''lo ka xokau da se lidne ce'u''' to ensure that '''xamoi''' comes out as "sixth" and not "fourth" (4+6=10). It is more natural to consider moi3 as a binary predicate, similar to zmadu3, so that '''lo xamoi be lo te minde''' implies moi3='''lo ka xukau ce'u ce'u lidne'''. [[User:Durka42|Durka42]] ([[User talk:Durka42|talk]])

== Associative ==
=== Proposed definitions ===
*[[la selpa'i]]:
**x1 me SUMTI moi x2 boi x3 == x1 me x2 gi'e ckini SUMTI x3
*** ti me la .alis. moi lo prenu lo ka speni
***''This is Alice's of the people in that they are married.''

formal definition of moi

2015-01-26T19:48:54Z

Durka42: /* Discussion */

= What's the deal with '''moi'''? =
There are two related ways to use '''moi''':
#"numeric moi" (more common) and
#"associative moi".
For "numeric moi", there is some debate over the nature of moi3, the ordering rule.

Shown here are various definitions and Lojban expansions by various people.

See also the [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/BPFK+Section%3A+Numeric+selbri relevant BPFK section].

== Numeric ==
=== Proposed definitions ===
* x1 x2 x3 Nmoi = for a set x2 containing x1, and a predicate x3 comparing two members of the set, x1 compares as higher than all but N-1 set elements.
**In Lojban:
***[[la durka]]:
****ko'a ko'e ko'i xy zo'u lo ka ko'a xy moi ko'e ko'i cu ka ge ko'a cmima ko'e gi vei xy vu'u pa ve'o da poi cmima ko'e gi'e drata ko'a ku'o me'au ko'i ko'a
*****mi pazemoi lo prenu lo ka clamau
*****I am the seventeenth tallest person.
*****.i mi pamoi lo verba lo ka ce'u ce'u darxi
*****No other kids hit me, and I hit all the other kids.
* x1 x2 x3 Nmoi = for a set x2 containing x1, and a predicate x3 associating members of the set with a numerical value, x1 measures higher than all but N-1 set elements.
**In Lojban:
***[[la durka]]:
****ko'a ko'e ko'i xy zo'u lo ka ko'a xy moi ko'e ko'i cu ka ge ko'a cmima ko'e gi vei xy vu'u pa ve'o da poi cmima ko'e gi'e drata ko'a ku'o zmadu ko'a ko'i
*****mi pazemoi lo prenu lo ka clani
*****I am the seventeenth tallest person.
***[[la selpa'i]]:
****x1 boi N moi x2 boi x3 == x1 me x2 gi'e zmadu da'a N me x2 boi x3
*****mi pa ze moi lo prenu lo ka <nowiki>[ma kau ni] ce'u clani == mi zmadu da'a pa ze lo prenu lo ka [ma kau ni] ce'u clani</nowiki>
*****''I am the seventeenth tallest person.''

=== Discussion ===
The second definition (using the third place as a comparison predicate) seems more useful, to avoid surprises and have better correspondence with natlang words like "first", "second", etc. Looking at the [[BPFK_Section:_Numeric_selbri#cmavo_moi_.28MOI.29|BPFK examples]], one of them is '''ma xamoi le te minde i xamoi le te minde fa lo nu na catra''' ("Which is the sixth commandment? The sixth commandment is, Thou shalt not kill."). If moi3 is a unary predicate, then we need a convolution like '''lo ka xokau da se lidne ce'u''' to ensure that '''xamoi''' comes out as "sixth" and not "fourth" (4+6=10). It is more natural to consider moi3 as a binary predicate, similar to zmadu3, so that '''lo xamoi be lo te minde''' implies moi3='''lo ka xukau ce'u ce'u lidne'''. [[User:Durka42|Durka42]] ([[User talk:Durka42|talk]])

== Associative ==
=== Proposed definitions ===
*[[la selpa'i]]:
**x1 me SUMTI moi x2 boi x3 == x1 me x2 gi'e ckini SUMTI x3
*** ti me la .alis. moi lo prenu lo ka speni
***''This is Alice's of the people in that they are married.''

formal definition of moi

2015-01-26T17:37:41Z

Durka42: /* Discussion */

= What's the deal with '''moi'''? =
There are two related ways to use '''moi''':
#"numeric moi" (more common) and
#"associative moi".
For "numeric moi", there is some debate over the nature of moi3, the ordering rule.

Shown here are various definitions and Lojban expansions by various people.

See also the [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/BPFK+Section%3A+Numeric+selbri relevant BPFK section].

== Numeric ==
=== Proposed definitions ===
* x1 x2 x3 Nmoi = for a set x2 containing x1, and a predicate x3 comparing two members of the set, x1 compares as higher than all but N-1 set elements.
**In Lojban:
***[[la durka]]:
****ko'a ko'e ko'i xy zo'u lo ka ko'a xy moi ko'e ko'i cu ka ge ko'a cmima ko'e gi vei xy vu'u pa ve'o da poi cmima ko'e gi'e drata ko'a ku'o me'au ko'i ko'a
*****mi pazemoi lo prenu lo ka clamau
*****I am the seventeenth tallest person.
*****.i mi pamoi lo verba lo ka ce'u ce'u darxi
*****No other kids hit me, and I hit all the other kids.
* x1 x2 x3 Nmoi = for a set x2 containing x1, and a predicate x3 associating members of the set with a numerical value, x1 measures higher than all but N-1 set elements.
**In Lojban:
***[[la durka]]:
****ko'a ko'e ko'i xy zo'u lo ka ko'a xy moi ko'e ko'i cu ka ge ko'a cmima ko'e gi vei xy vu'u pa ve'o da poi cmima ko'e gi'e drata ko'a ku'o zmadu ko'a ko'i
*****mi pazemoi lo prenu lo ka clani
*****I am the seventeenth tallest person.
***[[la selpa'i]]:
****x1 boi N moi x2 boi x3 == x1 me x2 gi'e zmadu da'a N me x2 boi x3
*****mi pa ze moi lo prenu lo ka <nowiki>[ma kau ni] ce'u clani == mi zmadu da'a pa ze lo prenu lo ka [ma kau ni] ce'u clani</nowiki>
*****''I am the seventeenth tallest person.''

=== Discussion ===
The second definition (using the third place as a comparison predicate) seems more useful, to avoid surprises and have better correspondence with natlang words like "first", "second", etc. Looking at the [[BPFK_Section:_Numeric_selbri#cmavo_moi_.28MOI.29|BPFK examples]], one of them is '''ma xamoi le te minde i xamoi le te minde fa lo nu na catra''' ("Which is the sixth commandment? The sixth commandment is, Thou shalt not kill."). If moi3 is a unary predicate, then we need a convolution like '''lo ka xokau da se lidne ce'u''' to ensure that '''xamoi''' comes out as "sixth" and not "fourth" (4+6=10). It is more natural to consider moi3 as a binary predicate, so that '''lo xamoi be lo te minde''' implies moi3='''lo ka xukau ce'u ce'u lidne'''. [[User:Durka42|Durka42]] ([[User talk:Durka42|talk]])

== Associative ==
=== Proposed definitions ===
*[[la selpa'i]]:
**x1 me SUMTI moi x2 boi x3 == x1 me x2 gi'e ckini SUMTI x3
*** ti me la .alis. moi lo prenu lo ka speni
***''This is Alice's of the people in that they are married.''

formal definition of moi

2015-01-26T17:34:03Z

Durka42: /* Proposed definitions */ shuffle proposed definitions, add discussion section

= What's the deal with '''moi'''? =
There are two related ways to use '''moi''':
#"numeric moi" (more common) and
#"associative moi".
For "numeric moi", there is some debate over the nature of moi3, the ordering rule.

Shown here are various definitions and Lojban expansions by various people.

See also the [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/BPFK+Section%3A+Numeric+selbri relevant BPFK section].

== Numeric ==
=== Proposed definitions ===
* x1 x2 x3 Nmoi = for a set x2 containing x1, and a predicate x3 comparing two members of the set, x1 compares as higher than all but N-1 set elements.
**In Lojban:
***[[la durka]]:
****ko'a ko'e ko'i xy zo'u lo ka ko'a xy moi ko'e ko'i cu ka ge ko'a cmima ko'e gi vei xy vu'u pa ve'o da poi cmima ko'e gi'e drata ko'a ku'o me'au ko'i ko'a
*****mi pazemoi lo prenu lo ka clamau
*****I am the seventeenth tallest person.
*****.i mi pamoi lo verba lo ka ce'u ce'u darxi
*****No other kids hit me, and I hit all the other kids.
* x1 x2 x3 Nmoi = for a set x2 containing x1, and a predicate x3 associating members of the set with a numerical value, x1 measures higher than all but N-1 set elements.
**In Lojban:
***[[la durka]]:
****ko'a ko'e ko'i xy zo'u lo ka ko'a xy moi ko'e ko'i cu ka ge ko'a cmima ko'e gi vei xy vu'u pa ve'o da poi cmima ko'e gi'e drata ko'a ku'o zmadu ko'a ko'i
*****mi pazemoi lo prenu lo ka clani
*****I am the seventeenth tallest person.
***[[la selpa'i]]:
****x1 boi N moi x2 boi x3 == x1 me x2 gi'e zmadu da'a N me x2 boi x3
*****mi pa ze moi lo prenu lo ka <nowiki>[ma kau ni] ce'u clani == mi zmadu da'a pa ze lo prenu lo ka [ma kau ni] ce'u clani</nowiki>
*****''I am the seventeenth tallest person.''

=== Discussion ===
The second definition (using the third place as a comparison predicate) seems more useful, to avoid surprises and have better correspondence with natlang words like "first", "second", etc. Looking at the [[http://mw.lojban.org/index.php?title=BPFK_Section:_Numeric_selbri#cmavo_moi_.28MOI.29|BPFK examples]], one of them is '''ma xamoi le te minde i xamoi le te minde fa lo nu na catra''' ("Which is the sixth commandment? The sixth commandment is, Thou shalt not kill."). If moi3 is a unary predicate, then we need a convolution like '''lo ka xokau da se lidne ce'u''' to ensure that '''xamoi''' comes out as "sixth" and not "fourth" (4+6=10). It is more natural to consider moi3 as a binary predicate, so that '''lo xamoi be lo te minde''' implies moi3='''lo ka xukau ce'u ce'u lidne'''. [[User:Durka42|Durka42]] ([[User talk:Durka42|talk]])

== Associative ==
=== Proposed definitions ===
*[[la selpa'i]]:
**x1 me SUMTI moi x2 boi x3 == x1 me x2 gi'e ckini SUMTI x3
*** ti me la .alis. moi lo prenu lo ka speni
***''This is Alice's of the people in that they are married.''